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Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower
Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower (colloquially known as the Met Life Tower and also as the South Building) is a skyscraper occupying a full block in the Flatiron District of Manhattan in New York City. The building is composed of two sections: a 700-foot-tall (210 m) tower at the northwest corner of the block, at Madison Avenue and 24th Street, and a shorter east wing occupying the remainder of the block bounded by Madison Avenue, Park Avenue South, 23rd Street, and 24th Street. The South Building, along with the North Building directly across 24th Street, comprises the Metropolitan Home Office Complex, which originally served as the headquarters of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (now publicly known as MetLife).

The South Building's tower was designed by the architectural firm of Napoleon LeBrun & Sons and erected between 1905 and 1909. Inspired by St Mark's Campanile, the tower features four clock faces, four bells, and lighted beacons at its top, and was the tallest building in the world until 1913. The tower originally included Metropolitan Life's offices, and since 2015, it has contained a 273-room luxury hotel known as the New York Edition Hotel. The tower was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, made a National Historic Landmark in 1978, and designated as a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1989.

The east wing was designed by Lloyd Morgan and Eugene Meroni and constructed in two stages between 1953 and 1960. The east wing is also referred to as One Madison Avenue. It replaced another building on the site, which was built in phases from 1893 to 1905, and which was also designed by LeBrun's firm. When the current east wing was built, the 700-foot tower was extensively renovated as well. In 2020, work started on an addition to the east wing, which was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox and completed in 2024.

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Architecture

The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, or the South Building, is composed of the east wing and the tower. It occupies an entire block between Madison Avenue and Madison Square Park to the west, 24th Street to the north, Park Avenue South to the east, and 23rd Street to the south.1 The block measures 200 feet (61 m) from north to south and 445 feet (136 m) from east to west.23

The first section of the original 11-story, full-block east wing was completed in 1893 and was designed by Napoleon LeBrun & Sons.45 The tower was a later addition to the original building, constructed between 1905 and 1909.6 The original home office building was replaced with the current building, designed by Lloyd Morgan and Eugene Meroni, between 1953 and 1957.7 The complex is one of the few remaining major insurance companies' "home offices" in New York City.89

Tower

The building's tower is located at the northwest corner of the block, at Madison Avenue and 24th Street, with the address 5 Madison Avenue.10 The tower rises 700 feet (210 m) to its pinnacle.1112 It has a footprint measuring 75 feet (23 m) north-south along Madison Avenue and 85 feet (26 m) west-east on 24th Street.131415 This gives the tower a height-to-width ratio of 8.25:1.16 The Metropolitan Life Tower is modeled after St Mark's Campanile in Venice, Italy.171819 The tower is older than its model, since St Mark's Campanile had collapsed in 1902 and was replaced in 1912;20 it is also more than twice as large as St Mark's Campanile.21

Like the facades of many early skyscrapers, the tower's exterior was divided into three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column—namely a base, shaft, and capital—in both its original and renovated forms. These three sections include usable space inside and are collectively 660 feet (200 m) tall. The tower is topped by a 40-foot-tall (12 m) pyramidal roof, which is slightly set back and contains a cupola and lantern.2223 The tower was originally sheathed in Tuckahoe marble, provided by the main contractor, the Hedden Construction Company.2425 During the 1964 renovation, plain limestone was used to cover the tower and the east wing, replacing LeBrun's old Renaissance Revival details with a streamlined, modern look.2627 The tower was designed with oversized exterior details to make it seem smaller than it actually was.2829

Some 7,500 short tons (6,700 long tons; 6,800 t) of steel were used in the tower's structural frame.30 The footings of the tower are 60 feet (18 m) deep, supported by twelve columns on the edges and eight columns inside the plot, and anchored to a layer of bedrock between 28 and 46 feet (8.5 and 14.0 m) deep.313233 The main columns at the tower's corners measure 2 by 2 feet (0.61 by 0.61 m). They bear structural loads of up to 10.4 million pounds (4,700,000 kg) when wind pressure was taken into account.3435 The structural steel frame of the tower, and of its former east wing, is encased in reinforced concrete. The marble and brickwork used in the building is anchored to the structural steel frame, while the floors are made of inverted concrete arches.36 As a consequence of all the marble used in the Met Life Tower, it weighed about 38,000 short tons (34,000 long tons; 34,000 t) when first built, or about twice as much as the Singer Tower.37

Facade

The base comprises the first and second stories.38 The lowest portion of the facade along Madison Avenue and 24th Street contains a 5-foot-tall (1.5 m) water table made of granite, which wraps around to the east wing. At the first floor, there are two rectangular show windows and a small doorway on Madison Avenue, and two show windows flanking a larger entrance on 24th Street. On the second floor, the Madison Avenue and 24th Street sides each contain three short tripartite windows.39

When the tower was built, the base comprised the first through fifth stories.40 A large cornice was located above the fourth story, and smaller cornices above the second and fifth stories.41 The original ornamentation on the rest of the tower was relatively restrained, except around the clock faces.42 The 1960s renovation replaced the marble between the first and fifth stories, and between the 20th and 36th stories, with limestone.43

