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High Efficiency Image File Format
File format

High Efficiency Image File Format (HEIF) is a digital container format for storing individual digital images and image sequences, supporting multiple media streams like timed text, audio, and video. It can store images encoded in different formats, including both SDR and HDR. HEIF commonly uses HEVC encoding, resulting in HEIC files that offer comparable quality to JPEG images but with smaller file sizes. HEIF is based on the ISO Base Media File Format from ISO, developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group and introduced in 2015 as part of the MPEG-H media suite.

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History

The requirements and main use cases of HEIF were defined in 2013.45 The technical development of the specification took about one and a half years and was finalized in the middle of 2015.6

Apple was the first major adopter of the format in 2017 with the introduction of iOS 11 using HEIC variant. While HEIC became the default for iPhones, it remains possible to revert the settings to allow photos to be recorded in the more recognizable JPEG format.7

Android devices containing the appropriate hardware encoders received support for HEIC files with the release of Android 10 (2019).8

On some systems, pictures stored in the HEIC format are converted automatically to the older JPEG format when they are sent outside of the system, although incompatibility has led to problems such as US Advanced Placement test takers failing due to their phones uploading unsupported HEIC images by default,9 leading the College Board to request students change the settings to send only JPEG files.10

Although HEIC is gaining in popularity, it is not universally supported; Adobe Photoshop is an example of a popular image editing software that only supports 8-bit HEIC and not 10-bit or 12-bit HEIC.11

Camera hardware (including mobile devices) are increasingly supporting outputting HEIC files and with color depth often higher than 8-bit color.12

Specifications

HEIF files can store the following types of data:13

Image items Storage of individual images, image properties and thumbnails. Image derivations Derived images enable non-destructive image editing, and are created on the fly by the rendering software using editing instructions stored separately in the HEIF file. These instructions (rectangular cropping, rotation by one, two or three quarter-turns, timed graphic overlays, etc.) and images are stored separately in the HEIF file, and describe specific transformations to be applied to the input images. The storage overhead of derived images is small. Image sequences Storage of multiple time-related and/or temporally predicted images (like a burst-photo shot or cinemagraph animation), their properties and thumbnails. Different prediction options can be used in order to exploit the temporal and spatial similarities between the images. Hence, file sizes can be drastically reduced when many images are stored in the same HEIF file. Auxiliary image items Storage of image data, such as an alpha plane or a depth map, which complements another image item. These data are not displayed as such, but used in various forms to complement another image item. Image metadata Storage of EXIF, XMP and similar metadata which accompany the images stored in the HEIF file.

Encodings inside the container

HEIF container specification describes various encodings that can be stored inside:

  • JFIF (JPEG)
  • AV1
  • HEVC

These leads to confusion, as users cannot tell what kind of encoding has been used. Simply saying that “HEIF is better than JPEG” as promotional material doesn't mean anything to the user.

Inside the HEIF container, JFIF (JPEG) can be stored. It can also contain AV1 encoding. The user would also need to know the encoding parameters in which the encoding happened (e.g., color quality "q", if delta in chroma planes were used, if some advanced tuning for ssim/psnr was used, or what quantization mode was applied).

If a user creates a ".HEIF" photo with their phone, the user or the receiver of the photo cannot determine which image format inside the file was used. It could be:

  • a JFIF (JPEG);
  • a poor quality (default settings) AV1; or
  • a very high quality AV1 encoding (which takes a lot of processing power and takes a few minutes to encode); or
  • an HEVC with poor quality parameters; or
  • an HEVC with high quality parameters.

Hence, simply stating in promotional materials that “HEIF is better” doesn't mean anything at all, as HEIF is just a container specification. What is contained inside the container must be described.

It's impossible to easily determine exactly what you receive in HEIF container. At best, users can use graphics magic to determine if it's impossible by visual inspection (gradients transitions are broken in 8-bit photos) to tell if the photo is 12-bit or 10-bit per channel, or 8-bit.

