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Myanmar (Unicode block)
Unicode character block

Myanmar is a Unicode block containing characters for the Burmese, Mon, Shan, Palaung, and the Karen languages of Myanmar, as well as the Aiton and Phake languages of Northeast India. It is also used to write Pali and Sanskrit in Myanmar.

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Block

Myanmar[1]Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+100xကခဂဃငစဆဇဈဉညဋဌဍဎဏ
U+101xတထဒဓနပဖဗဘမယရလဝသဟ
U+102xဠအဢဣဤဥဦဧဨဩဪါာိီု
U+103xူေဲဳဴဵံ့း   ္ ်ျြွှဿ
U+104x၀၁၂၃၄၅၆၇၈၉၊။၌၍၎၏
U+105xၐၑၒၓၔၕၖၗၘၙၚၛၜၝၞၟ
U+106xၠၡၢၣၤၥၦၧၨၩၪၫၬၭၮၯ
U+107xၰၱၲၳၴၵၶၷၸၹၺၻၼၽၾၿ
U+108xႀႁႂႃႄႅႆႇႈႉႊႋႌႍႎႏ
U+109x႐႑႒႓႔႕႖႗႘႙ႚႛႜႝ႞႟
Notes1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0

The block has sixteen variation sequences defined for standardized variants.1 They use U+FE00 VARIATION SELECTOR-1 (VS01) to denote the dotted letters used for the Khamti, Aiton, and Phake languages.2 (Note that this is font dependent. For example, the Padauk font supports some of the dotted forms.)

Variation sequences for dotted forms
U+1000100210041010101110151019101A101C101D1022103110751078107A1080
base code pointကဂငတထပမယလဝဢေၵၸၺႀ
base + VS01က︀ဂ︀င︀တ︀ထ︀ပ︀မ︀ယ︀လ︀ဝ︀ဢ︀ေ︀ၵ︀ၸ︀ၺ︀ႀ︀

History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Myanmar block:

VersionFinal code points3CountUTC IDL2 IDWG2 IDDocument
3.0U+1000..1021, 1023..1027, 1029..102A, 102C..1032, 1036..1039, 1040..105978N881Ross, Hugh McGregor (1993-04-02), Comment on Burmese Script
N1167Everson, Michael (1995-03-12), Names of Burmese characters: comment on Unicode Technical Report #1
X3L2/96-061Everson, Michael (1996-05-28), Proposal for encoding the Burmese script in ISO 10646
UTC/1996-027.2Greenfield, Steve (1996-07-01), "F. Burmese", UTC #69 Minutes (PART 2)
L2/97-039N1523Ross, Hugh McGregor; Everson, Michael (1997-01-22), Proposal for encoding the Burmese script in ISO 10646
L2/97-288N1603Umamaheswaran, V. S. (1997-10-24), "8.13", Unconfirmed Meeting Minutes, WG 2 Meeting # 33, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, 20 June – 4 July 1997
L2/98-044Collins, Lee (1998-02-23), Revised Proposal for Encoding Burmese in Unicode
L2/98-101N1729Ad-hoc report on Burmese and Khmer, 1998-03-18
L2/98-177Text for PDAM registration and consideration ballot for ISO 10646-1 Amendment 26 - Burmese, 1998-05-11
N1780PDAM 26 - Burmese, 1998-05-11
N1826Paterson, Bruce (1998-05-11), PDAM26 - Burmese cover sheet
N1826.1Paterson, Bruce (1998-05-11), PDAM26 - Burmese full text
L2/98-158Aliprand, Joan; Winkler, Arnold (1998-05-26), "Burmese", Draft Minutes – UTC #76 & NCITS Subgroup L2 #173 joint meeting, Tredyffrin, Pennsylvania, April 20-22, 1998
L2/98-286N1703Umamaheswaran, V. S.; Ksar, Mike (1998-07-02), "8.18", Unconfirmed Meeting Minutes, WG 2 Meeting #34, Redmond, WA, USA; 1998-03-16--20
L2/98-265Htut, Zaw (1998-07-24), Response to Burmese Proposal N1729 (Expert Contribution)
L2/98-281R (pdf, html)Aliprand, Joan (1998-07-31), "Burmese (IV.E.1)", Unconfirmed Minutes – UTC #77 & NCITS Subgroup L2 # 174 JOINT MEETING, Redmond, WA -- July 29-31, 1998
N1836 (html, doc, Ireland, Japan)Summary of Voting/Table of Replies - Amendment 26 - Burmese, 1998-08-27
L2/98-371N1883R2Whistler, Ken (1998-09-24), Myanmar (Burmese) Ad-Hoc Meeting Report
L2/98-325ISO/IEC 10646-1/FPDAM 26, AMENDMENT 26: Myanmar, 1998-10-23
L2/98-342Disposition of comments report on SC2 N3106, ISO 10646 Amd. 26: Burmese, 1998-10-23
N1912Paterson, Bruce; Everson, Michael (1998-10-23), Disposition of Comments - FPDAM26 - Burmese
N1913Paterson, Bruce; Everson, Michael (1998-10-23), Text of FPDAM 26 - Myanmar/Burmese
L2/99-010N1903 (pdf, html, doc)Umamaheswaran, V. S. (1998-12-30), "8.1.7", Minutes of WG 2 meeting 35, London, U.K.; 1998-09-21--25
L2/99-036Becker, Joe (1999-02-02), Proposal that Myanmar VOWEL SIGN E be Stored in Phonetic Order (i.e. After its Consonant)
L2/99-129Paterson, Bruce (1999-04-14), Text for FDAM ballot ISO/IEC 10646 FDAM #26 - Myanmar
L2/99-054RAliprand, Joan (1999-06-21), "Myanmar Vowel Sign E", Approved Minutes from the UTC/L2 meeting in Palo Alto, February 3-5, 1999
L2/99-232N2003Umamaheswaran, V. S. (1999-08-03), "6.2.9 FPDAM26 - Myanmar (Burmese) script", Minutes of WG 2 meeting 36, Fukuoka, Japan, 1999-03-09--15
L2/01-307Whistler, Ken (2001-08-06), Serious bug in Khmer, Myanmar combining classes
L2/01-308Hosken, Martin; Whistler, Ken (2001-08-08), Serious bug in Khmer, Myanmar combining classes
L2/02-283Hosken, Martin (2002-07-05), Myanmar Script Canonical Ordering
L2/06-108Moore, Lisa (2006-05-25), "Motion 107-M5", UTC #107 Minutes, Approve glyph changes for U+1039 MYANMAR SIGN VIRAMA and U+104E MYANMAR SYMBOL AFOREMENTIONED.
N3353 (pdf, doc)Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2007-10-10), "M51.24", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 51 Hanzhou, China; 2007-04-24/27
L2/08-192Stribley, Keith (2008-05-02), Comments on Myanmar Unicode introduction text
L2/10-360Myint, Tun (2010-09-27), Excerpts from Myanmar Spelling Dictionary
L2/14-141Unicode Standard Announcement Letter, 2014-05-23
L2/14-170Anderson, Deborah; Whistler, Ken; McGowan, Rick; Pournader, Roozbeh; Iancu, Laurențiu (2014-07-28), "16", Recommendations to UTC #140 August 2014 on Script Proposals
L2/14-108Hosken, Martin; Morey, Stephen (2014-08-05), Proposal to Disunify Khamti Style Letters from Myanmar
L2/15-257Hosken, Martin (2015-11-02), Proposal to Disunify Khamti Letters from Myanmar
L2/15-320Hosken, Martin (2015-11-03), Proposal to Create Variation Sequences for Khamti Characters
L2/15-254Moore, Lisa (2015-11-16), "Consensus 145-C23", UTC #145 Minutes, Accept the 27 variation sequences in document L2/15-320 for Unicode version 9.0.
5.1U+1022, 1075..1099, 109E..109F40L2/04-198N2768ROo, Thein; Htut, Thein; Tint, Tun; Htut, Zaw; Tun, Ngwe (2004-05-19), Proposal of Myanmar Script Extensions: Mon, Shan, and Karen (Kayin)
N2953 (pdf, doc)Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2006-02-16), "7.4.9", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 47, Sophia Antipolis, France; 2005-09-12/15
L2/06-119N3080Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (2006-04-09), Preliminary proposal for encoding Karen, Shan, and Kayah characters
L2/06-304N3143Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (2006-09-08), Proposal for encoding Myanmar characters for Shan and Palaung in the UCS
N3153 (pdf, doc)Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2007-02-16), "M49.15", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 49 AIST, Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan; 2006-09-25/29
L2/06-324R2Moore, Lisa (2006-11-29), "Consensus 109-C7", UTC #109 Minutes
N3353 (pdf, doc)Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2007-10-10), "M51.1", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 51 Hanzhou, China; 2007-04-24/27
L2/07-225Moore, Lisa (2007-08-21), "Myanmar for Shan", UTC #112 Minutes