The "shaft" of the tower spans the third through 28th floors.44 The southern facade of the tower contains windows only above the 11th story, and the eastern facade contains windows above the 12th story, because the former east wing was located below these floors.45 On each floor, the "shaft" contains three sets of three windows per side.4647 The exception is at the 25th through 27th floors, where the building's clock faces are located. On these floors, there are two paired windows on the outer edges of the tower. The 29th and 30th floors serve stylistically as "transitional stories", with ten windows per side on each floor; the 29th floor contains a single arrangement of 10 windows, while the 30th-floor windows have been divided into five pairs.48 This is largely the same arrangement as the original, except that in LeBrun's design, the "shaft" comprised the sixth through 30th floors.49

The 31st through 38th floors comprise the tower's "capital". The 31st through 33rd floors are arranged as a loggia with arcades containing five arches on each side. The facade of the tower is recessed behind the arcade, and a balustrade wraps around the edges of the arcade, creating a patio.505152 When built, the arcade was composed of stone columns, but these were replaced with masonry columns in the 1960s renovation.53 On the 34th floor, there are five windows per side, corresponding to the arches below.54 The setback tower rises from the 35th through 38th stories as a freestanding plinth. On these floors, the window arrangement indicates that the northern and southern facades are wider than the western and eastern facades, with six windows to the north and south, and four to the west and east.55

Clock

A clock face is centered on all four sides of the tower from the 25th through 27th floors. Each clock face is 26.5 feet (8.1 m) in diameter, while the numerals on the clock faces are four feet (1.2 m) tall.565758 The numerals and minute markers on the clock faces are edged with copper, while the minute and hour hands are made of iron with a copper sheathing.596061 The minute hands weigh 1,000 pounds (450 kg) and are 17 feet (5.2 m) long, while the hour hands weigh 700 pounds (320 kg) and are 13.33 feet (4.06 m) long.6263 The mechanism was controlled by electricity, a novelty upon the tower's completion.64 The master clock, which controlled the large clock faces as well as a hundred other clocks in the same complex, was located on the first floor of the former home office, and ran with a maximum error of five seconds per month.65

The clock faces were the largest in the world upon their completion.66 The clock faces are made of reinforced concrete. Blue glazed tiles run along the circumference of each face; in addition, there is a tiled corona at the center of each face. The clock faces contain ornamentation by Pierre LeBrun, of Napoleon LeBrun and Sons. These include dolphins and shells on the spandrels at each face's corner, as well as marble wreaths with fruit-and-flower motifs on the faces themselves.6768

Roof

The pyramidal roof comprises the 39th and higher floors, and is set off by a cornice at the 39th-story level. Dormer windows protrude from the roof on the 39th through 43rd floors; these dormers contain semi-circular hoods, except for the 39th-floor dormers, which do not contain any hoods. The higher floors of the roof have fewer windows on each side.697071 The 44th floor is illuminated by two small windows on each side, located between ribs that rise to support a square viewing platform on the 45th floor. The 46th and 47th floors comprise a two-story-tall peristyle, supported by eight columns. The 48th floor contains a gold-colored aluminum cupola with eight windows. The topmost level is the 49th floor, which consists only of a platform with a gold-colored aluminium railing.727374 The 41st through 45th floors are accessible only by a staircase.75 The viewing platform was originally publicly usable, receiving 120,000 visitors from around the world between 1909 and 1914.76

The tower contains four bells within the peristyle. These include a 7,000-pound (3,200 kg) B♭ bell on the west, a 3,000-pound (1,400 kg) E♭ bell on the east, a 2,000-pound (910 kg) F♮ bell on the north, and a 1,500-pound (680 kg) G♮ bell on the south.77 The bells were the highest in the world at the time of their construction.78 These are respectively struck by hammers weighing 94, 71, 61, and 54 pounds (equivalent to 43, 32, 28, and 24 kg respectively). A fifth hammer, weighing 131 pounds (59 kg), strikes the 7,000-pound bell each hour. The smaller hammers strike the bells every 15 minutes.7980 On weekdays between 9 a.m. and 10 p.m., and on weekends between 10 a.m. and 10 p.m., the bells played "I Know That My Redeemer Liveth" every 15 minutes.81 The bells were not given nicknames: rather, Metropolitan Life referred to each bell by its cardinal direction.82

An eight-sided, 8-foot-wide (2.4 m) beacon is located at the top of the cupola. As designed, the white lantern is lit after 10:00 p.m., and momentarily turns off every 15 minutes when red and white lights flash the time.83848586 The beacon was one of a few broadly visible features of the New York City nighttime skyline until the mid-20th century.87

