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General Court (European Union)
Part of the Court of Justice of the European Union

The General Court, informally known as the European General Court (EGC), is a constituent court of the Court of Justice of the European Union. It hears actions taken against the institutions of the European Union by individuals and member states, although certain matters are reserved for the European Court of Justice. Decisions of the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice, but only on a point of law. Prior to the coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty on 1 December 2009, it was known as the Court of First Instance.

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Competence

The General Court hears disputes (such as those by persons who have been refused a trade mark by EUIPO, the EU Trade Mark and designs registry).

The creation of the General Court instituted a judicial system based on two levels of jurisdiction: all cases heard at first instance by the General Court may be subject to a right of appeal to the Court of Justice on points of law only.

In view of the increasing number of cases brought before the General Court in the last five years, to relieve it of some of the caseload, the Treaty of Nice, which entered into force on 1 February 2003, provides for the creation of 'judicial panels' in certain specific areas.

On 2 November 2004 the Council adopted a decision establishing the European Union Civil Service Tribunal. This new specialised tribunal, composed of seven judges, heard and determined at first instance disputes involving the European Civil Service. Its decisions were subject to a right of appeal before the General Court on points of law only. Decisions given by the General Court in this area might exceptionally be subject to review by the Court of Justice. The European Union Civil Service Tribunal was duly constituted into law on 2 December 2005. Despite the success in its mandate,1 it was dissolved on 1 September 2016,2 leading to the doubling of the number of judges at the General Court.3

Composition

Since February 2020 the General Court is composed of 54 Judges; this follows a 2016 reform which increased the number of judges to two per member state by 2019, and the departure of the UK from the EU at the end of January 2020. The Judges are appointed for a renewable term of six years by common accord of the governments of the Member States. As of February 2020[update], there are 49 Judges in post: 23 member states have nominated both their judges, whilst Latvia, Poland, and Slovakia have nominated just one, and Slovenia has nominated neither.

The members of the General Court elect their president and the presidents of the Chambers of five Judges from among their number for a renewable period of three years.

There are no permanent Advocates General attached to the General Court (unlike the European Court of Justice, which has eleven Advocates General). However, the task of an Advocate General may be performed in a limited number of cases by a Judge nominated to do so. In practice this has been done occasionally.

List of presidents

ElectedTerm endedJudge
25 September 198918 September 1995 José Luís da Cruz Vilaça
18 September 19954 March 1998 Antonio Saggio
4 March 199817 September 2007 Bo Vesterdorf
17 September 200726 September 2019 Marc Jaeger
27 September 2019Incumbent Marc van der Woude

List of vice-presidents

ElectedTerm endedJudge
17 September 201319 September 2016 Heikki Kanninen
20 September 201626 September 2019 Marc van der Woude
27 September 2019Incumbent Savvas Papasavvas

