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Message in a bottle
Form of communication

A message in a bottle (MIB) is a traditional form of communication where a message is sealed in a bottle and released into a body of water. Historically, messages in bottles have been used for distress signals, crowdsourced studies of ocean currents, memorial tributes, and sending letters to pen pals or love interests. Beyond the literal use, the term now encompasses metaphorical meanings, including plaques on spacecraft launched into outer space, interstellar radio messages, and stationary time capsules. Due to environmental concerns, biodegradable alternatives like drift cards and wooden blocks are increasingly preferred to avoid marine pollution.

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History and uses

Bottled messages may date to about 310 BC, in water current studies reputed4 to have been carried out by Greek philosopher Theophrastus.5 The Japanese medieval epic The Tale of the Heike records the story of an exiled poet who, in about 1177 AD, launched wooden planks on which he had inscribed poems describing his plight.6 In the sixteenth century, Queen Elizabeth I reputedly created an official position of "Uncorker of Ocean Bottles", and—thinking some bottles might contain secrets from British spies or fleets—decreed that anyone else opening the bottles could face the death penalty.78 (However, it has been argued that this is a myth.9) In the nineteenth century, literary works such as Edgar Allan Poe's 1833 "MS. Found in a Bottle" and Charles Dickens' 1860 "A Message from the Sea" inspired an enduring popular passion for sending bottled messages.10

Scientific experiments involving drift objects—more generally called determinate drifters11—provide information about currents and help researchers develop ocean circulation maps.12 For example, experiments conducted in the mid-1700s by Benjamin Franklin and others indicated the existence and approximate location of the Gulf Stream, with scientific confirmation following in the mid-1800s.13 Using a network of beachcomber informants, rear admiral Alexander Becher is believed to be the first (from 1808–1852) to study travel of so-called "bottle papers" around an ocean gyre (a large circulating current system).14 In the late 1800s, Albert I, Prince of Monaco determined that the Gulf Stream branched into the North Atlantic Drift and the Azores Current.15 In the 1890s, Scottish scientist T. Wemyss Fulton released floating bottles and wooden slips to chart North Sea surface currents for the first time.16 Releasing bottles designed to remain a short distance above the sea bed, British marine biologist George Parker Bidder III first proved in the early twentieth century that deep sea currents flowed from east to west in the North Sea17 and that bottom feeders prefer to move against the current.18

The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (USC&GS) used drift bottles from 1846 to 1966.19 More recently, technologies involving satellite tags, fixed current profilers and satellite communication have permitted more efficient analysis of ocean currents: at any given time, thousands of modern "drifters" transmit current position, temperature, velocity, etc., to satellites, thus avoiding conventional drift bottles' dependence on serendipitous finds and cooperation by conscientious citizens.20

Drift bottle studies have provided a simple way to learn about non-tidal movement of waters containing eggs and larvae of commercially important fishes, for sharing among fisheries scientists and oceanographers.21 Such experiments simulate the travel of pollutants22 such as oil spills,23 study formation of ocean gyre garbage patches such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch,24 and suggest travel paths of invasive species.25 Persistent currents are detected to allow ships to ride favorable currents and avoid opposing currents.26 Projected travel paths of navigation hazards, such as naval mines, advise safer shipping routes.27 Even in inland waterways, drifters wirelessly deliver real-time data on water quality, GPS location, and water velocity, for early warning against flash floods, measuring pollution run-off, and monitoring algal blooms.28

Outside science, people have launched bottled messages to find pen pals,29 "bottle preachers"30 have sent "sermon bottles",31 propaganda-bearing bottles have been directed at foreign shores,32333435 and survivors have sent poetic loving tributes to departed loved ones36 or sent their cremated remains (ashes) on a final journey.3738

It was estimated in 2009 that since the mid-1900s, six million bottled messages had been released, including 500,000 from oceanographers.39

Bottle design and recovery rates

Some bottles are ballasted with dry sand so that they float vertically at or near the ocean surface, and are less influenced by winds and breaking waves than other bottles that are purposely not ballasted.40 Wooden blocks float higher in the water and thus are more influenced by wind—a design specially suited for simulating travel paths of plastic waste that is less dense than glass containers.41

An early-20th-century "bottom" (or seabed) drift bottle design by George Parker Bidder III involved weighting a bottle with a long copper wire that causes it to sink until the wire trails upon the sea bottom, at which time the bottle tends to remain a few inches above the bottom to be moved by the bottom current.42 A mushroom-shaped seabed drifter design has also been used.43 Seabed drifters are designed to be scooped up by a trawler or wash up on shore.44

Water pressure pressing on the cork or other closure was thought to keep a bottle better sealed;45 some designs included a wooden stick to stop the cork from imploding.46 Vessels of less scientific designs have survived for extended periods, including a baby food bottle47 a ginger beer bottle,48 and a 7-Up bottle.49

A low percentage of bottles—thought by some to be less than 3 percent—are actually recovered, so they are released in large numbers, sometimes in the thousands.50 Reported recovery rates for large-scale scientific studies vary based on the ocean of release, and range from 11 percent (Woods Hole, 156,276 bottles from 1948 to 1962, Atlantic), to 10 percent (Woods Hole, 165,566 bottles from 1960 to 1970, Atlantic), to 3.4 percent (Scripps Institution, 148,384 bottles from 1954 to 1971, Pacific).51 Oceanographic drift card recovery rates have ranged from 50 percent if released in densely populated areas (North Sea, Puget Sound) to 1 percent in uninhabited areas (Antarctica).52 Recovery rates decrease as bottles are released further from shore, with oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer developing a rule of thumb that bottles released more than 160 kilometres (100 miles) from shore have recovery rates below 10 percent, and "only a few percent" of those released more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 miles) from shore are recovered.53 About 90 percent of marine debris washes up on less than 10 percent of the world's coastlines, favoring beaches perpendicular to the dominant ocean current.54 Objects with similar buoyancy characteristics tend to collect together.55

