Menu
Home Explore People Places Arts History Plants & Animals Science Life & Culture Technology
On this page
Fundamental series
Series of lines in atomic spectra

The fundamental series is a set of spectral lines in a set caused by transition between d and f orbitals in atoms.

Originally the series was discovered in the infrared by Fowler and independently by Arno Bergmann. This resulted in the name Bergmann series used for such a set of lines in a spectrum. However the name was changed as Bergmann also discovered other series of lines. And other discoverers also established other such series. They became known as the fundamental series. Bergmann observed lithium at 5347 cm−1, sodium at 5416 cm−1 potassium at 6592 cm−1. Bergmann observed that the lines in the series in the caesium spectrum were double. His discovery was announced in Contributions to the Knowledge of the Infra-Red Emission Spectra of the Alkalies, Jena 1907. Carl Runge called this series the "new series". He predicted that the lines of potassium and rubidium would be in pairs. He expressed the frequencies of the series lines by a formula and predicted a connection of the series limit to the other known series. In 1909 W. M. Hicks produced approximate formulas for the various series and noticed that this series had a simpler formula than the others and thus called it the "fundamental series" and used the letter F.

The formula that more resembled the hydrogen spectrum calculations was because of a smaller quantum defect. There is no physical basis to call this fundamental. The fundamental series was described as badly-named. It is the last spectroscopic series to have a special designation. The next series involving transitions between F and G subshells is known as the FG series.

Frequencies of the lines in the series are given by this formula:

ν = R [ 3 + d ] 2 − R [ m + f ] 2 , with  m = 4 , 5 , 6 , . . . , {\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {R}{\left[3+d\right]^{2}}}-{\frac {R}{\left[m+f\right]^{2}}}{\text{, with }}m=4,5,6,...,}

R is the Rydberg constant, T B S = R [ 3 + d ] 2 {\displaystyle T_{BS}={\frac {R}{\left[3+d\right]^{2}}}} is the series limit, represented by 3D, and R [ m + f ] 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {R}{\left[m+f\right]^{2}}}} is represented by mF. A shortened formula is then given by ν = 3 D − m F {\displaystyle \nu =3D-mF} with values of m being integers from 4 upwards. The two numbers separated by the "−" are called terms, that represent the energy level of an atom.

The limit of the fundamental series is the same as the 3D level.

The terms can have different designations, mF for single line systems, mΦ for doublets and mf for triplets.

Lines in the fundamental series are split into compound doublets, due to the D and F subshells having different spin possibilities. The splitting of the D subshell is very small and that of the F subshell even less so, so the fine structure in the fundamental series is harder to resolve than that in the sharp or diffuse series.

We don't have any images related to Fundamental series yet.
We don't have any YouTube videos related to Fundamental series yet.
We don't have any PDF documents related to Fundamental series yet.
We don't have any Books related to Fundamental series yet.
We don't have any archived web articles related to Fundamental series yet.

Lithium

The quantum defect for lithium is 0.16

Sodium

The fundamental series lines for sodium appear in the near infrared.

sodium fundamental series17
transitionwavelength 1 Å
3d-4f18465.3
3d-5f12679.2
3d-6f10834.9
3d-7f9961.28
3d-8f9465.94
3d-9f9153.88
3d-10f8942.96
3d-11f8796

Potassium

The fundamental series lines for potassium appear in the near infrared.

potassium fundamental series18
transitionwavelength 1 Åwavelength 2 Å
3d-4f15163.115168.4
3d-5f11022.3
3d-6f9565.69597.76
3d-7f8902.28902.4
3d-8f8503.58505.3
3d-9f8250.28251.7

Rubidium

The fundamental series lines for rubidium appear in the near infrared. The valence electron moves from the 4d level as the 3d is contained in an inner shell. They were observed by R von Lamb. Relevant energy levels are 4p64d j=5/2 19,355.282 cm−1 and j=3/2 19,355.623 cm−1, and the first f levels at 4p64f j=5/2 26,792.185 cm−1 and j=7/2 26,792.169 cm−1.19

rubidium fundamental series20
transitionvacuum wavelength 1 Å 5/2–7/2vacuum wavelength 2 Å 3/2-5/2
4d-4f13,446.48613,447.076
4d-5f10,078.03910,078.473
4d-6f8870.9438871.281
4d-7f8273.6848273.981
4d-8f7927.440

Caesium

caesium fundamental series21
transitionwavelengths Å
5/2–7/25/2-5/23/2-5/2
5d-4f10,126.376 710,126.18810,027.103 3
5d-5f8,079.036 38,078.9368,015.726 3
5d-6f7,279.956 87,279.8897,228.533 6
5d-7f6,870.454 46,824.651 3
5d-8f6,628.657 66,586.021 6
5d-9f6,472.619 66,431.966 2
5d-10f6,365.522 66,326.203 4
5d-11f6,288.592 76,250.214 9
5d-12f6,231.349 06,193.668 9
5d-13f6,187.544 26,150.38
5d-14f6,153.238 16,116.52