Interior

When built, the tower section featured granite floors and metal interior furnishings, though there was very little wood trim, unlike other contemporary structures. The lower floors contained bronze grillwork and doorways, especially around the elevators, while on the upper floors, ornamental iron is used for the metalwork around the elevators.88 The second-floor spaces contained offices of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and contained white marble wainscoting, plaster cornices, marble mantels, etched-glass doors facing the executive offices, and red mahogany door, wall, and window panels.8990 Each of the tower's floors are up to 5,400 square feet (500 m2) in area, smaller than the floor areas of most other nearby office buildings.91 During the 1960s renovation, the tower was fitted with more modern furnishings such as air conditioning, acoustic ceiling tiles, and automatic elevators, to match the new eastern wing. Marble floors were one of the few holdovers of the previous decor.92 The staircase leading to the top floors of the tower also retains its original decoration, including cast-iron railings, ceramic-tile wainscoting, marble stair treads, and landings with mosaic-tile floors.93

Since 2015, the tower section has been a 273-room luxury hotel called the New York Edition Hotel, with per-night hotel room rates starting at $600.9495 Most of the historic detail in the interior was removed in the individual hotel rooms, but there are some remaining vestiges, such as the original scalloped ceilings.96 On the second floor is an upscale restaurant called The Clocktower, a Michelin-starred eatery97 headed by British chef Jason Atherton.9899 The restaurant has a dining area, a separate bar, and a room with a billiards table, and is only accessible through the building's lobby.100

One Madison Avenue

The east wing is at One Madison Avenue, and was fourteen stories tall when completed in 1955,101 measuring 240 feet (73 m) high.102 It extends east to Park Avenue South, covering nearly the entire block,103104 and originally had nearly 1.2 million square feet (110,000 m2) of interior space.105 In the early 2020s, the 10th through 14th stories were demolished (accounting for nearly half the building's height),106 and an 18-story glass-faced office tower was built over the roof of the ninth floor.107 The glass tower covers 530,000 square feet (49,000 m2), giving the expanded structure 1.4 million square feet (130,000 m2) of usable office space.108109

Facade

The lowest two floors contain a granite facade, while the remaining stories contain a facade of Alabama limestone, as well as stainless-steel spandrels between each window. As designed, there were setbacks behind the 2nd, 10th, and 12th floors.110 A portion of the office structure's facade along Madison Avenue was replaced in the 2020s with a glass wall, and a metal canopy is placed at the bottom of the glass wall, marking an entrance to One Madison Avenue.111

There is a double-height transitional story separating the limestone east wing below from the glass tower above.112 The glass addition contains roof terraces on the 10th and 11th floors,113 rising 124 feet (38 m) above the sidewalk.114 The glass addition is separated from the roof of the 1955 structure by large diagonal steel trusses.115116 in addition to a massive truss above the 1955 structure's roof.117 The trusses are clad with fiberglass.118 Each of the annex's glass panes is made of four panels and measures 10 by 18 feet (3.0 by 5.5 m) across.119 The facade of the glass addition contains dark horizontal mullions at three-story intervals.120121 Vertical mullions are also positioned along the facade, spaced every 15 feet (4.6 m).122 There are also limestone decorative elements on the glass annex, which were carved from the same quarry as the original tower.123

Interior

One Madison Avenue's internal structure consists of a steel frame.124 Thirteen mega-columns rise from the base of the 1950s wing to support the weight of the 2020s glass annex; nine of the mega-columns date from the wing's original construction, while four were added in the 2020s renovation.125126 Some of these columns are as wide as 5 square feet (0.46 m2) across.127 The use of mega-columns permitted the interiors to have more column-free space.128 In addition, the east wing's mechanical core serves the original 1950s wing, the glass addition, and the original clock tower.129130 Fresh air is circulated throughout One Madison Avenue's interior.131 The slab-to-slab height between each story is 10 feet (3.0 m).132

One Madison Avenue is connected to the Metropolitan Life North Building by a preexisting tunnel.133 Until 2020, the buildings were also connected by a sky bridge on the eighth floor.134 At the southeastern corner, on the basement level, there is a direct entrance to the downtown platform of the New York City Subway's 23rd Street station, served by the 6 and <6>​ trains.135

The lobby of One Madison Avenue was combined with that of the clock tower when the east wing was originally constructed. It consists of floors and walls made of white marble and darker-marble accents, as well as a sheet rock ceiling with lighting panels, and stainless-steel doors and trim. Above the lobby are the office floors, which contain sheet rock walls and dropped ceilings; around the elevator lobbies, the floors are made of terrazzo tiles, and the walls contain a travertine veneer.136 The lowest six floors were served mainly by escalators, and the upper floors were served by elevators.137 There was also wood paneling on the walls near the executive offices.138 A replica of the original home office's board room was built on the 11th floor of the east wing, and featured mahogany wainscoting, a coffered ceiling, and leather covering the walls.139 Following the 2020s renovation, a 7,000-square-foot (650 m2) tenant area called the Commons was built across the lobby and basement spaces,140 and a 350-seat auditorium was built on the lower floors.141

When the glass addition was completed, it contained a 15,000-square-foot (1,400 m2) food market, and a 9,000-square-foot (840 m2) tenants' lounge and fitness center.142143 The annex's anchor tenant, IBM, installed a wave-shaped light fixture in the lobby, as well as a blue bar and a technology center on the second floor.144 There is also a rooftop terrace measuring 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) and various gardens measuring about 1 acre (44,000 sq ft; 4,000 m2).145 The rooftop terrace was designed by David Rockwell.146 Another terrace, measuring 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2), is reserved for the building's anchor tenant.147

