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Emmanuelle Charpentier
French microbiologist and biochemist

Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier is a French professor and researcher in microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry. As of 2015, she has been a director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin. In 2018, she founded an independent research institute, the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens. In 2020, Charpentier and American biochemist Jennifer Doudna of the University of California, Berkeley, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the development of a method for genome editing" (through CRISPR). This was the first science Nobel Prize ever won by two women only.

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Early life and education

Charpentier paternal grandfather, surnamed Sinanian, was an Armenian who escaped to France during the Armenian Genocide and met his wife in Marseille.7 She was born in 1968 in Juvisy-sur-Orge in France and studied biochemistry, microbiology, and genetics at the Pierre and Marie Curie University (which became the Faculty of Science of Sorbonne University) in Paris.8 She was a graduate student at the Institut Pasteur from 1992 to 1995 and was awarded a research doctorate. Charpentier's PhD work investigated molecular mechanisms involved in antibiotic resistance.9

Career and research

Charpentier worked as a university teaching assistant at Pierre and Marie Curie University from 1993 to 1995 and as a postdoctoral fellow at the Institut Pasteur from 1995 to 1996. She moved to the US and worked as a postdoctoral fellow at Rockefeller University in New York from 1996 to 1997. During this time, Charpentier worked in the lab of microbiologist Elaine Tuomanen.10 Tuomanen's lab investigated how the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae utilizes mobile genetic elements to alter its genome. Charpentier also helped to demonstrate how S. pneumoniae develops vancomycin resistance.11

Charpentier was an assistant research scientist at the New York University Medical Center from 1997 to 1999. She worked in the lab of Pamela Cowin, a skin-cell biologist interested in mammalian gene manipulation. Charpentier published a paper exploring the regulation of hair growth in mice.12 She held the position of Research Associate at the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine13 in New York from 1999 to 2002.14

After five years in the United States, Charpentier returned to Europe and became the lab head and a guest professor at the Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, from 2002 to 2004. In 2004, Charpentier published her discovery of an RNA molecule involved in the regulation of virulence-factor synthesis in Streptococcus pyogenes.15 From 2004 to 2006 she was lab head and an assistant professor at the Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology. In 2006 she became a privatdozentin (Microbiology) and received her habilitation at the Centre of Molecular Biology. From 2006 to 2009 she worked as lab head and associate professor at the Max F. Perutz Laboratories.16

Charpentier moved to Sweden and became lab head and associate professor at the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), at Umeå University. She held the position of group leader from 2008 to 2013 and was visiting professor from 2014 to 2017.17 She moved to Germany to act as department head and W3 Professor at the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research18 in Braunschweig and the Hannover Medical School from 2013 until 2015. In 2014 she became an Alexander von Humboldt Professor.19

In 2015 Charpentier accepted an offer from the German Max Planck Society to become a scientific member of the society and a director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin. Since 2016, she has been an Honorary Professor at Humboldt University in Berlin; since 2018, she is the Founding and acting director of the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens.202122 Charpentier retained her position as visiting professor at Umeå University until the end of 2017 when a new donation from the Kempe Foundations and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation allowed her to offer more young researchers positions within research groups of the MIMS Laboratory.23

CRISPR/Cas9

Charpentier is best known for her Nobel-winning work of deciphering the molecular mechanisms of a bacterial immune system, called CRISPR/Cas9, and repurposing it into a tool for genome editing. In particular, she uncovered a novel mechanism for the maturation of a non-coding RNA which is pivotal in the function of CRISPR/Cas9. Specifically, Charpentier demonstrated that a small RNA called tracrRNA is essential for the maturation of crRNA.24

In 2011, Charpentier met Jennifer Doudna at a research conference in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and they began a collaboration.25 Working with Doudna's laboratory, Charpentier's laboratory showed that Cas9 could be used to make cuts in any DNA sequence desired.2627 The method they developed involved the combination of Cas9 with easily created synthetic "guide RNA" molecules. Synthetic guide RNA is a chimera of crRNA and tracrRNA; therefore, this discovery demonstrated that the CRISPR-Cas9 technology could be used to edit the genome with relative ease.28 Researchers worldwide have employed this method successfully to edit the DNA sequences of plants, animals, and laboratory cell lines. Since its discovery, CRISPR has revolutionized genetics by allowing scientists to edit genes to probe their role in health and disease and to develop genetic therapies with the hope that it will prove safer and more effective than the first generation of gene therapies.29

In 2013, Charpentier co-founded CRISPR Therapeutics and ERS Genomics along with Shaun Foy and Rodger Novak.30

Awards

In 2015, Time magazine designated Charpentier one of the Time 100 most influential people in the world (together with Jennifer Doudna).3132