L2/07-205R2N3277R2Everson, Michael (2007-08-28), Proposal for encoding additional Myanmar characters for Shan in the UCS
L2/07-345Moore, Lisa (2007-10-25), "Consensus 113-C11", UTC #113 Minutes
L2/06-170Wordingham, Richard (2009-05-07), Shan-Related Issues with N3080: Preliminary proposal for encoding Karen, Shan, and Kayah Characters
L2/14-170Anderson, Deborah; Whistler, Ken; McGowan, Rick; Pournader, Roozbeh; Iancu, Laurențiu (2014-07-28), "16", Recommendations to UTC #140 August 2014 on Script Proposals
L2/14-108Hosken, Martin; Morey, Stephen (2014-08-05), Proposal to Disunify Khamti Style Letters from Myanmar
L2/15-257Hosken, Martin (2015-11-02), Proposal to Disunify Khamti Letters from Myanmar
L2/15-320Hosken, Martin (2015-11-03), Proposal to Create Variation Sequences for Khamti Characters
L2/15-254Moore, Lisa (2015-11-16), "Consensus 145-C23", UTC #145 Minutes, Accept the 27 variation sequences in document L2/15-320 for Unicode version 9.0.
U+1028, 1033..1034, 105A..106414L2/04-273N2827Proposal of 4 Myanmar Semivowels, 2004-06-21
L2/04-328Leca, Antoine (2004-08-04), Response to Public Review Issue #37
L2/05-216N2966Letter of Recommendation re Encoding of Myanmar Alphabets in Unicode, 2005-07-28
L2/05-178Hosken, Martin (2005-07-29), A Sgaw Karen Unicode Proposal; Extending Myanmar to Incorporate Sgaw Karen
L2/05-184Hosken, Martin (2005-08-01), Dissociating Myanmar Medials: A Proposal to Encode Separate Myanmar Medials
L2/06-029Everson, Michael (2006-03-20), Further discussion of Myanmar medials
L2/06-085Kai, Ka'ōnohi (2006-03-20), Myanmar issues re WG2 N3043 (L2/06-077)
L2/06-092Whistler, Ken (2006-03-24), Discussion of AA and TALL AA Disunification for Myanmar
L2/06-093N3061Hosken, Martin (2006-03-27), Supporting Discussion for the Encoding of seven additional Myanmar Characters
L2/06-094Tun, Ngwe (2006-03-27), Support for Transcoding to our Myazedi Unicode Clients
L2/06-130Concerns Regarding WG2 N3043R, Myanmar Additions to 10646, 2006-04-06
L2/06-078N3044Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (2006-04-08), Proposal for encoding Mon and S'gaw Karen characters in the UCS
L2/06-118N3079Response to UTC contribution N3069, "Concerns Regarding WG2 N3043R, Myanmar Additions to 10646", 2006-04-08
L2/06-140N3099Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael; Freytag, Asmus; Moore, Lisa; Oo, Thein; Shih-Shyeng, Tseng; Wei, Lin-Mei; Whistler, Ken; Htut, Zaw (2006-04-26), Myanmar Ad Hoc Report
L2/06-161Wordingham, Richard (2006-05-05), Two Issues Relating to N3044: Proposal to encode Mon and S'gaw Karen characters
L2/06-108Moore, Lisa (2006-05-25), "Motion 107-M6", UTC #107 Minutes
N3103 (pdf, doc)Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2006-08-25), "M48.16", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 48, Mountain View, CA, USA; 2006-04-24/27
U+102B, 103A..103F7L2/02-284Hosken, Martin (2002-07-05), Implementing Kinzi
L2/03-109Nelson, Paul (2003-03-05), Examples of Burmese
L2/06-077RN3043REverson, Michael; et al. (2006-03-01), Proposal to encode seven additional Myanmar characters in the UCS
N3069Concerns Regarding WG2 N3043R, Myanmar Additions, 2006-04-06
L2/06-117RN3078RProposed additions to ISO/IEC 10646:2003 Amendment 3, 2006-04-12
L2/06-213Everson, Michael (2006-05-17), Requirements leading to the characters added to the Myanmar script
L2/06-108Moore, Lisa (2006-05-25), "C.13", UTC #107 Minutes
N3103 (pdf, doc)Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2006-08-25), "M48.15", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 48, Mountain View, CA, USA; 2006-04-24/27
L2/08-126Muller, Eric (2008-03-18), UTC Letter Ballot: Myanmar in Unicode 5.1
L2/08-127Muller, Eric (2008-03-18), Results: UTC Letter Ballot: Myanmar in Unicode 5.1
U+10351L2/06-249N3115Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (2006-07-24), One additional Myanmar character for Mon for PDAM 3.2
L2/06-231Moore, Lisa (2006-08-17), "C.11", UTC #108 Minutes
N3153 (pdf, doc)Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2007-02-16), "M49.1a", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 49 AIST, Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan; 2006-09-25/29
U+1065..107416L2/06-163Wordingham, Richard (2006-05-07), Non-Shan Issues Relating to N3080: Preliminary proposal for encoding Karen, Shan, and Kayah Characters
L2/06-303N3142Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (2006-09-08), Proposal for encoding Myanmar characters for Karen and Kayah in the UCS
N3153 (pdf, doc)Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2007-02-16), "M49.16", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 49 AIST, Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan; 2006-09-25/29
L2/06-324R2Moore, Lisa (2006-11-29), "Consensus 109-C6", UTC #109 Minutes
5.2U+109A..109D4L2/08-145N3436Everson, Michael (2008-04-14), Ordering and character properties for Myanmar Khamti Shan characters
L2/08-181RN3423RHosken, Martin (2008-04-29), Proposal to add Khamti Shan Characters to the Myanmar Blocks
L2/08-276N3492Hosken, Martin (2008-08-04), Extended proposal to add Khamti Shan Characters to the Myanmar Blocks [2008.08.04]
L2/08-318N3453 (pdf, doc)Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2008-08-13), "M52.13", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 52
L2/08-253R2Moore, Lisa (2008-08-19), "Myanmar/Khamti Shan (B15.2, E.4)", UTC #116 Minutes
L2/08-161R2Moore, Lisa (2008-11-05), "Myanmar", UTC #115 Minutes
L2/08-412N3553 (pdf, doc)Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2008-11-05), "M53.04", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 53