References

  1. Saunders, F. A. (August 1919). "Review of Recent Work on the Series Spectra of Helium and of Hydrogen". Astrophysical Journal. 50: 151. Bibcode:1919ApJ....50..151S. doi:10.1086/142490. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F142490 ↩

  2. Brand, J. C. D. (24 Nov 1995). Lines of Light. CRC Press. p. 135. ISBN 9782884491631. 9782884491631 ↩

  3. Brand, J. C. D. (24 Nov 1995). Lines of Light. CRC Press. p. 135. ISBN 9782884491631. 9782884491631 ↩

  4. Runge, Carl (December 1907). "The Spectra of the Alkalies". Astrophysical Journal. 27: 158–160. Bibcode:1908ApJ....27..158R. doi:10.1086/141538. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  5. Runge, Carl (December 1907). "The Spectra of the Alkalies". Astrophysical Journal. 27: 158–160. Bibcode:1908ApJ....27..158R. doi:10.1086/141538. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  6. Saunders, F. A. (August 1919). "Review of Recent Work on the Series Spectra of Helium and of Hydrogen". Astrophysical Journal. 50: 151. Bibcode:1919ApJ....50..151S. doi:10.1086/142490. https://doi.org/10.1086%2F142490 ↩

  7. Hicks, W. M. (9 December 1909). "A Critical Study of Spectral Series.-Part I. The Alkalies H and He". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A. 210 (459–470): 57–111. doi:10.1098/rsta.1911.0003. JSTOR 90988. https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1911.0003 ↩

  8. Candler, A. C. (1937). Atomic Spectra and the Vector Model: Volume 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9781001286228. Retrieved 28 August 2015. 9781001286228 ↩

  9. Fowler, A. (23 February 1928). "Spectra and atoms". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 764–780. doi:10.1039/JR9280000764. S2CID 37856069. (subscription required) http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1928/jr/jr9280000764 ↩

  10. Fowler, A. (23 February 1928). "Spectra and atoms". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 764–780. doi:10.1039/JR9280000764. S2CID 37856069. (subscription required) http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1928/jr/jr9280000764 ↩

  11. Fowler, A. (23 February 1928). "Spectra and atoms". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed): 764–780. doi:10.1039/JR9280000764. S2CID 37856069. (subscription required) http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1928/jr/jr9280000764 ↩

  12. Herzberg, Gerhard (January 1944). Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure. Courier Corporation. p. 56. ISBN 9780486601151. 9780486601151 ↩

  13. Candler, A. C. (1937). Atomic Spectra and the Vector Model: Volume 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9781001286228. Retrieved 28 August 2015. 9781001286228 ↩

  14. Saunders, F. A. (1915). "Some Recent Discoveries in Spectrum Series". Astrophysical Journal. 41: 323. Bibcode:1915ApJ....41..323S. doi:10.1086/142175. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  15. Herzberg, Gerhard (January 1944). Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure. Courier Corporation. p. 56. ISBN 9780486601151. 9780486601151 ↩

  16. Candler, A. C. (1937). Atomic Spectra and the Vector Model: Volume 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9781001286228. Retrieved 28 August 2015. 9781001286228 ↩

  17. Wiese, W.; Smith, M. W.; Miles, B. M. (October 1969). Atomic Transition Probabilities Volume II Sodium Through Calcium A Critical Data Compilation (PDF). Washington: National Bureau of Standards. pp. 39–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924053403/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/696884.pdf ↩

  18. Wiese, W.; Smith, M. W.; Miles, B. M. (October 1969). Atomic Transition Probabilities Volume II Sodium Through Calcium A Critical Data Compilation (PDF). Washington: National Bureau of Standards. pp. 228–229. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924053403/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/696884.pdf ↩

  19. Luna, F.R.T.; Cavalcanti, G.H.; Coutinho, L.H.; Trigueiros, A.G. (December 2002). "A compilation of wavelengths and energy levels for the spectrum of neutral rubidium (RbI)". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 75 (5): 559–587. Bibcode:2002JQSRT..75..559L. doi:10.1016/S0022-4073(02)00030-4. (subscription required) /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  20. Luna, F.R.T.; Cavalcanti, G.H.; Coutinho, L.H.; Trigueiros, A.G. (December 2002). "A compilation of wavelengths and energy levels for the spectrum of neutral rubidium (RbI)". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 75 (5): 559–587. Bibcode:2002JQSRT..75..559L. doi:10.1016/S0022-4073(02)00030-4. (subscription required) /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  21. Sansonetti, Jean E. (2009). "Wavelengths, Transition Probabilities, and Energy Levels for the Spectra of Cesium (Cs I–Cs LV)" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 38 (4): 768–769. Bibcode:2009JPCRD..38..761S. doi:10.1063/1.3132702. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083736/http://129.6.13.54/srd/upload/jpcrd382009761p.pdf ↩