A Scripps scientist said that marine organisms grow on the bottles, causing them to sink within eight to ten months unless washed ashore earlier.56 An unknown number are found but not reported.57

Time and distance

Some drift bottles were not found for more than a century after being launched.5859606162

Floating objects may ride gyres (large circulating current systems) that are present in each ocean, and may be transferred from one ocean's gyre to another's.63 Further, objects may be sidetracked by wind, storms, countercurrents, and ocean current variation.64 Accordingly, drift bottles have traveled large distances,65 with drifts of 6,500–9,700 kilometres (4,000–6,000 miles) and more—sometimes traveling 160 kilometres (100 miles) per day—not uncommon.66 Bottles have traveled from the Beaufort Sea above northern Alaska and northwestern Canada to northern Europe; from Antarctica to Tasmania; from Mexico to the Philippines; from Canada's Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay to Irish, French, Scottish, and Norwegian beaches;67 from the Galapagos Islands to Australia;68 and from New Zealand to Spain (practically antipodes).69 Based on empirical data collected since 1901, a computer program called OSCURS (Ocean Surface Current Simulator) digitally simulates motion and timing of floating objects in and between ocean gyres.70

Despite being launched substantial time periods before being found, some bottles have been found physically close to their original launch points, such as a message launched by two girls in 1915 and found in 2012 near Harsens Island, Michigan, U.S.,71 and a ten-year-old girl's message launched into the Indian River Bay in Delaware, U.S. in 1971 and found in adjacent Delaware Seashore State Park in 2016.72

Historical examples

Historical examples are listed in chronological order, based on year of recovery (when applicable):

Early examples

  • It is reputed73 that about 310 BC, Aristotle's protégé Greek philosopher Theophrastus used bottled messages to determine if the Mediterranean Sea was formed by the inflowing Atlantic Ocean.74
  • When Christopher Columbus encountered a severe storm while returning from America, he is said to have written on parchment what he had found in the New World and requested it be forwarded to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, enclosed the parchment in a waxed cloth and placed it into a large wooden barrel to be cast into the sea.75 The communication was never found.76
  • On April 15, 1841, the Wellington, W.C. Kendrick, Commander, bound "from Madras and Cape bound to London", launched a bottled message in the mid-Atlantic (at 13° N) "for the purpose of throwing some light on the ocean currents".77
  • In 1847, from the brig Eagle laden with corn for the starving Irish in Waterford, Ireland, master Gregg dropped a bottled message with his location (42.40N, 54.10W) on March 27, requesting the find be sent to the Nautical Magazine (London) for publication to provide information on Atlantic currents. The bottle was retrieved on July 20 by Capt. Robert Oke on the revenue cutter Caledonia78 off the coast of Newfoundland (46.36N, 55.30W).79
  • In 1856, a bottle was found on the Hebrides coast, Scotland, containing a note stating a ship, believed to be the SS Pacific, had sunk after a collision with an iceberg.8081
  • In February 1862, the Bashford Hall "sent afloat a message in a bottle describing her perilous state." However, she arrived safely at Falmouth, England on March 6, 1862.82
  • After the January 11, 1866 sinking of the SS London in the Bay of Biscay, bottled messages—reported as "farewell messages from passengers... to friends and relatives in England"—were reportedly found in months following.83
  • In 1875, ship's steward Van Hoydek and cabin boy Henry Trusillo of the British sailing ship Lennie released 24 bottled messages into the Bay of Biscay, telling of the murder by mutineers of their captain and officers.84 French authorities soon received the message, rescued Hoydek and Trusillo, and brought the mutineers to justice.8586
  • In 1876, on the remote Scottish island of St Kilda, freelance journalist John Sands and marooned Austrian sailors deployed two messages requesting the Austrian Consul rescue them with provisions.87 The messages, each enclosed in a cocoa tin attached to a sheep's bladder for flotation in an arrangement later called a "St. Kilda mail boat",88 were discovered in Orkney within nine days and in Ross-Shire after 22 days.89 Since that time, sending "St. Kilda mail" has become a recreational ritual for island visitors, the containers often riding the Gulf Stream to the British mainland, Shetland, Orkney and Scandinavia.90