Original home office

The original home office occupied what is now the east wing. The section facing 23rd Street was 11 stories tall and the section on 24th Street was 12 stories tall,148 with a total height of 165 feet (50 m).149 Designed by Napoleon LeBrun, it contained Italian Renaissance motifs along the entire facade.150 The home office was erected in multiple sections, with the 23rd Street side being completed first.151

Facade

The tower and home office originally had a facade of ashlar on the first story, and an elaborate arcade of columns and pilasters on the second and third stories. The main entrance along Madison Avenue, as well as 150 feet (46 m) of the 23rd Street facade, contained slightly projecting columns, which created porticoes.152153 Similar to the original design of the tower, the original home office had a large cornice above the fourth floor and smaller cornices above the second and fifth floors.154 On the fourth through ninth floors, the facade was arranged with deeply molded and decorated reveals, as well as carved mullions. These elements were arranged to form an arched arcade, which extended through the ninth floor; the windows were located in slightly recessed bays between each arch.155

Interior

Inside the building, a large marble corridor ran between the entrances at Madison Avenue and Fourth Avenue (now Park Avenue South).156157158159 Accessible from this hallway was a United States Post Office branch, a Western Union telegraph booth, a bank, telephone booths, and numerous shops. Cross-passages ran north and south to 24th and 23rd Streets, and stairs led to the subway station's downtown platform.160161 The main rotunda was at the Madison Avenue entrance, measuring 40 feet (12 m) square and 70 feet (21 m) high, from which a stairway ascended to the second floor. Within the home office, there were 38 elevators, serving 1,100 tenants.162 The elevators were grouped in several banks throughout the building, although these were not all connected except at the lobby.163 The original home office also contained an extensive fire sprinkler system with standpipes and automatic sprinklers.164

The home office served as the nexus of Metropolitan Life's operations and largely contained an open plan work space.165 The exception was the executive offices, which were decorated with mahogany.166 The interior layout was rearranged approximately every five years, at least in the building's early history, though the interior arrangements were always focused on worker efficiency.167 The original home office also had several interior courts.168

The structure was generally not publicly accessible, and employees' movements were closely monitored.169 Conversely, there were also many amenities for employees, including a library, auditorium, gymnasium, and medical and dental offices. There was also a recreational space on the roof of the home office's 23rd Street portion,170 and through the larger complex's extensive system of kitchens and dining rooms,171 the company offered free lunch to every employee between 1908 and 1994.172 Though the home office accommodated 14,500 workers by 1938, they were split up into different social hierarchies, with immigrants in service jobs, women in seamstresses' and cleaners' jobs, and native-born workers of both genders in white-collar jobs.173

History

Before the home office at Madison Square was completed, the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (now MetLife) had been headquartered at three buildings in Lower Manhattan,174175176 all of which have been demolished.177 Its first headquarters was at 243 Broadway, which the company occupied between 1868 and 1869.178179180181 This headquarters comprised two and a half rooms totaling "not more than 900 square feet" (84 m2): one for the president and another for the remaining staff.182 In 1870, Metropolitan Life moved to 319 Broadway's third floor, a slightly larger space that also contained a supply room. The company moved again in 1876 to Park Place and Church Street, during which its operations grew rapidly: by 1889, Metropolitan Life had outgrown the Church Street building.183184185 The company had $250 million in industrial life insurance policies by 1891.186

At the time, life insurance companies generally had their own buildings for their offices and branch locations. According to architectural writer Kenneth Gibbs, these buildings allowed each individual company to instill "not only its name but also a favorable impression of its operations" in the general public.187188 This had been a trend since 1870,189190 with the completion of the former Equitable Life Building in Manhattan's Financial District.191192 Furthermore, life insurance companies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries generally built massive buildings to fit their large clerical and records-keeping staff.193

Original home office construction

In 1890, the company purchased the 125-by-145-foot (38 by 44 m) site at the corner of Madison Avenue and 23rd Street, across from Madison Square Park.194195196 Joseph Fairchild Knapp, Metropolitan Life's president,197 hired Napoleon LeBrun to design a seven-story Italian Renaissance office building on 23rd Street between Madison Avenue and Fourth Avenue.198 Work commenced in May 1890 with the demolition of five brownstone mansions at 23rd Street and Madison Avenue.199 Knapp died before the structure's completion,200 and the building was subsequently expanded to 11 stories.201202 Metropolitan Life occupied the second through fifth floors for its own use, but soon afterward expanded to the sixth and ninth stories, while filling the ground-story storefront spaces.203 The company occupied the first portion of the home office in early 1893.204205 At the time, it had 650 workers.206