Charpentier's awards are:

Nobel Prize in Chemistry,33 the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine, the Gruber Foundation International Prize in Genetics, the Leibniz Prize, the Tang Prize, the Japan Prize, and the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience. She has won the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award jointly with Jennifer Doudna and Francisco Mojica.34

Honorary doctorate degrees

Memberships

In 2019, Charpentier was a featured character in the play STEM FEMMES by Philadelphia theater company Applied Mechanics.97

In 2021, Walter Isaacson detailed the story of Jennifer Doudna and her collaboration with Charpentier leading to the discovery of CRISPR/CAS-9, in the biography The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race.98

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References

  1. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 7 October 2020. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/charpentier/facts/ ↩

  2. Abbott, Alison (2016). "The quiet revolutionary: How the co-discovery of CRISPR explosively changed Emmanuelle Charpentier's life". Nature. 532 (7600): 432–434. Bibcode:2016Natur.532..432A. doi:10.1038/532432a. PMID 27121823. https://doi.org/10.1038%2F532432a ↩

  3. "CRISPR discoverer gets own research institute". 19 April 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2018. https://biooekonomie.de/en/nachrichten/crispr-discoverer-gets-own-research-institute ↩

  4. "Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 7 October 2020. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/press-release/ ↩

  5. Wu, Katherine J.; Peltier, Elian (7 October 2020). "Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded to 2 Scientists for Work on Genome Editing – Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna developed the Crispr tool, which can alter the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with high precision". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/07/science/nobel-prize-chemistry-crispr.html ↩

  6. "Two female CRISPR scientists make history, winning Nobel in chemistry". STAT. 7 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020. https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/07/two-crispr-scientists-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry/ ↩

  7. "Nobel laureate Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier reveals Armenian identity". Public Radio of Armenia. 6 September 2022. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022. https://archive.today/20221029160607/https://en.armradio.am/2022/09/06/nobel-laureate-emmanuelle-charpentier-reveals-armenian-identity/ ↩

  8. "Charpentier, Emmanuelle – Vita". Max Planck Society. Retrieved 3 May 2017. https://www.mpg.de/9343753/infektionsbiologie-charpentier ↩

  9. Deffke, Uta (7 February 2017). "Emmanuelle Charpentier". www.mpg.de. Retrieved 10 June 2020. https://www.mpg.de/10729312/emmanuelle-charpentier ↩

  10. Abbott, Alison (28 April 2016). "The quiet revolutionary: How the co-discovery of CRISPR explosively changed Emmanuelle Charpentier's life". Nature News. 532 (7600): 432–434. Bibcode:2016Natur.532..432A. doi:10.1038/532432a. PMID 27121823. https://doi.org/10.1038%2F532432a ↩

  11. Novak, R.; Henriques, B.; Charpentier, E.; Normark, S.; Tuomanen, E. (1999). "Emergence of vancomycin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae". Nature. 399 (6736): 590–593. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..590N. doi:10.1038/21202. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 10376600. S2CID 424755. https://www.nature.com/articles/21202 ↩

  12. Charpentier, Emmanuelle; Lavker, Robert M.; Acquista, Elizabeth; Cowin, Pamela (17 April 2000). "Plakoglobin Suppresses Epithelial Proliferation and Hair Growth in Vivo". Journal of Cell Biology. 149 (2): 503–520. doi:10.1083/jcb.149.2.503. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2175163. PMID 10769039. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2175163 ↩

  13. "Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine". NYU Langone Health. https://med.nyu.edu/departments-institutes/skirball-institute-biomolecular-medicine/skirball-institute-biomolecular-medicine ↩

  14. "Charpentier, Emmanuelle – Vita". Max Planck Society. Retrieved 3 May 2017. https://www.mpg.de/9343753/infektionsbiologie-charpentier ↩

  15. Mangold, Monika; Siller, Maria; Roppenser, Bernhard; Vlaminckx, Bart J. M.; Penfound, Tom A.; Klein, Reinhard; Novak, Rodger; Novick, Richard P.; Charpentier, Emmanuelle (2004). "Synthesis of group A streptococcal virulence factors is controlled by a regulatory RNA molecule". Molecular Microbiology. 53 (5): 1515–1527. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04222.x. ISSN 1365-2958. PMID 15387826. S2CID 34811329. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  16. "Charpentier, Emmanuelle – Vita". Max Planck Society. Retrieved 3 May 2017. https://www.mpg.de/9343753/infektionsbiologie-charpentier ↩

  17. "Research Groups". MIMS. Retrieved 10 October 2020. http://www.mims.umu.se/groups.html ↩