20th century

  • Message-bearing bottles from Titanic (1912)91 and Lusitania (1915)92 have been widely recounted as fact, but even before these bottles were found The Irish News stated in April 1912 that "very many" such stories turn out to be "cruel hoaxes".93
  • In February 1916, when German Zeppelin L 19 experienced unfavorable weather, battle damage and multiple engine failure after attacking the British Midlands, its commander's last message to superiors and the crew's final letters to relatives were released into the North Sea to be found on a Swedish coast six months later.9495 The written descriptions of how a British fishing trawler had refused to rescue the downed Zeppelin's crew—the trawler captain claiming he feared the German airmen would overpower his own unarmed crew—contributed to an enduring international controversy.96
  • On December 23, 1927, Frances Wilson Grayson, niece of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, was to attempt to be the first woman to make a transatlantic flight (non-solo). However, her Sikorsky amphibian plane disappeared en route from New York's Long Island to Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, and was never found. A bottled message was found in Salem Harbor, Massachusetts, in January 1929, the unauthenticated message reading, "1928, we are freezing. Gas leaked out. We are drifting off Grand Banks. Grayson."97
  • In December 1928, a trapper working at the mouth of the Agawa River, Ontario, found a bottled note from Alice Bettridge, an assistant stewardess in her early twenties who initially survived the December 1927 sinking in a blizzard of the freighter Kamloops and, before she herself perished, wrote "I am the last one left alive, freezing and starving to death on Isle Royale in Lake Superior. I just want mom and dad to know my fate."98
  • In 1929, a bottle that came to be known as the Flying Dutchman was released by a German marine science expedition with instructions for any finders to report the find but return the bottle to the sea.99 Found at several locations in succession, the Flying Dutchman traveled 25,750 kilometres (16,000 miles) from its release point in the southern Indian Ocean, to Cape Horn in South America, and back through the Indian Ocean to its last reported find in 1935 on the west coast of Australia.100
  • On the night of March 28, 1941 in the last moments of the Battle of Cape Matapan, aboard the sinking cruiser Fiume, Italian sailor Francesco Chirico wrote a farewell message and threw it overboard in a bottle. Chirico's message, including a note, "Please give news to my dear mother that I die for the homeland...", was found in 1952 near Villasimius, Sardinia.101
  • On January 7, 1943, a Schweppes lemonade bottle was found near Woolnorth in northwestern Tasmania, containing a penciled message thrown overboard on April 17, 1916, by Australian soldier John Oppy as his troop ship passed between Encounter Bay and Kangaroo Island, South Australia.102 Oppy himself survived to see the message returned.103
  • On Christmas Day 1945, 21-year-old medical corpsman Frank Hayostek threw a message-laden aspirin bottle from his Liberty ship as it approached New York, the bottle being found eight months later near Dingle, County Kerry, by Irish milkmaid Breda O'Sullivan.104 Her mailed reply began a correspondence that inspired Hayostek to save money for airfare to visit O'Sullivan in 1952.105 Intense media attention for the "impossibly romantic story",106 including Time magazine stories, overshadowed their two-week visit, the two parting but corresponding until they married other people in 1958 and 1959.107 Media attention endured through the sixtieth anniversary of their meeting,108 2–3 years after their deaths.109110
  • In 1955, a bottle from a 1903 German Antarctic expedition was found in New Zealand, about 5,500 kilometres (3,400 miles) from its launch point between the Kerguelen Islands and Tasmania; however, hydrographers surmise it had drifted around the world many times.111
  • In 1956, Swedish sailor Åke Viking112 sent a bottled message "To Someone Beautiful and Far Away" that reached a 17-year-old Sicilian girl named Paolina, sparking a correspondence that culminated in their marriage in 1958.113 The affair attracted so much attention that 4,000 people celebrated their wedding.114115
  • In 1959 Guinness Brewery launched 150,000 bottles into the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea in a promotional campaign.116 It was reported that Inuit hunters on Coats Island, in Canada's Hudson Bay, found 80 of the bottles.117
  • In 1969, a Canadian scientific expedition dropped a message bottle through a hole in the drift ice at the approximate North Pole. The bottle was found in 1972 in northeast Iceland.118
  • In May 1976, National Geographic World magazine released 1,000 bottles—250 per week—from the cruise ship Song of Norway, with instructions in five languages to fill out and return cards, in order to help map ocean currents.119
  • In 1978, a Russian researcher discovered a bottled message in the Franz Josef Land, north of mainland Russia, that was deposited by Karl Weyprecht, leader of the 1872–1874 Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition which sought a Northeast Passage.120121
  • A message that an American couple released from a cruise ship approaching Hawaii in 1979 was found off Songkhla Beach, Thailand by a former South Vietnamese soldier and his family as they fled that country's communist regime by boat.122 A correspondence relationship began in 1983, and the couple worked with U.S. Immigration to help the Vietnamese family obtain refugee status in 1985 and move to the U.S.123
  • In 1991, a bottled message found on Vancouver Island, Canada, urged the release of Chinese dissident Wei Jingsheng.124125 According to oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer, the bottle was likely released in 1980 near Quemoy Island, one of many Taiwan propaganda bottles launched toward mainland China.126127128
  • In what was described as "perhaps the most famous message in a bottle love story",129 in March 1999 a green ginger beer bottle was dredged up by a fisherman off the Essex coast, the bottle containing an 84-year-old letter tossed into the English Channel on September 9, 1914, by British soldier Private Thomas Hughes days before he was killed in fighting in France.130 Hughes' letter, written for delivery to his wife who had died in 1979, was delivered instead to his then 86-year-old daughter in New Zealand by the fisherman himself, who with his own wife was flown to New Zealand at the expense of New Zealand Post.131