List of judges

NameCountryElectedCurrent term endsOther
Viktor Kreuschitz Austria20132022
Gerhard Hesse Austria20192022
Paul Nihoul Belgium20162022
Geert De Baere Belgium20172022
Mariyana Kancheva Bulgaria201120254
Alexander Kornezov Bulgaria201620255President of the Tenth Chamber
Vesna Tomljenović Croatia201320256President of the Second Chamber
Tamara Perišin Croatia201920257
Savvas Papasavvas Cyprus20042022Vice-president of the General Court (2019–2022)
Anna Marcoulli Cyprus20162022President of the Sixth Chamber
Petra Škvařilová-Pelzl Czech Republic20192025
David Petrlík Czech Republic20212025
Sten Frimodt Nielsen Denmark20072022
Jesper Svenningsen Denmark20162022President of the Eighth Chamber
Lauri Madise Estonia20132022
Iko Nõmm Estonia2019820229
Heikki Kanninen Finland20092022President of the First ChamberVice-president of the General Court (2013–2016)
Tuula Pynnä Finland201910202211
Stéphane Gervasoni France2013202512President of the Fourth Chamber
Laurent Truchot France201913202514Judge (2007–2013)
Johannes Laitenberger Germany20192025
Gabriele Steinfatt Germany2019202515
Dimitris Gratsias Greece20102022
Constantinos Iliopoulos Greece20162022
TBA Hungary
Zoltán Csehi Hungary20162022
Suzanne Kingston Ireland2021202516
Colm Mac Eochaidh Ireland2017202517
Roberto Mastroianni Italy20192025
Ornella Porchia Italy20192025
TBA Latvia
Inga Reine Latvia2016202518
Rimvydas Norkus Lithuania20192025
Virgilijus Valančius Lithuania20162019*
Marc Jaeger Luxembourg19962022President of the General Court (2007–2019)
Dean Spielmann Luxembourg20162022President of the Fifth Chamber
Eugène Buttigieg Malta20122025
Ramona Frendo Malta20192025
Marc van der Woude Netherlands20102022President of the General Court (2019–2022)Vice-president of the General Court (2016–2019)
René Barents Netherlands20162022
Krystyna Kowalik-Bańczyk Poland20162022
Nina Półtorak Poland20162016*
Ion Gâlea Romania20212022
Mirela Stancu Romania201919202220
Ricardo Da Silva Passos Portugal20162022President of the Seventh Chamber
Maria José Costeira Portugal20162022President of the Ninth Chamber
Juraj Schwarcz Slovakia20092022
TBA Slovakia
Maja Brkan Slovenia2021202521
Damjan Kukovec SloveniaTBA
José Martín y Pérez de Nanclares Spain20192025
Miguel Sampol Pucurull Spain20192025
Ulf Christophe Öberg Sweden2016202522
Fredrik Schalin Sweden2016202523

* Judge continues to hold the office until their successor takes up the duties according to the Article 5(3) of the Protocol No. 3 on the Statute of the Court of Justice of the EU

List of former judges

NameCountryElectedTerm endedRef.
Josef Azizi Austria19 January 199516 September 201324
Koen Lenaerts Belgium25 September 19896 October 200325
Franklin Dehousse Belgium6 October 200319 September 201626
Teodor Tchipev Bulgaria12 January 200729 June 201027
Irena Pelikánová Czech Republic12 May 200426 September 201928
Jan M. Passer Czech Republic19 September 20166 October 202029
Bo Versterdorf Denmark25 September 198917 September 200730
Küllike Jürimäe Estonia12 May 200423 October 201331
Virpi Tiili Finland8 January 19956 October 200932
Jacques Biancarelli France25 September 198918 September 199533
André Potocki France18 September 199519 September 200134
Hubert Legal France19 September 200117 September 200735
Heinrich Kirschner Germany25 September 19896 February 199736
Jörg Pirrung Germany11 June 199717 September 200737
Alfred Dittrich Germany17 September 200726 September 201938
Christos G. Yeraris Greece25 September 198918 September 199239
Andreas Kalogerpoulos Greece18 September 199217 September 199840
Michail Vilaras Greece17 September 199825 October 201041
Ottó Czúcz Hungary12 May 200419 September 201642
Barna Berke Hungary19 September 20162 August 202143
Donal Barrington Ireland25 September 198910 January 199644
John Cooke Ireland10 January 199615 September 200845
Kevin O'Higgins Ireland15 September 200816 September 201346
Anthony M. Collins Ireland16 September 2013477 October 202148
Antonio Saggio Italy25 September 19894 March 199849
Paolo Mengozzi Italy4 March 19983 May 200650
Enzo Moavero Milanesi Italy3 May 200615 November 201151
Guido Berardis Italy17 September 201231 August 201952
Ezio Perillo Italy19 September 201626 September 201953
Ingrida Labucka Latvia12 May 200425 February 2020
Vilenas Vadapalas Lithuania12 May 200416 September 201354
Egidijus Bieliūnas Lithuania16 September 201326 September 201955
Romain Schintgen Luxembourg25 September 198911 July 199656
Ena Cremona Malta12 May 200422 March 201257
Peter George Xuereb Malta6 June 20168 October 201858
Cornelis Paulus Briët Netherlands25 September 198917 September 199859
Arjen Meij Netherlands17 September 199813 September 201060
Irena Wiszniewska-Bialecka Poland15 May 200419 September 201661
Nina Półtorak Poland13 April 201631 August 201662
José Luis Da Cruz Vilaça Portugal25 September 198918 September 199563
Rui Manuel Gens De Moura Ramos Portugal19 September 199531 March 200364
Maria Eguénia Martins De Nazaré Ribeiro Portugal31 March 200319 September 201665
Valeriu M. Ciuca Romania12 January 200726 November 201066
Andrei Popescu Romania26 November 201019 September 201667
Octavia Spineanu-Matei Romania19 September 20167 October 202168
Daniel Šváby Slovakia21 May 20046 October 201069
Verica Trstenjak Slovenia7 July 20046 October 200670
Miro Prek Slovenia6 October 200626 September 201971
Rafael Garcia-Valdecasas Y Fernández Spain25 September 198917 September 200772
Santiago Soldevila Fragoso Spain17 September 200716 September 201373
Ignacio Ulloa Rubio Spain16 September 201326 September 201974
Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo Ibáñez-Martín Spain13 April 201626 September 201975
Pernilla Lindh Sweden18 January 19956 October 200676
Nils Wahl Sweden6 October 200628 November 201277
Carl Wetter Sweden18 March 201319 September 201678
Former Member State
David A. O. Edward United Kingdom25 September 198910 March 199279
Christopher William Bellamy United Kingdom10 March 199215 December 199980
Nicholas James Forwood United Kingdom15 December 19997 October 201581
Ian Stewart Forrester United Kingdom1 October 201531 January 2020

