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Daphniphyllum calycinum
Species of shrub in Daphniphyllaceae family from Vietnam and China

Daphniphyllum calycinum is a species of shrubby plant in the family Daphniphyllaceae. It is found in northern Vietnam and southeastern China. It is used in biodiesel and in lubrication, soap-making and Chinese medicine.

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Taxonomy

The species is in section Lunata of Daphniphyllum, along with D. griffithianum and D. majus.1

"[T]he premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century", George Bentham (1800–84), English, described this plant in 1861 in his publication Flora Hongkongensis; a description of the flowering plants and ferns of the island of Hongkong23

Description

This species grows as a shrub some 1-5-4m tall. The grayish-brown branches are sparsely lenticillate. The petioles are some 4 to 8 cm long. The obovate to obovate-elliptic leaf blades are 12–16 by 4–9 cm in size, they are chartaceous, glaucous/hairy and are inconspicuously papillate on lower surface; broadly cuneate leaf base, slightly reflexed margins and obtuse to rounded apex, mucronate; 8-11 pairs of later veins are visible on upper surface, prominent on lower. Male flowers have an 8–10 cm pedicel and a discoid calyx with 3 or 4 broadly triangular lobes, 9 or 10 stamens some 3 mm long with very short filaments, oblong laterally-compressed anthers, connective exserted. Female flowers have a 5–6 mm pedicel, broadly-triangular calyx-loves about 1.5mm in size, ellipsoidal ovary 1.5–2 mm in size, very short style, 2 recurved stigmas. The Infructescence/fruiting head is some 4–5 cm in size, densely arranged with ovoid-ellipsoidal, tubercalate[check spelling], glaucous drupes some 7 by 4 mm in size, with persistent calyx and style branches. Flowering occurs from April to June, while fruiting is from August to November.4

Distinguishing characteristics of this species are: the size (9–16 by 4–9 cm) and shape (obovate to obovate-elliptic) of the leaf blade, the obtuse to rounded apex; and size (about 7 mm), dense arrangement and glaucousness of the fruit.5

Distribution

The plant is native to an area from northern Vietnam to southeastern China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, south Hunan, south Jiangxi).67

Habitat and ecology

The shrub grows in forests and thickets at altitudes of occasionally below 100m but mainly 200-700m.8

Daphniphyllum calycinum is present on the degraded hillside shrublands of Hong Kong, it is common there in scrubland and forest edges.910 Birds disperse the dry-season fruiting seeds.

The follicular micromycete, or sac-fungi, Mycosphaerella fasciculata, in the Mycosphaerellaceae family, uses this species as a host.11

Conservation

The species is listed as "least concern".12

Vernacular names

  • vai lá xoan ngược is a name used in Vietnam.
  • 牛耳枫, niu er feng, or niu-er-fon, is a name used in China1314

Uses

The seeds provide abundant oil that was used in lubrication and to make refined soap, however recently because of its toxicity it is only used in biodiesel.1516 Roots and leaves are used within Chinese medicine. The plant has many alkaloids and other active ingredients, see for example Wu et al., 2013.17

References

  1. Tang, M.-S.; Yang, Y.-P.; Sheue, C.-R. (2009). "Comparative morphology on leaves of Daphniphyllum (Daphniphyllaceae)". Blumea. 54: 63–8. doi:10.3767/000651909X474104. http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/524761 ↩

  2. "Daphniphyllum calycinum Benth., Fl. Hongk. 316 (1861)". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 March 2021. https://www.ipni.org/n/344216-1 ↩

  3. Bentham, George (1861). Flora Hongkongensis; a description of the flowering plants and ferns of the island of Hongkong. Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London: Lovell Reeve. Retrieved 6 March 2021. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18413209#page/9/mode/1up ↩

  4. Min, Tianlu; Kubitzki, Klaus. "FOC: Family List: FOC Vol. 11: Daphniphyllaceae: Daphniphyllum: 7. Daphniphyllum calycinum Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 316. 1861". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 6 March 2021. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012618 ↩

  5. Min, Tianlu; Kubitzki, Klaus. "FOC: Family List: FOC Vol. 11: Daphniphyllaceae: 1. Daphniphyllum Blume, Bijdr. 13: 1152. 1826". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 6 March 2021. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=109299 ↩

  6. "Daphniphyllum calycinum Benth". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 March 2021. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:344216-1 ↩

  7. Min, Tianlu; Kubitzki, Klaus. "FOC: Family List: FOC Vol. 11: Daphniphyllaceae: Daphniphyllum: 7. Daphniphyllum calycinum Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 316. 1861". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 6 March 2021. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012618 ↩

  8. Min, Tianlu; Kubitzki, Klaus. "FOC: Family List: FOC Vol. 11: Daphniphyllaceae: Daphniphyllum: 7. Daphniphyllum calycinum Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 316. 1861". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 6 March 2021. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012618 ↩

  9. Hau, Billy C.H.; Corlett, Richard T. (2002). "A survey of trees and shrubs on degraded hillsides in Hong Kong". Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society. 25: 84–94. Retrieved 6 March 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236002044 ↩

  10. Hau, Billy C.H.; So, Ken K.Y. (2003). 17 Using native tree species to restore degraded hillsides in Hong Kong, China. pp. 179–90. Retrieved 6 March 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266876864 ↩

  11. Braun, Uwe; Hönig, Lydia; Schwaß, Rowena (2016). "New records of foliicolous micromycetes from the Chinese Jiangxi Province". Schlechtendalia. 30: 1–7. Retrieved 6 March 2021. https://public.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/index.php/schlechtendalia/article/download/657/683 ↩

  12. Wu, J.; Qin, h.; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Daphniphyllum calycinum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T147379344A147619324. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147379344A147619324.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/147379344/147619324 ↩

  13. Min, Tianlu; Kubitzki, Klaus. "FOC: Family List: FOC Vol. 11: Daphniphyllaceae: Daphniphyllum: 7. Daphniphyllum calycinum Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 316. 1861". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 6 March 2021. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012618 ↩

  14. Wu, Haifeng; and five others (2013). "Daphniphyllum Alkaloids: Recent Findings on Chemistry and Pharmacology" (PDF). Planta Med. 79 (17): 1589–1598. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1351024. PMID 24214836. Retrieved 6 March 2021. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/186678087.pdf ↩

  15. Min, Tianlu; Kubitzki, Klaus. "FOC: Family List: FOC Vol. 11: Daphniphyllaceae: Daphniphyllum: 7. Daphniphyllum calycinum Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 316. 1861". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 6 March 2021. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012618 ↩

  16. Wu, Haifeng; and five others (2013). "Daphniphyllum Alkaloids: Recent Findings on Chemistry and Pharmacology" (PDF). Planta Med. 79 (17): 1589–1598. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1351024. PMID 24214836. Retrieved 6 March 2021. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/186678087.pdf ↩

  17. Wu, Haifeng; and five others (2013). "Daphniphyllum Alkaloids: Recent Findings on Chemistry and Pharmacology" (PDF). Planta Med. 79 (17): 1589–1598. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1351024. PMID 24214836. Retrieved 6 March 2021. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/186678087.pdf ↩