21st century

  • A teardrop-shaped bottle was found in March 2002 on a beach in Kent, England, containing an unsigned letter from a French woman expressing her enduring grief over the death of her son at age 13.132133 British author Karen Liebreich spent years of research, unsuccessfully trying to find the mother and eventually publishing a book called The Letter in the Bottle (2006).134 The book was published in French in 2009, sparking huge media coverage135 that alerted the mother for the first time that her letter had actually been discovered.136 Saying she initially felt violated by publication of her personal suffering, on condition of continued anonymity, she agreed to tell Liebreich the details of her son's 1981 death in a bicycle accident, her decades of suffering afterwards, and the story surrounding release of her letter from an English Channel ferry.137138
  • In May 2005, three days after eighty-eight migrants were abandoned by human smugglers on a disabled boat, the migrants tied an SOS-bearing bottle to a long line of a passing fishing vessel, whose captain alerted authorities to rescue the migrants.139
  • On December 10, 2006, a bottom drift bottle, released on April 25, 1914, northeast of the Shetland Islands by the Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, U.K., was recovered by a Shetland fisherman, after the bottle had spent over 92 years at sea.140
  • In October 2011 in waters off Somalia, the crew of the pirated cargo ship Montecristo used a bottle with a flashing beacon to alert NATO ships that they had retreated to an armored room, permitting a military rescue operation to proceed with knowledge that the crew was not being held hostage.141
  • In April 2012 a fisherman recovered a bottom drift bottle that had been released 98 years earlier, on June 10, 1914,142143 one of 1,890 released by the Glasgow School of Navigation to test undercurrents in the seas around Scotland.144 The 2012 find occurred east of Shetland by the Copious, the same fishing vessel involved in the 2006 find.145
  • In a 2013 promotional campaign, Norwegian soft drink company Solo released a 26-foot, 2.7-ton replica soda bottle outfitted with a customized camera, navigation lights, an automatic identification system, a radar reflector, and GPS tracking technology, all powered by solar panels.146 The craft drifted from Tenerife, Canary Islands, while broadcasting its location, but its electronics were stolen by pirates before its five-month trip terminated at Los Roques archipelago near Venezuela.147
  • In April 2013, a kite-surfer near the mouth of Croatia's Neretva River recovered a bottle containing a message purporting to have been sent in 1985 from Nova Scotia to fulfill a promise by a "Jonathon" to write to one "Mary".148 The message received international media attention.149
  • In March 2014, a fisherman on the Baltic Sea near Kiel recovered a drift bottle containing a Danish postcard dated May 17, 1913, and signed by a then-20-year-old baker's son named Richard Platz, who asked for it to be delivered to his Berlin address.150 Researchers located Platz's granddaughter, by then 62, and delivered the 101-year-old message to her, Platz himself having died in 1946.151
  • An April 2015 find on the North Sea island of Amrum, Germany, of a 108-year-old bottle sent by the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom in Plymouth, was one of 1,020 released into the North Sea between 1904 and 1906 by former association president George Parker Bidder III.152
  • In 2016, Cuban migrants who had fled Cuba in a homemade boat, launched a bottled SOS message complaining of their treatment while being detained for 42 days aboard a United States Coast Guard Cutter.153
  • In late 2016, a barnacle-encrusted, kelp-tangled GoPro video camera was recovered, the camera's memory card preserving footage showing the prelude to the camera's being swept overboard four years earlier, and also recording its first two hours underwater off Fingal Bay, Australia.154
  • In 2017, a small unmanned boat made by high school students and having solar panels, sensors and camera, drifted on an unexpected path from near Maine, to approach Spain and Portugal, then drift westward back into the Atlantic and northward to be discovered in Benbecula in the western isles of Scotland.155 The boat had a waterproof pod containing a chip that collected sensor data.156
  • In July 2017, a Scottish widower seeking female companionship set 2,000 bottled messages adrift at various locations around the U.K., and though claiming he received responses from 50 women, ceased the practice in response to public complaints and an investigation by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency.157
  • In January 2018, a couple walking on a beach in Western Australia discovered a bottled message that had been launched on June 12, 1886, from the German barque Paula conducting drift bottle experiments for the German Naval Observatory.158159 The message's authenticity was corroborated through the ship captain's original Meteorological Journal, and, at 131 years' duration, eclipsed the previous corroborated record duration of 108 years.160161 The bottle's thick glass and its opening's narrow bore are thought to have protected the paper from the elements.162
  • In the summer of 2018, a bottled typewritten message dated March 26, 1930, was discovered in the roof of the twelfth-century Goslar Cathedral in Goslar, Germany, signed by four roofers who bemoaned the economic state of that country.163 The bottle was discovered by a roofer who was the grandson of one of the signatories, who had been an 18-year-old roofing apprentice in 1930.164 Goslar's mayor replaced the bottle with a copy of the 1930 message, adding his own confidential message.165
  • In May 2019, a Gatorade bottle with a four-page letter, written in Spanish, was found in Brown Bay, near Mount Gambier, South Australia. The letter had been sent from Caleta Córdoba, near Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina by a mother and two children as a loving tribute to their husband and father who had died of a stroke a year earlier.166
  • In June 2019, three hikers trapped above a waterfall on California's Arroyo Seco tributary released a Nalgene bottled SOS message that was quickly discovered a quarter mile (0.4 km) downstream, allowing them to be rescued by helicopter the following morning.167168
  • In late 2019, a bottled message launched on August 1, 1994, by 12-year-old Ryan Mead was found near the mouth of the Taramakau River, New Zealand, the find occurring mere months after Mead died at age 37 in a freak accident inhaling fumes while laying carpet.169
  • In early 2025, a note was found in a violin crafted by a Polish Jew in the Dachau concentration camp: "Trial instrument, made under difficult conditions with no tools and materials. Dachau. Anno 1941, Franciszek Kempa." The note is interpreted to be that of a master violin maker explaining how he was forced to build an instrument that did not meet his own standards. Kempa survived the war.170

Long-duration events

Table listing long-duration (>25-year) events involving messages in bottles (scroll):