List of registrars

ElectedTerm endedJudge
27 September 19896 October 2005 Hans Jung
6 October 200530 April 2023 Emmanuel Coulon
5 June 2023Incumbent Vittorio Di Bucci

Jurisdiction

The General Court, like the Court of Justice, has the task of ensuring that the law is observed in the interpretation and application of the Treaties of the European Union and the provisions adopted by the competent Union institutions.

To fulfil its main task, the General Court has jurisdiction to hear and determine at first instance all direct actions brought by individuals and the Member States, with the exception of those to be assigned to a 'judicial panel' and those reserved for the Court of Justice.

Categories of direct actions

  • Actions for annulment

(against acts of the Union institutions)

  • Actions for failure to act

(against inaction by the Union institutions)

  • Actions for damages

(for the reparation of damage caused by unlawful conduct on the part of a Union institution)

  • Actions based on an arbitration clause

(disputes concerning contracts in public or private law entered into by the Union, containing such a clause)

  • Actions concerning the civil service (disputes between the Union and its officials and other servants) – from 2005 to 2016 these cases were transferred to the European Union Civil Service Tribunal, but returned to the General Court when its size was doubled

Subject-matter of direct actions: all matters, including:

  • agriculture
  • State aid
  • competition
  • commercial policy
  • regional policy
  • social policy
  • institutional law
  • trade mark and design right law
  • transport

Procedure

The General Court has its own Rules of Procedure. The 1991 rules were replaced by revised Rules of Procedure which came into effect on 1 July 2015.82 In the main, the Court's procedure includes a written phase and an oral phase. The proceedings are conducted in a language at the petitioner's choosing. As in the European Court of Justice, the working language of the Court is nevertheless French, and this includes the language the judges deliberate in and the drafting language of preliminary reports and judgments.83

The Court is separated into 9 divisions (called 'chambers') sat by 3-judge benches, except for the 7th division whose bench is sat by 4 judges. Each chamber has an extended composition of 5 judges. Cases are assigned by the President of the Court to a relevant divisional presiding judge. The presiding judge assigned to the case then chooses a judge-reporter (judge-rapporteur) from the judges of the division, whose clerks write a preliminary report (rapport préalable) based on the parties' pleadings and applicable law.

At the close of the written phase and, as the case may be, on adoption of measures of inquiry, the case is argued orally in open court. The proceedings are interpreted simultaneously, if necessary, into various official languages of the European Union. The judges then deliberate based on a draft judgment prepared by the judge-reporter. The Court's final judgment is handed down in open court.

Notes

49°37′16″N 6°08′35″E / 49.6210°N 6.1431°E / 49.6210; 6.1431

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