MIAF

The Multi-Image Application Format (MIAF) is a restricted subset of HEIF specified as part of MPEG-A. It defines a set of additional constraints to simplify format options, specific alpha plane formats, profiles and levels as well as metadata formats and brands, and rules for how to extend the format.14

HEIC: HEVC in HEIF

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC, ITU-T H.265)15 is an encoding format for graphic data, first standardized in 2013. It is the primarily used and implied default codec for HEIF as specified in the normative Annex B to ISO/IEC 23008-12 HEVC Image File Format.

While not introduced formally in the standard, the acronym HEIC (High-Efficiency Image Codec) is used as a brand and in the MIME subtypes image/heic and image/heic-sequence. If the content conforms to certain HEVC profiles, more specific brands can be used: HEIX for Main 10 of HEVC, HEIM for (Multiview) Main profile, and HEIS for (Scalable) Main (10) profile of L-HEVC.

A HEIC photo takes up about half the space of an equivalent quality JPEG file.16 The initial HEIF specification already defined the means of storing HEVC-encoded intra images (i-frames) and HEVC-encoded image sequences in which inter prediction is applied in a constrained manner.

HEVC image players are required to support rectangular cropping and rotation by one, two, and three quarter-turns. The primary use case for the mandatory support for rotation by 90 degrees is for images where the camera orientation is incorrectly detected or inferred. The rotation requirement makes it possible to manually adjust the orientation of a still image or an image sequence without needing to re-encode it. Cropping enables the image to be re-framed without re-encoding. The HEVC file format also includes the option to store pre-derived images.17

Samples in image sequence tracks must be either intra-coded images or inter-picture predicted images with reference to only intra-coded images. These constraints of inter-picture prediction reduce the decoding latency for accessing any particular image within a HEVC image sequence track.

The .heic and .heics file name extensions are conventionally used for HEVC-coded HEIF files.18 Apple products, for instance,19 will only produce files with these extensions, which indicate clearly that the data went through HEVC encoding.20

AVCI: AVC in HEIF

Advanced Video Coding (AVC, ITU-T H.264) is an older encoding format for video and images, first standardized in 2003. It is also specified as a codec to be supported in HEIF in normative Annex 5 to ISO/IEC 23008-12. The registered MIME types are image/avci for still images and image/avcs for sequences. The format is simply known as AVCI.

Apple products support playback of AVC-encoded .avci still image files and .avcs image sequence files21 but will only generate .heic files.

AVIF: AV1 in HEIF

This section is about AV1 and AVIF. For AVI, see Audio Video Interleave.

Main article: AVIF

AV1 is a video encoding format that is intended to be royalty-free, developed by the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia). AV1 Image File Format (AVIF) is an image format based on this codec.22

The registered MIME type is image/avif for both still images and image sequences, and .avif is the file name extension.23

JPEG compression formats in HEIF files

The original JPEG standard is the most commonly used and widely supported lossy image coding format. It was first released in 1992 by ITU-T and ISO/IEC. Although Annex H to ISO/IEC 23008-12 specifies JPEG (and indirectly Motion JPEG) as a possible format for HEIF coded image data, it is used in HEIF only for thumbnails and other secondary images. Therefore, neither a dedicated MIME subtype nor a special file extension is available for storage of JPEG files in HEIF container files.

Several other compression formats defined by the JPEG group can be stored in HEIF files:

  • Part 16 of the JPEG 2000 standard suite (ISO/IEC 15444-16 and ITU-T Rec. T.815) defines how to store JPEG 2000 images in HEIF container files.2425 Part 2 of the JPEG 2000 suite (ISO/IEC 15444-2 and ITU-T Rec. T.801)2627 also defines a different format for storing JPEG 2000 images in files that is also based on ISOBMFF.
  • Annex F of the JPEG XR image coding standard (ISO/IEC 29199-2 and ITU-T Rec. T.832) defines how to store JPEG XR images in HEIF container files.2829 Annex A of JPEG XR also defines a different file format for storing JPEG XR images in files that is TIFF-based, and Part 2 of the JPEG 2000 suite (ISO/IEC 15444-2 and ITU-T Rec. T.801) also supports a third file format for storing JPEG XR images in files that is based on ISOBMFF.
  • JPEG XS has its HEIF container support defined in ISO/IEC 21122-3.30