(Still-living individuals are not identified by name unless they are independently notable.)
SenderDate releasedPlace releasedDate foundPlace foundDuration (years)Ref.
Pierre-Jacques Féret1825-01Cité de Limes [fr] near Dieppe s2024-09Cité de Limes [fr] near Dieppe199171
Chunosuke Matsuyama, seaman1784Island in Pacific1935Hiraturemura, Japan151172173
James Ritchie and John Grieve1887-10-06Edinburgh, Scotland s2022-11-13Under floorboards of house135174
Lighthouse engineers1892-09-04Rhins of Galloway (lighthouse) s2024-11Corsewall Lighthouse132175
German sailing barque Paula1886-06-12Indian Ocean, 950 km off Western Australia2018-01Near Wedge Island, Western Australia131.6176177178179
Theatre builders1906-10King's Theatre, Edinburgh, Scotland s2024-12-06Behind decorative crown118180
Bricklayers Wm Hanley, James Lennon1907-07-03Montclair State University, N.J.s2019Wall in College Hall112181
George Parker Bidder, Marine Biological Association of the U.K.1906-11-30North Sea2015-04-17Amrum, Germany108182183184185
Karl Weyprecht, co-leader, Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition1874Lamont, Franz Josef Land, Russia s1978-08Lamont, Franz Josef Land, Russia104186
School administrators1920-09-30School cornerstone s2024-04Owatonna High School, Minnesota, U.S.103.5187
Richard Platz1913-05-17Baltic Sea2014-03Baltic Sea near Kiel101188
Glasgow School of Navigation1914-06-10Near Scotland2012-04East of Shetland98189190191
Selina Pramstaller, Tillie Esper1915Harsens Island, Michigan, U.S.2012Harsens Island, Michigan, U.S.96192
George Morrow1926-11Cheboygan, MI, U.S. (presumed)2021-06Cheboygan River94.6193
Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen1914-04-25Near Scotland2006-12-10Near Shetland92194
Erich Sanitter, Waldenburg1929-07-08Bay of Danzig2019-10Vistula Lagoon90195
Willi Brandt, roofer, age 181930-03-26Goslar, Germany s2018Goslar Cathedral roof88196
Carl Ott (business owner)1930-05-20Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. s2017-02Construction site86197
Thomas Hughes, WWI soldier1914-09-09English Channel1999-03Essex, River Thames84198
Dachau prisoner Franciszek Kempa1941Inside violin s2025 (before 28 April)Art dealer in Hungary83199
"Flying Squad" joinery team1934-07-16Viewforth, Edinburgh s2016-11Wall of building82200
John Stapleton Jr. age 141938-09-05Jersey, Channel Islands (deduced)2020-02-18Jersey, Channel Islands81.4201
Navy of Czarist Russia1913-07Sea of Okhotsk, Russia1995Near Cordova, Alaska81202
(undetermined)1935Southampton Guildhall, U.K. s2016Southampton Guildhall, U.K.81203
"Jim" (military man)1945-03-04Virginia Beach, Virginia, Va, US2024-08-07Odessa, Florida, US79204
Herbert E. Hillbrick1936P&O cruise ship2012Ninety Mile Beach, NZ76205
Victor Elliott, age 131944-04-25Ralston, Oklahoma2017-11-11Fort Smith, Arkansas73206
Lt. Col. Eugene J. McNamara1948Grand Hotel, Yokohama s2016New Grand Hotel68207
Auschwitz prisoners, age 18–201944-09-09Near Auschwitz camp s2009-04Wall of bomb shelter64208
WHOI1956-04-26South of Nova Scotia2014-01-20Sable Island57209
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries1962-05Gulf of Mexico2019-01Padre Is. Nat. Seashore, Texas56.5210211
NOAA's NEFSC1959-09-19Atlantic, off Massachusetts2013-12-22Martha's Vineyard, Mass.54212
Paul Walker, geologist1959-07-10Ward Hunt Island, N. Canada s2013Ward Hunt Island, N. Canada54213
German Antarctic Expedition1903Btw. Kerguelen Is., Tasmania1955New Zealand52214
Paul Tsiatsios, motel owner1960+New Hampshire, U.S.2011Turks and Caicos51215216
Soviet fishing vessel Sulak1969-06-20Pacific Ocean2019-08-05Shishmaref, Alaska50217
13-year-old ship passenger1969-11-17100 mi. E. of Fremantle, W. Aus.2019-07Eyre Peninsula, S. Aus.49218219
Construction workers1967-05-19Toowoomba, QLD, Australia s2016-09-08Embedded in concrete49220
NOAA Fisheries1966Bristol Bay, Alaska, U.S.2013Cold Bay, Alaska, U.S.47221
High school science class1972-12-01Fire Island, N.Y., U.S.2019-08Brookhaven, L.I., N.Y., U.S.46.7222
"Donkeyman" James Robertson1970-09-16North Sea (assumed)2017-01Norderney, Germany46.2223
Girl, age 61971-09-06Indian River Bay, Delaware, U.S.2016-04-22Del. Seashore State Park44224
Boy, age 141971-01-15Cove Bay, Aberdeen, U.K.2015Rattray Head, Aberdeenshire44225
Girl, age 111974-08-29Old Mission Peninsula, Michigan2015Old Mission Peninsula, Michigan41226
Two junior high school girls1975Washington state, U.S.2015-04-04Gulf of Alaska, U.S.40227
Print shop worker, age 311983Omaha, Nebraska2020-03Rock Port, Missouri37228
High School Nat. Sci. Club1984-07Chōshi, Japan2021Hawaiian Paradise Park37229
Boy, age 161980-05-13Albany, W. Australia2016-06Eucla, W. Australia36230
Vacationer1981-06-10Fernandina Beach, Florida2017-06-17Little St. Simons Island, Georgia36231
Alaina Beresford, age 121994Portknockie, Moray, Scotland2025Lisshelløya island, Vega, Norway31232
School; Forfar, Scotland1987 (est)North Sea2017-09-29Key Largo, Fla. U.S.30233
Girl, age 81988-09-26Edisto Beach, South Carolina2017-10Sapelo Island, Georgia29234
Boy, age 121989-07Detroit River2017-07-12Amherstburg, Ontario28235
"Jonathon"1985Nova Scotia (purported)2013-04-17Croatia28236237
Father, daughter, age 41992Near Baie Fine, Ontario2020-03Hiawatha Isl(near Manitoulin Isl, Ont)28238
Jack Oppy, Australian soldier1916-04-17Between Encounter Bay & Kangaroo Island, S. Australia1943-01-07Woolnorth, NW Tasmania26.7239
Manitoba, Canada resident1985Lake Winnipeg2011Near Libau, Manitoba26240
Fifth grade class1993-05Delaware River (Kansas)2019Chester, Illinois25241
Ryan Mead, age 121994-08-01Near Greymouth, New Zealand2019Mouth of Taramakau River, NZ25242
s denotes stationary messages (placed on land, not in a body of water).