The first section of the home office was completed in mid-1894.207 By that time, the company had full control of almost all lots on the north side of 23rd Street between Madison and Fourth Avenues, as well as a frontage of 115 feet (35 m) on 24th Street.208209 One lot on 23rd Street was not acquired until June 1895; once Metropolitan Life bought that plot, it built a two-story structure on the remaining plot, which was later raised to 11 stories. Meanwhile, Metropolitan Life built a 12-story building on the plots along 24th Street, which was completed in October 1895 and was occupied that November.210211 Additionally, the Standard National Bank opened a branch on the home office's Madison Avenue side in 1895.212 Metropolitan Life made a purchase offer for the National Academy of Design site at Fourth Avenue and 23rd Street in 1894;213214215 however, the company did not acquire title to the land until June 1899, thus completing its property acquisition on 23rd Street.216217 An eastern extension of the home office to Fourth Avenue opened in 1901, followed by an L-shaped extension along 24th Street and Fourth Avenue in 1902, which enclosed the southwest corner of that intersection.218

Most of the lots on the 24th Street side were purchased starting in 1894 for the construction of a 12-story addition to the home office.219 The company bought the Lyceum Theatre site on Fourth Avenue in 1902.220 Metropolitan Life bought the corner of Fourth Avenue and 24th Street in 1902–1903 and constructed the next portion of the home office on the Lyceum Theatre and Academy of Design sites. That section was occupied in May 1906.221222 By 1905, Metropolitan Life had acquired most of the lots on the south side of 24th Street between Madison and Fourth avenues.223 The only lot the company had not acquired was the Madison Square Presbyterian Church,224225226 built in 1854 at the southeastern corner of Madison Avenue and 24th Street.227 The gradual development of the block had led to the construction of other skyscrapers surrounding Madison Square, such as the Flatiron Building in 1902 and the Fifth Avenue Building (now the Toy Center) in 1908.228

Tower construction

In April 1906, Metropolitan Life bought the church lot, on which it intended to build a 560-foot (170 m) tower.229230231 The church building was razed soon after the purchase of the site.232 In exchange for Metropolitan Life's purchase, the church received a 75-by-150-foot (23 by 46 m) plot of land across 24th Street that became the site for Stanford White's 1906 building for the Madison Square Presbyterian Church,233234 sometimes called the "Parkhurst Church" after Reverend Charles Henry Parkhurst.235 Plans for the proposed clock tower were filed with the New York City Department of Buildings in January 1907. At the time, the tower was to rise 690 feet (210 m) above ground, with 48 usable stories, or 50 total.236237 The building plans were modified in April 1908, providing for a 54-story tower, though the additional four stories were not built.238

By February 1908, thirty-one stories of the tower had been built.239 The lower floors of the Metropolitan Life Tower were occupied by May 1908.240 The tower was topped out the following month.241 The Metropolitan Life Tower was not completed until 1909,242 with one of its original tenants being the National Kindergarten Association.243 The tower had cost $6.58 million,244 and the expanded complex had 2,800 workers at the time of the tower's completion.245246 Metropolitan Life officials held a jubilee dinner in January 1910 to celebrate the tower's completion.247 The tower was the world's tallest building until 1913, when it was surpassed by the Woolworth Building in Tribeca, within lower Manhattan.248249250 A 1914 company history estimated that the entire complex could accommodate 20,000 visitors and tenants per day.251

Addition of northern annexes

A plot on the north side of 24th Street, measuring 75 by 100 feet (23 by 30 m), was developed from 1903 to 1905 as the first Metropolitan Annex, a 16-story printing plant building faced in Tuckahoe marble.252253 The annex was designed by LeBrun,254 and it was connected to the main building by a tunnel.255 White's 1906 church building was demolished in 1919256 to make way for an expansion of the northern annex, which was 18 stories tall.257 This annex was designed by D. Everett Waid and completed in 1921.258

By the late 1920s, the clock tower, home office, and LeBrun's and Waid's northern annexes were becoming too small to house the continuously growing activities of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Looking to expand, the company acquired a full-block site directly to the north, between East 24th and 25th Streets. Architects Harvey Wiley Corbett and D. Everett Waid took up the project in 1928.259 The approved design for what would become the Metropolitan Life North Building was for a 100-story tower, but the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 caused the company to build only the 28-story base,260 which was built in three stages.261 LeBrun's and Waid's northern annexes remained until 1946, when they were demolished to make way for the final stage of the North Building.262 The North Building was completed in 1950 with the structural strength and the number of elevator shafts needed for a possible future expansion.263264

Late 20th century

1950s and 1960s renovation

Even with the addition of the North Building, the number of staff in the complex was steadily increasing, with 14,500 workers by 1938.265 To alleviate this, in 1950, Metropolitan Life announced that it would refurbish its entire headquarters.266 The initial plans were filed by Leonard Schultz and Associates, but after Schultz's 1951 death, Lloyd Morgan and Eugene Meroni took up the design process.267268 In 1952, Morgan and Meroni filed plans with the New York City Department of Buildings for a completely new structure on the site of the existing home offices.269 A Metropolitan Life press release stated that a new structure was chosen over a renovation because the new structure would have more interior floor space, due to the elimination of the interior courtyard inside the old building, and because new construction was cheaper than renovation.270