Historic and nonstandard uses of range

In Unicode 1.0.0, part of the current Myanmar block was used for Tibetan. In Microsoft Windows, collation data referring to the old Tibetan block was retained as late as Windows XP, and removed in Windows 2003.4

In Myanmar, devices and software localisation often use Zawgyi fonts rather than Unicode-compliant fonts.5 These use the same range as the Unicode Myanmar block (0x1000–0x109F), and are even applied to text encoded like UTF-8 (although Zawgyi text does not officially constitute UTF-8), despite only a subset of the code points being interpreted the same way. Zawgyi lacks support for Myanmar-script languages other than Burmese, but heuristic methods exist for detecting the encoding of text which is assumed to be Burmese.6

See also

References

  1. "Unicode Character Database: Standardized Variation Sequences". The Unicode Consortium. https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/StandardizedVariants.txt ↩

  2. Hosken, Martin (2015-11-03). "L2/15-320: Proposal to Create Variation Sequences for Khamti Characters" (PDF). https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15320-khamti-vs.pdf ↩

  3. Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names ↩

  4. Kaplan, Michael (2007-08-28). "Every character has a story #29: U+1000^H^H^H^H0f40, (TIBETAN or MYANMAR LETTER KA, depending on when you ask)". Sorting it all out. http://archives.miloush.net/michkap/archive/2007/08/28/4605786.html ↩

  5. Nagarajah, Sasha. "Zawgyi vs. Unicode". Global App Testing. https://www.globalapptesting.com/blog/zawgyi-vs-unicode ↩

  6. Loomis, Steven R.; Cornelius, Craig (2019). "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Frequently Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. https://www.unicode.org/faq/myanmar.html ↩