Besides interest in citizen science drift-bottle experiments,243 message-in-a-bottle lore has often been of a romantic or poetic nature.244 Such messages have been romanticized in literature, from Edgar Allan Poe's 1833 story "MS. Found in a Bottle" through Nicholas Sparks' 1998 Message in a Bottle.245 Clint Buffington, subject of the 2019 documentary short film The Tides That Bind / A Message in a Bottle Story,246 surmised in an interview with The Guardian that sending a bottled message expresses a hope to find connection in a fear-filled world.247 In Newsweek Ryan Bort recounted various historical messages as being cries for help, or "final, poetic words of resignation left behind for (an) indifferent sea", or from "lonely, lovelorn souls, searching for serendipity", or a search for "affirmation ... that comes from somewhere other than yourself".248 Bort described sending a message in a bottle as a romantic act that has "such a delicious potential for magic" or as "surrendering a part of yourself to something larger", concluding that "every message in a bottle is a prayer".249

Finding a bottled message has generally been viewed positively, the finder of a 98-year-old message referring to his find as winning the lottery.250 However, intense media attention over a personal relationship that resulted from one woman's find, is said to have caused her to remark that had she known what would happen, she would have left the bottle on the beach.251 Another woman said she initially felt shocked and violated by publication of the personal suffering she had expressed in a bottled letter that she never expected would be found or read.252253

Similar methods using other media

See also: Balloon mail and Time capsule

The term "message in a bottle" has been applied to techniques of communication that do not literally involve a bottle or a water-based method of conveyance, such as the Europa Clipper plaque (2024),254 the Pioneer plaque (1972, 1973), the Voyager Golden Record (1977), and even radio-borne messages (see Cosmic Call, Teen Age Message, A Message from Earth), all directed into space.255256

Balloon mail involves sending undirected messages through the air rather than into bodies of water.257 For example, during the Prussian Siege of Paris (1870–1871) about 2.5 million letters were sent by hot air balloon, the only way Parisians' letters could reach the rest of France.258

Stationary time capsules have been termed "messages in a bottle", such as a 1935 message in a lemonade bottle correctly portending difficult times, which was found in 2016 by masons restoring damaged Portland stone at Southampton Guildhall.259 A geologist left a bottled message in 1959 in a cairn on isolated Ward Hunt Island (Canada, 83°N latitude), allowing its finders in 2013 to determine that a nearby glacier had retreated over 60 metres (200 ft) in the intervening 54 years.260 More durable examples of time capsules are the Westinghouse Time Capsules of the 1939 and 1964 New York World's Fairs, intended to be opened 5,000 years after their creation.261

Prisoners from the Auschwitz concentration camp concealed bottles containing sketches262 and writings263 that were found after World War II.

Certain emergency medical services urge patients to record information describing their medical conditions, medications and drug allergies, emergency contacts,264 as well as advance healthcare directives for when the patients are incapacitated265 or suffer from dementia or learning difficulties,266 and place the record as a special "message in a bottle" stored in (conventionally) a refrigerator, where paramedics can quickly locate it.267268269

Environmental issues

Plastic bottles are known to constitute plastic marine pollution, and eventually break down into smaller pieces because of ultraviolet light, salt degradation or wave action.270 Glass bottles can break into sharp-edged pieces, and bottle caps are ingested by sea birds.271

Some agencies continue to use drift bottles into the 21st century, but with increased awareness that man-made floating items can harm marine life or constitute waste material,272273 biodegradable drift cards274 and biodegradable wooden drifters275 with non-toxic ink276 are gaining favor.

See also

Notes

Publications

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Message in a bottle. Look up message in a bottle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. Wollan, Malia (March 27, 2015). "How to Find a Message in a Bottle". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/29/magazine/how-to-find-a-message-in-a-bottle.html ↩

  2. Penry, Jerry, LS (March 2007). "Message in a Bottle" (PDF). The American Surveyor. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2014.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) http://www.theamericansurveyor.com/PDF/TheAmericanSurveyor_Penry-MessageInABottle_March2007.pdf ↩

  3. Melanie, Hall (October 13, 2016). "Tackling plastic waste in oceans with 'wooden message in a bottle'". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. A research program from the University of Oldenburg (Germany) involves 100,000 wooden blocks of various thicknesses. http://www.dw.com/en/tackling-plastic-waste-in-oceans-with-wooden-message-in-a-bottle/a-36031567 ↩

  4. Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, p. 229. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. ↩

  5. Berlin, Jeremy (20 September 2012). "Oldest Message in Bottle: Behind History's Famous Floating Notes". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/ ↩

  6. Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, pp. 54–55. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. ↩

  7. Berlin, Jeremy (20 September 2012). "Oldest Message in Bottle: Behind History's Famous Floating Notes". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/ ↩

  8. Kraske 1977, pp. 53–56. - Kraske, Robert (1977). The Twelve Million Dollar Note: Strange but True Tales of Messages Found in Seagoing Bottles. Thomas Nelson (publ.); 1st ed. ISBN 978-0-8407-6575-8. https://archive.org/details/twelvemilliondol00kras ↩

  9. Buffington, Clint. "Queen Elizabeth's "Official Uncorker of Ocean Bottles"". https://messageinabottlehunter.com/message-in-a-bottle-myths/queen-elizabeth-official-uncorker-of-ocean-bottles ↩

  10. Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, pp. 55–56, attributing to Becher, Alexander (1843, 1852). Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. ↩

  11. Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, p. 50. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. ↩

  12. Dawicki, Shelley (March 14, 2014). "Message in a Bottle: The Story Behind the Story -- Drift Bottles Helped Determine Distribution of Fish Eggs and Larvae". NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC). Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/news/features/drift_bottles/ ↩

  13. Penry, Jerry, LS (March 2007). "Message in a Bottle" (PDF). The American Surveyor. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2014.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) http://www.theamericansurveyor.com/PDF/TheAmericanSurveyor_Penry-MessageInABottle_March2007.pdf ↩

  14. Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, pp. 55–56, attributing to Becher, Alexander (1843, 1852). Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. ↩

  15. Moody 2010, II. Adrift at Sea. - Moody, Skye (2010). Washed Up: The Curious Journeys of Flotsam and Jetsam. Sasquatch Books. ISBN 978-1570617386. Archived from the original on September 4, 2016. https://books.google.com/books?id=dCpPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT56 ↩

  16. "Message in a bottle". News Releases: Scottish Government. August 30, 2012. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017. https://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2012/08/messagebottle30082012 ↩

  17. Huggler, Justin (August 20, 2015). "World's oldest message in a bottle washes up in Germany after 108 years at sea". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/11815044/Worlds-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-washes-up-in-Germany-after-108-years-at-sea.html ↩