Work started in 1953,271 and the company demolished auxiliary structures to make way for the new home office building.272273 The tunnel to the northern annex was retained, and a sky bridge was built at the eighth floor of the new building.274 To minimize disruption to Metropolitan Life's operations, the new home office was erected in two stages, so construction on one part of the home office could go on while normal operations proceeded in the other portion. The first stage was built between 1953 and 1957; the second, between 1958 and 1960.275

The tower, the sole structure on the block that remained from the early 20th century, was renovated starting in 1961 to harmonize the design with Morgan and Meroni's east wing.276277 The firm of Starrett Brothers & Eken was the general contractor, and Purdy and Henderson were the structural engineers.278 During this time, the clock, bells, and roof were rebuilt.279280281 The renovation also remodeled the facade so it would be stylistically similar to the east wing, and so the decaying marble was replaced with limestone.282283 Morgan eliminated most of the ornamentation added by LeBrun, though he preserved the clock tower's general proportions, and designed the east wing so that the tower would rise behind setbacks on the 10th, 11th, and 13th floors.284285 The project was completed in 1964.286

1970s through 1990s

In 1982, the Cross & Brown Company leased out four of the floors in the clock tower, the first time in the building's history that space in the tower had been leased to outside tenants. The tower's floor areas were optimal for small organizations, and in 1985, Metropolitan Life vacated the tower, moving all remaining operations to the North Building and the South Building's east wing. At the time, 26 of the 40 lower floors had already been leased.287

The South Building underwent a $35 million exterior restoration project between 1998 and 2002. During this time, the tower's marble facade was repaired, a new multicolored lighting system was added, and the cupola was re-gilded.288 Because the clock tower had been added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972,289 MetLife was eligible for a tax break on the building.290

21st century

In March 2005, SL Green Realty bought the building, intending to convert the clock tower to apartments.291292 The east wing at One Madison Avenue was part of the sale but was not converted to apartments, instead being leased to Credit Suisse First Boston until at least 2020.293294 Credit Suisse decided in 2017 to leave the building, and the offices were cleared out three years later.295

Conversion of clock tower to hotel

SL Green sold the tower and adjacent air rights for $200 million to Africa Israel Investments in May 2007.296 In 2011, Tommy Hilfiger and a partner signed a contract to buy the clock tower for $170 million, planning to transform it into Hilfiger's first hotel, with luxury condominiums.297 Hilfiger backed off the project in September 2011.298 Africa Israel then sold the tower to Marriott International in October 2011 for $165 million. Marriott announced in January 2012 that it was converting the tower to the New York Edition Hotel, one of three boutique hotels in the Edition line.299 The Edition hotels were sold in January 2013 to the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority for $815 million.300 The New York property was conveyed to its new owner on its completion. Marriott continues to manage the hotels under long-term contract, and the New York Edition Hotel opened in May 2015.301302

Expansion of One Madison Avenue

SL Green announced plans in July 2018 to renovate One Madison Avenue when Credit Suisse's lease expired.303 After an architectural design competition with five architects,304 SL Green hired Kohn Pedersen Fox in December 2018.305306 The existing 14-story structure would be reduced to nine floors, and eighteen stories would be built above the ninth floor.307 Tishman Construction was the general contractor, while Severud Associates was the structural engineer on the project.308309 Construction on the renovation started in November 2020, after SL Green received a $1.25 billion construction loan.310 The sky bridge to the North Building was demolished as part of the redevelopment of One Madison Avenue.311 The glass addition and the renovation of One Madison Avenue was developed by SL Green, Hines, and the National Pension Service of Korea at a cost of $2.3 billion.312313

Demolition of the old facade was completed by mid-2021,314 and workers gutted the interior of the east wing.315 They started constructing the foundation and mega-columns before demolition was complete;316 this involved constructing a concrete core, removing alternating columns, and strengthening existing columns.317 Because the clock tower was subject to city-landmark regulations, workers also had to reconstruct part of the tower's facade, which had been left exposed after part of the annex was demolished.318 SL Green sold a 25 percent interest in the project to an unidentified investor in December 2021, although it retained a 25.5 percent interest.319 The sale came shortly after Chelsea Piers Fitness leased space in the building, becoming the redeveloped structure's first large tenant.320 IBM became the building's anchor tenant in March 2022.321322 Other initial tenants of the rebuilt building included Coinbase,323 Flutter Entertainment,324 Franklin Templeton Investments,325 Palo Alto Networks,326 and a steakhouse and terrace operated by Daniel Boulud.327328

One Madison Avenue topped out during December 2022,329 and installation of the building's curtain wall began in early 2023.330 By that September, the One Madison Avenue annex was nearly complete, and the building had received a temporary certificate of occupancy;331332 at the time, the space in the glass addition had been nearly fully leased.333 Around two-thirds of One Madison Avenue's space had been leased by April 2024,334 and all of the storefronts were leased out by that July.335

Impact

Company promotion

Metropolitan Life intended the tower to promote the company's image,336 with company president John Rogers Hegeman calling the building "a symbol of integrity".337 As such, the tower was surrounded by publicity.338 It was featured on the front of prominent magazines such as Scientific American,339 as well as on the sides of corn flake boxes, coffee packets, and cars. Metropolitan Life valued the free publicity surrounding its skyscraper at over $440,000 (equivalent to $15 million in 2024).340 The company also published three oversized monographs with images featuring the building, in 1907, 1908, and 1914.341