  18. "Home". Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research. https://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/ ↩

  19. "Charpentier, Emmanuelle – Vita". Max Planck Society. Retrieved 3 May 2017. https://www.mpg.de/9343753/infektionsbiologie-charpentier ↩

  20. "Charpentier, Emmanuelle – Vita". Max Planck Society. Retrieved 3 May 2017. https://www.mpg.de/9343753/infektionsbiologie-charpentier ↩

  21. "Emmanuelle Charpentier, CRISPR-Cas9, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology". Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens. https://www.emmanuelle-charpentier-lab.org/ ↩

  22. CRISPR discoverer get own research institute Retrieved 4 September 2018 https://biooekonomie.de/en/nachrichten/crispr-discoverer-gets-own-research-institute ↩

  23. "Emmanuelle Charpentier – Regulation in Infection Biology – Funding". Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213754/http://www.mims.umu.se/groups/emmanuelle-charpentier/research-charpentier.html ↩

  24. Deltcheva, Elitza; Chylinski, Krzysztof; Sharma, Cynthia M.; Gonzales, Karine; Chao, Yanjie; Pirzada, Zaid A.; Eckert, Maria R.; Vogel, Jörg; Charpentier, Emmanuelle (March 2011). "CRISPR RNA maturation by trans -encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III". Nature. 471 (7340): 602–607. Bibcode:2011Natur.471..602D. doi:10.1038/nature09886. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 3070239. PMID 21455174. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3070239 ↩

  25. Abbott, Alison (28 April 2016). "The quiet revolutionary: How the co-discovery of CRISPR explosively changed Emmanuelle Charpentier's life". Nature News. 532 (7600): 432–434. Bibcode:2016Natur.532..432A. doi:10.1038/532432a. PMID 27121823. https://doi.org/10.1038%2F532432a ↩

  26. "CRISPR Therapeutics, About us". Archived from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150629232612/http://crisprtx.com/overview/ ↩

  27. Jinek, Martin; Chylinski, Krzysztof; Fonfara, Ines; Hauer, Michael; Doudna, Jennifer A.; Charpentier, Emmanuelle (17 August 2012). "A Programmable Dual-RNA–Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity". Science. 337 (6096): 816–821. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..816J. doi:10.1126/science.1225829. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6286148. PMID 22745249. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6286148 ↩

  28. Jinek, Martin; Chylinski, Krzysztof; Fonfara, Ines; Hauer, Michael; Doudna, Jennifer A.; Charpentier, Emmanuelle (17 August 2012). "A Programmable Dual-RNA–Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity". Science. 337 (6096): 816–821. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..816J. doi:10.1126/science.1225829. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6286148. PMID 22745249. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6286148 ↩

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  30. Cohen, Jon (15 February 2017). "How the battle lines over CRISPR were drawn". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 10 June 2020. https://www.science.org/content/article/how-battle-lines-over-crispr-were-drawn ↩

  31. King, Mary-Claire (16 April 2015). "Emmanuelle Charpentier & Jennifer Doudna". Time. Retrieved 30 August 2022. https://time.com/collection-post/3822554/emmanuelle-charpentier-jennifer-doudna-2015-time-100 ↩

  32. "Emmanuelle Charpentier named in Time magazine's '100 most influential people in world' list". Umeå University. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20180811004401/http://www.umu.se/english/about-umu/news-events/news/newsdetailpage/emmanuelle-charpentier-named-in-time-magazines-100-most-influential-people-in-world-list.cid250289 ↩

  33. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 10 August 2022. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/charpentier/facts/ ↩

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  36. "Eric K. Fernström's Prize to Emmanuelle Charpentier". Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2015. http://www.mims.umu.se/news-events/1387-eric-k-fernstroems-prize-to-emmanuelle-charpentier.html ↩

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  38. "Göran Gustafsson Prize for Emmanuelle Charpentier". Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden. Retrieved 15 June 2015. http://www.mims.umu.se/news-events/1635-goeran-gustafsson-prize-for-emmanuelle-charpentier.html ↩

  39. "MIMS group leader Emmanuelle Charpentier receives Dr. Paul Janssen Award for discoveries of CRISPR-Cas9". Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden. Retrieved 15 June 2015. http://www.mims.umu.se/news-events/1646-mims-group-leader-emmanuelle-charpentier-receives-dr-paul-janssen-award-for-discoveries-of-crispr-cas9.html ↩

  40. "Emmanuelle Charpentier receives Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award". Umeå University. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20170825024303/http://www.umu.se/english/about-umu/news-events/news/newsdetailpage/emmanuelle-charpentier-receives-jacob-heskel-gabbay-award.cid241883 ↩

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