  18. Boxall, Simon (April 25, 2016). "Why ocean scientists hope someone gets your message in a bottle". The National Post (reprinting from The Conversation). Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2020. http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/why-ocean-scientists-hope-someone-gets-your-message-in-a-bottle?http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/why-ocean-scientists-hope-someone-gets-your-message-in-a-bottle ↩

  19. Dawicki, Shelley (March 14, 2014). "Drift Bottle Found on Martha's Vineyard Has Quite a Story to Tell". NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC). Archived from the original on February 10, 2015. http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/news/features/mv_bottle/ ↩

  20. "NWFSC's Own Message in a Bottle: Ocean Drifters and Tiny Tags Have Been Telling Stories for Decades". NOAA's NWFSC. 2013. Archived from the original on July 24, 2016. https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/news/features/bottle/bottle.cfm ↩

  21. Dawicki, Shelley (March 14, 2014). "Message in a Bottle: The Story Behind the Story -- Drift Bottles Helped Determine Distribution of Fish Eggs and Larvae". NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC). Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/news/features/drift_bottles/ ↩

  22. Boxall, Simon (April 25, 2016). "Why ocean scientists hope someone gets your message in a bottle". The National Post (reprinting from The Conversation). Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2020. http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/why-ocean-scientists-hope-someone-gets-your-message-in-a-bottle?http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/why-ocean-scientists-hope-someone-gets-your-message-in-a-bottle ↩

  23. Penry, Jerry, LS (March 2007). "Message in a Bottle" (PDF). The American Surveyor. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2014.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) http://www.theamericansurveyor.com/PDF/TheAmericanSurveyor_Penry-MessageInABottle_March2007.pdf ↩

  24. Boxall, Simon (April 25, 2016). "Why ocean scientists hope someone gets your message in a bottle". The National Post (reprinting from The Conversation). Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2020. http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/why-ocean-scientists-hope-someone-gets-your-message-in-a-bottle?http://news.nationalpost.com/news/world/why-ocean-scientists-hope-someone-gets-your-message-in-a-bottle ↩

  25. Penry, Jerry, LS (March 2007). "Message in a Bottle" (PDF). The American Surveyor. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2014.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) http://www.theamericansurveyor.com/PDF/TheAmericanSurveyor_Penry-MessageInABottle_March2007.pdf ↩

  26. Lederer, Muriel (Fall 1971). "Letters from the Sea" (PDF). University of Florida Digital Collections: The Panama Canal Review. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2016. http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/09/73/66/00002/UF00097366_00002.pdf ↩

  27. Lederer, Muriel (Fall 1971). "Letters from the Sea" (PDF). University of Florida Digital Collections: The Panama Canal Review. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2016. http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/09/73/66/00002/UF00097366_00002.pdf ↩

  28. Kennedy, Matt (July 23, 2018). "QUT deploys high-tech "message in a bottle" to fight floods and pollution in river systems". New Atlas. Archived from the original on July 24, 2018. https://newatlas.com/qut-flood-pollution-detector/55572/ ↩

  29. Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, pp. 57–58. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. ↩

  30. Kraske 1977, pp. 50–52. - Kraske, Robert (1977). The Twelve Million Dollar Note: Strange but True Tales of Messages Found in Seagoing Bottles. Thomas Nelson (publ.); 1st ed. ISBN 978-0-8407-6575-8. https://archive.org/details/twelvemilliondol00kras ↩

  31. Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, pp. 62–67. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. ↩

  32. Krajick, Kevin (2001). "Message in a Bottle" (PDF). University of Washington. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 18, 2016. From Smithsonian, July 2001, pp. 36-42. http://courses.washington.edu/ocean200/Readings/Ebbesmeyer.pdf ↩

  33. Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, pp. 57–58. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. ↩

  34. Heidorn, Keith C. (March 17, 1999). "Of Shoes And Ships And Rubber Ducks And A Message In A Bottle". IslandNet.com. "The Weather Doctor" section. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Article updated October 2010. http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/elements/shoes.htm ↩

  35. Fifield, Ann (April 24, 2018). "With food and facts carried in bottles, activists try to penetrate isolated North Korea". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 24, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/with-food-and-facts-carried-in-bottles-activists-try-to-penetrate-isolated-north-korea/2018/04/23/abbe2582-438e-11e8-baaf-8b3c5a3da888_story.html ↩

  36. Wright, Shayne (March 21, 2019). "Hobe Sound woman finds mysterious message in bottle on beach". West Palm Beach, Florida: WPFB 25. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. https://www.wpbf.com/article/hobe-sound-woman-finds-mysterious-message-in-bottle-on-beach/26889773 ↩

  37. "Woman Finds Ashes and Message in a Bottle, 4 Years After It Was Sent Out to Sea". Inside Edition. November 8, 2017. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. http://www.insideedition.com/woman-finds-ashes-and-message-bottle-4-years-after-it-was-sent-out-sea-37911 ↩

  38. "Cremated remains of Tenn. woman found inside 'message in a bottle'". Nashville, Tennessee: WKRN. May 24, 2019. Archived from the original on June 10, 2019. https://www.wkrn.com/news/cremated-remains-of-tenn-woman-found-inside-message-in-a-bottle-/2023886949 ↩

  39. Ebbesmeyer & Scigliano 2009, p. 67. - Ebbesmeyer, Curtis; Scigliano, Eric (2009). Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science. Collins, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-155841-2. ↩

  40. Dawicki, Shelley (March 14, 2014). "Message in a Bottle: The Story Behind the Story -- Drift Bottles Helped Determine Distribution of Fish Eggs and Larvae". NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC). Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/news/features/drift_bottles/ ↩

  41. Melanie, Hall (October 13, 2016). "Tackling plastic waste in oceans with 'wooden message in a bottle'". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. A research program from the University of Oldenburg (Germany) involves 100,000 wooden blocks of various thicknesses. http://www.dw.com/en/tackling-plastic-waste-in-oceans-with-wooden-message-in-a-bottle/a-36031567 ↩