In 2017, Apple announced that it would adopt HEIC as the default image format in its new operating systems, gradually replacing JPEG.31

WXAM, SharpP

The proprietary image format WXAM (or wxHEPC) developed by Tencent (used within, e.g., WeChat) is apparently based upon HEVC,32 as is SharpP, which was developed by their SNG (Social Network Group) division.3334 However, their container format may not be HEIF-compatible. In March 2017, SharpP switched to AVS235 and was renamed TPG (Tiny Portable Graphics).3637

Support

See also: AVIF § Support

  • Nokia provides an open source C++ HEIF decoder, that also has a Java API.38
  • The open source library "libheif" supports reading and writing HEIF files.3940 From version 1.8.0, both reading and writing HEIC and AVIF are supported.41
  • An image codec called CopyTrans HEIC, which is free for personal use and available for Windows versions 7 through 10, supports opening HEIF files in Windows Photo Viewer without the Microsoft codec installed. (The Microsoft HEIC codec is only available for Windows 10, version 1803 and up in the Photos UWP app.)42

Operating systems

  • Windows 10 version 1803 and later (HEIC), version 1903 and later (AVIF): HEIF Image Extension is needed to read and write files that use the HEIF format. HEVC Video Extensions is needed to play and produce HEVC-encoded video content. A small amount of money is charged for the use of the HEVC codec, whereas support for the generic HEIF format and the AVC and AV1 extensions are free.43
  • Windows 11: since 22H2, Windows 11 has HEIF Image Extension built-in by default.44
  • macOS High Sierra and later (HEIC only)45 Since macOS Mojave, Apple uses HEIF in creating the Dynamic Desktop feature.46
  • iOS 11 and later (HEIC only)4748 iOS 16 and later AVIF49
  • Apple supports playback of .heif for still image files and .heifs for image sequence files50 created on other devices that are encoded using any codec, provided that codec is supported by the operating system.51
  • Android 8 (Oreo) and later (HEIF), Android 10 and later (HEIC), Android 12 and later (AVIF).52535455 Android 13 and higher support 10-bit camera output.56
  • Ubuntu 20.04 and later (HEIC)57
  • Debian 10.13 ("buster") or later58

Web browsers

As of August 2024[update], only Safari supports HEIC format natively.59

For AVIF, Chrome, Firefox and Opera for desktop and Android support it. Safari on iOS 16 and iPadOS 16 supports AVIF format.60

Image editing software

Image libraries

  • libheif – ISO/IEC 23008-12:2017 HEIF and AVIF decoder and encoder.
  • SAIL – format-agnostic library with support of HEIC implemented on top of libavif.
  • FFmpeg
  • AVIF and HEIC unit - Delphi/Lazarus wrapper for libavif

Hardware

Websites

  • During May 2020, online Advanced Placement exams allowed students to submit photos of handwritten responses. Because the website was unable to process HEIF images, students whose phones defaulted to this image format were considered to have not submitted any response and often failed to complete the exam. College Board, which administers the exams, later provided a system for users to submit photos of answers via email. Because the iOS Mail app automatically converts HEIF images to JPEG, this mitigated the problem.88
  • Facebook supports the upload of HEIC but converts to JPEG or WEBP on display.89
  • Discord does not support HEIC at all.90

Patent licensing

Further information: High Efficiency Video Coding § Patent holders

HEIF itself is a container that may not be subject to additional royalty fees for commercial ISOBMFF licensees. Note however that Nokia also grants its patents on a royalty-free basis for non-commercial purposes.91 When containing images and image sequences encoded in a particular format (e.g. HEVC or AVC) its use becomes subject to the licensing of patents on the coding format.929394

See also

  • Better Portable Graphics (BPG) – another image file format using HEVC encoding, published by Fabrice Bellard in 2014
  • JPEG XL – an image file format developed since 2019 (standardization completed since 2022) and based on Google PIK [Wikidata] and Cloudinary FLIF (itself based upon FUIF [Wikidata]) claiming to outperform PNG, WebP, BPG and JPEG 2000 for lossless encoding at least
  • WebP – an image file format that features both lossy (based on VP8 and VP9) and lossless (independently developed) compression

References

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