The tower figured prominently in Metropolitan Life's advertising for many years, illustrated with a light beaming from a lantern at the top of its spire and the slogan "The Light That Never Fails".342343344 While other life insurance companies, such as the New York Life Insurance Company and Equitable Insurance Company, used sculptural representations for their respective symbols, Metropolitan Life used the building itself to represent the company's work and ideals.345

Reception

Though not structurally distinctive, the Metropolitan Life Tower nevertheless was highly scrutinized, being the world's tallest building upon its completion.346 The design of the tower won critical acclaim within the American architectural profession.347 The American Institute of Architects' New York chapter called the clock tower "the most meritorous work of the year" upon its completion.348349 The writer Roberta Moudry observed that "the tower appeared from [Madison Square Park] as an entity unto itself", distinct from other tall structures nearby, and at the time of its construction, "serve[d] as a timely large-scale public declaration of civic stature and ethical responsibility".350 The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission described the original home office's design as doing "much to establish Metropolitan Life in the eyes and the mind of the public."351 In a company history book written shortly after the building's completion, Metropolitan Life had characterized the structure as "the most beautiful home office in the world".352

Members of the public also viewed the clock tower positively, with one anonymous reviewer calling the clock "a reassuring melody to hear on a trustworthy schedule".353 One newspaper columnist stated that when the clock faces' hands were taken apart for cleaning in 1937, "letters poured in, asking what went on".354 On December 11, 1984, to celebrate the building's 75th anniversary, the United States Postal Service issued a pictorial cancellation that depicted the Metropolitan Life Tower, which was available only on that day.355

Audrey Wachs of Curbed wrote in 2023 that, although the clock tower was by then "one of the stubbier silhouettes on the city skyline", it still "dominates" its neighborhood.356 Wachs also wrote that, "compared with its showy predecessor, One Madison Avenue is an introvert" because the annex's trusses and terraces could not be seen from ground level, and because the glass curtain walls were not fully transparent due to the presence of window screens.357 Justin Davidson, writing for the same publication in 2024, described the clock tower and the two annexes as symbolizing the fact that "the architecture of business changes, and it’s always chasing the future".358

Landmark status

The South Building's tower was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978,359 and became a New York City designated landmark in 1989.360361 The Metropolitan Life Home Office Complex, which includes the tower and the adjacent North Building, was added to the National Register on January 19, 1996.362 The east wing was not included in the Home Office Complex designation, nor in any of the other landmark designations, due to its relatively recent construction.363

See also

  • Architecture portal
  • New York City portal
  • NRHP portal

Notes

Citations

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower.

References

  1. "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2020. http://maps.nyc.gov/ ↩

  2. Frost & Sames 1909, p. 387. - Frost, H.; Sames, C.M.C. (1909). The Engineering Digest. Technical Literature Company. https://books.google.com/books?id=pQDOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA387 ↩

  3. National Park Service 1978, p. 3. - Adams, George R. (June 2, 1978). "Historic Structures Report: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Building" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. https://catalog.archives.gov/catalogmedia/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/78001874_NHL.pdf ↩

  4. Mendelsohn, Joyce (1998), Touring the Flatiron: Walks in Four Historic Neighborhoods, New York: New York Landmarks Conservancy, pp. 22–23, ISBN 0-964-7061-2-1, OCLC 40227695 0-964-7061-2-1 ↩

  5. Stichweh, Dirk (2016). New York Skyscrapers. Prestel Publishing. p. 73. ISBN 978-3-7913-8226-5. OCLC 923852487. 978-3-7913-8226-5 ↩

  6. "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2020. http://maps.nyc.gov/ ↩

  7. Gray, Christopher (May 26, 1996). "Streetscapes/Metropolitan Life at 1 Madison Avenue;For a Brief Moment, the Tallest Building in the World". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/26/realestate/streetscapes-metropolitan-life-1-madison-avenue-for-brief-moment-tallest.html ↩

  8. Presa, Donald G. (October 24, 2000). "New York Life Insurance Company Building" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2020. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2067.pdf ↩

  9. The others include: Former New York Life Insurance Company Building at 346 Broadway Home Life Insurance Company Building at 256 Broadway New York Life Building at 50 Madison Avenue, three blocks north Germania Life Building at 50 Union Square East Equitable Building at 120 Broadway[13] /wiki/Former_New_York_Life_Insurance_Company_Building ↩

  10. "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2020. http://maps.nyc.gov/ ↩

  11. Frost & Sames 1909, p. 387. - Frost, H.; Sames, C.M.C. (1909). The Engineering Digest. Technical Literature Company. https://books.google.com/books?id=pQDOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA387 ↩

  12. "Buildings as Big as a Town". New York Sun. June 28, 1908. p. 22. Archived from the original on February 28, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2020 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57353608/ ↩

  13. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1989, p. 8. - "Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 13, 1989. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2019. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1530.pdf ↩