  42. Madrigal, Alexis C. (September 5, 2012). "Found: World's Oldest Message in a Bottle, Part of 1914 Citizen-Science Experiment". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/09/found-worlds-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-part-of-1914-citizen-science-experiment/261981/ ↩

  43. Dawicki, Shelley (March 14, 2014). "Message in a Bottle: The Story Behind the Story -- Drift Bottles Helped Determine Distribution of Fish Eggs and Larvae". NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC). Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/news/features/drift_bottles/ ↩

  44. Berlin, Jeremy (20 September 2012). "Oldest Message in Bottle: Behind History's Famous Floating Notes". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/ ↩

  45. Berlin, Jeremy (20 September 2012). "Oldest Message in Bottle: Behind History's Famous Floating Notes". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160506022656/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/09/120918-oldest-message-in-a-bottle-science-history-messages/ ↩

  46. Dawicki, Shelley (March 14, 2014). "Message in a Bottle: The Story Behind the Story -- Drift Bottles Helped Determine Distribution of Fish Eggs and Larvae". NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC). Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/news/features/drift_bottles/ ↩

  47. Peterson, Eric (May 27, 2016). "'Message in a bottle' found in bay apparently dates to Vietnam War era". Fox 11 News (Green Bay, WI, U.S.). Archived from the original on May 28, 2016. • Peterson, Eric (June 1, 2016). "Message in bottle mystery may be getting clearer". Fox 11 News (Green Bay, WI, U.S.). Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. http://fox11online.com/news/local/lakeshore/message-found-in-bottle-dates-back-to-vietnam-war ↩

  48. "Sweet message in a bottle". BBC News. May 18, 1999. Archived from the original on October 30, 2009. • Some references (example: Commonwealth War Graves Commission) state that Hughes died twelve days later, not two days later as most popularly reported. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/346879.stm ↩

  49. Carroll, Hannah (June 11, 2016). "45-year-old message in a bottle found, brings nostalgia". The Washington Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jun/11/45-year-old-message-in-a-bottle-found-brings-nosta/ ↩

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  51. Kraske 1977, pp. 88–89. - Kraske, Robert (1977). The Twelve Million Dollar Note: Strange but True Tales of Messages Found in Seagoing Bottles. Thomas Nelson (publ.); 1st ed. ISBN 978-0-8407-6575-8. https://archive.org/details/twelvemilliondol00kras ↩

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  54. Wollan, Malia (March 27, 2015). "How to Find a Message in a Bottle". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/29/magazine/how-to-find-a-message-in-a-bottle.html ↩

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  68. White, Jorgia (February 27, 2016). "Queensland police officer finds message in a bottle". Brisbane Times. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/queensland-police-officer-finds-message-in-a-bottle-20160227-gn5g63.html ↩

  69. Carter, Charlotte (March 14, 2018). "Message in the bottle from Whangarei to Spain may be a record breaker". New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12012437 ↩

  70. Ingraham Jr., W. James. "Getting to Know OSCURS, REFM's Ocean Surface Current Simulator". Alaska Fisheries Science Center (NOAA). Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Originally published in the Alaska Fisheries Science Center Quarterly Report, April–May–June, 1997. Program limited North Pacific from 10° N latitude to the Bering Strait. http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/REFM/docs/oscurs/get_to_know.htm ↩

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  72. Carroll, Hannah (June 11, 2016). "45-year-old message in a bottle found, brings nostalgia". The Washington Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jun/11/45-year-old-message-in-a-bottle-found-brings-nosta/ ↩

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  75. Bergreen, Laurence (September 25, 2012). Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1492-1504 (Reprint ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143122104. "Part One: Discovery" (exact page does not show in Google Books preview). 978-0143122104 ↩

  76. Bergreen, Laurence (September 25, 2012). Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1492-1504 (Reprint ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143122104. "Part One: Discovery" (exact page does not show in Google Books preview). 978-0143122104 ↩

  77. The Times-Picayune. October 26, 1841. Page 2. No author listed. Republished information that appears to have originated in Guayama, Puerto Rico. Quote: "Ship Wellington of London, W.C. Kendrick, Commander, From Madras and Cape bound to London. Lat. 13 degrees 58' North, Long. 35 degrees 30' West. This bottle is dispatched for the purpose of throwing some light on the ocean currents, and it is earnestly requested that the time and place of finding it may be publicly made known. At Sea, April 15th, 1841." ↩

  78. Tocque, Philip (1878). Newfoundland: As it was and as it is in 1877. Toronto, Ont.: J.B. Magurn. http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/cns/id/127344 ↩

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  82. Belfast News-Letter. May 12, 1862. Page 5. Belfast, North Ireland. ↩

  83. The Hamilton Spectator. Page 3. May 12, 1866. No author listed. Quotes: "The Argus contains an account of certain bottles found on the French coast of the terrible Bay of Biscay." A retelling of this account reveals that the bottles contained "farewell messages from passengers by the London to friends and relatives in England." According to one D.W. Lemmon, presumed drowned: "The ship is sinking," he wrote, "no hope of being saved." Mr. H.F.D. Denis wrote "Adieu, father, brothers and sisters, and my dear Edith. Steamer London, Bay of Biscay. Ship too heavily laden for its size, and too crank. Windows stove in. Water coming in everywhere. God bless my poor orphans. Storm not too violent for a ship in good condition." ↩

  84. "Mutiny and Murder on the High Seas". The Western Star. National Library of Australia (NLA) Trove digitized newspapers. May 13, 1876. http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/97420881 ↩

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  91. Moloney, Senan (April 2, 2016). "Faces of the Titanic: Jeremiah Burke sent a message in a bottle before his death". IrishCentral.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Moloney quotes passages from other newspapers, including The Irish News. http://www.irishcentral.com/news/faces-of-the-titanic-jeremiah-burke-lost-his-life-at-19-put-a-message-in-a-bottle-before-he-died-146337625-237439851.html ↩

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