  14. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company 1914, p. 45. - Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (1914). The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company: Its History, Its Present Position in the Insurance World, Its Home Office Building and Its Work Carried on Therein. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. https://archive.org/details/metropolitanlife00metruoft ↩

  15. The American Architect 1909, p. 125. - "The Metropolitan Tower". The American Architect. Vol. 96, no. 1763. October 6, 1909. pp. 125–129. Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101082377399&view=1up&seq=11 ↩

  16. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company 1914, p. 46. - Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (1914). The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company: Its History, Its Present Position in the Insurance World, Its Home Office Building and Its Work Carried on Therein. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. https://archive.org/details/metropolitanlife00metruoft ↩

  17. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company 1914, p. 45. - Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (1914). The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company: Its History, Its Present Position in the Insurance World, Its Home Office Building and Its Work Carried on Therein. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. https://archive.org/details/metropolitanlife00metruoft ↩

  18. "Before This Seven-Day Wonder in Construction Is Completed It Will Be Overtopped by the Tall Tower of the Metropolitan Life". The New York Times. December 29, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/1907/12/29/archives/before-this-sevenday-wonder-in-construction-is-completed-it-will-be.html ↩

  19. Dublin 1943, p. 236; Landmarks Preservation Commission 1989, p. 7.; Moudry 2005, p. 125; Landau & Condit 1996, pp. 361, 364–366. - Dublin, Louis I. (1943). A family of thirty million : the story of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2020 – via HathiTrust. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001129267 ↩

  20. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1989, p. 7. - "Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 13, 1989. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2019. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1530.pdf ↩

  21. Nash, Eric (2005). Manhattan Skyscrapers. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-56898-652-4. OCLC 407907000. 978-1-56898-652-4 ↩

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  25. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1989, p. 7. - "Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 13, 1989. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2019. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1530.pdf ↩

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  29. Nash, Eric (2005). Manhattan Skyscrapers. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-56898-652-4. OCLC 407907000. 978-1-56898-652-4 ↩

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  34. "Buildings as Big as a Town". New York Sun. June 28, 1908. p. 22. Archived from the original on February 28, 2022. Retrieved August 13, 2020 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57353608/ ↩

  35. Frost & Sames 1909, p. 387. - Frost, H.; Sames, C.M.C. (1909). The Engineering Digest. Technical Literature Company. https://books.google.com/books?id=pQDOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA387 ↩

  36. The American Architect 1909, p. 128. - "The Metropolitan Tower". The American Architect. Vol. 96, no. 1763. October 6, 1909. pp. 125–129. Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101082377399&view=1up&seq=11 ↩

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  39. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1989, p. 8. - "Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 13, 1989. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2019. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1530.pdf ↩

  40. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1989, p. 3. - "Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 13, 1989. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2019. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1530.pdf ↩

  41. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company 1914, p. 44. - Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (1914). The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company: Its History, Its Present Position in the Insurance World, Its Home Office Building and Its Work Carried on Therein. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. https://archive.org/details/metropolitanlife00metruoft ↩

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  43. National Park Service 1978, p. 4. - Adams, George R. (June 2, 1978). "Historic Structures Report: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Building" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. https://catalog.archives.gov/catalogmedia/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/78001874_NHL.pdf ↩

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  62. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company 1914, p. 47. - Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (1914). The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company: Its History, Its Present Position in the Insurance World, Its Home Office Building and Its Work Carried on Therein. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. https://archive.org/details/metropolitanlife00metruoft ↩

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  66. National Park Service 1978, p. 4. - Adams, George R. (June 2, 1978). "Historic Structures Report: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Building" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. https://catalog.archives.gov/catalogmedia/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/78001874_NHL.pdf ↩

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  68. "The Metropolitan Tower". Architects' and Builders Magazine. Vol. 10, no. 41. July 1909. p. 432. ↩

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  71. On the 40th through 44th floors, the north and south facades contain 4, 4, 3, 2, and 1 windows per side, respectively, while the west and east facades contain 3, 3, 2, 1, and 1 windows per side.[30] ↩

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  74. Other sources cite the balcony level as being the 46th floor, if only usable stories are counted,[16] or the 50th floor.[34] ↩

  75. National Park Service 1995, p. 4. - "Historic Structures Report: Metropolitan Life Home Office Complex" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. December 5, 1995. https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/95001544.pdf ↩

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  77. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1989, pp. 10–11. - "Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. June 13, 1989. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2019. http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1530.pdf ↩

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  80. The four smaller hammers strike the respective bells at the following intervals: four blows at 15 minutes past the hour, eight blows at 30 minutes past the hour, twelve blows at 45 minutes past the hour, and sixteen blows each hour on the hour.[18][38] ↩

  81. Schneider, Daniel B. (April 26, 1998). "F.y.i." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/26/nyregion/fyi-643300.html ↩

  82. Heimer, Mel (March 31, 1960). "My New York". White Plains Journal-News. p. 5. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2020 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48269873/ ↩

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  197. Joseph F. Knapp was also the father of philanthropist Joseph P. Knapp. /wiki/Joseph_P._Knapp ↩

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