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In Ancient Greece, writing was characterised by what Geoffrey Lloyd and Nathan Sivin called "strident adversariality" and "rationalistic aggressiveness", summed up by McClinton as polemic.⁷⁸ For example, the ancient historian Polybius practiced "quite bitter self-righteous polemic" against some twenty philosophers, orators, and historians.⁹

Polemical writings were common in medieval and early modern times.¹⁰ During the Middle Ages, polemic had a religious dimension, as in Jewish texts written to protect and dissuade Jewish communities from converting to other religions.¹¹ Medieval Christian writings were also often polemical; for example in their disagreements on Islam¹² or in the vast corpus aimed at converting the Jews.¹³¹⁴ Martin Luther's 95 Theses was a polemic launched against the Catholic Church.¹⁵¹⁶ Robert Carliell's 1619 defence of the new Church of England and diatribe against the Roman Catholic Church – Britaine's glorie, or An allegoricall dreame with the exposition thereof: containing The Heathens infidelitie in religion ... – took the form of a 250-line poem.¹⁷

Major political polemicists of the 18th century include Jonathan Swift, with pamphlets such as his A Modest Proposal, Alexander Hamilton, with pieces such as A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress and A Farmer Refuted, and Edmund Burke, with his attack on the Duke of Bedford.¹⁸

In the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels's 1848 Communist Manifesto was extremely polemical.¹⁹ Both Marx and Engels would publish further polemical works, with Engels's work Anti-Dühring serving as a polemic against Eugen Dühring, and Marx's Critique of the Gotha Programme against Ferdinand Lasalle.

Vladimir Lenin published polemics against political opponents. The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky was notably directed against Karl Kautsky, and other works such as The State and Revolution attacked figures including Eduard Bernstein.

In the 20th century, George Orwell's Animal Farm was a polemic against totalitarianism, in particular of Stalinism in the Soviet Union. According to McClinton, other prominent polemicists of the same century include such diverse figures as Herbert Marcuse, Noam Chomsky, John Pilger, and Michael Moore.²⁰

Conservative Jewish Austrian writer and journalist Karl Kraus (1890-1935) considers the topic of moral collapse in his polemic writings. Karl Kraus produced and published 922 issues of the fifteen-daily magazine called Die Fackel (The Torch) until his death. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Sigmund Freud, Ernest Mach write in a similar manner and style to Kraus;

In 2007 Brian McClinton argued in Humani that anti-religious books such as Richard Dawkins's The God Delusion are part of the polemic tradition.²¹ In 2008 the humanist philosopher A. C. Grayling published a book, Against All Gods: Six Polemics on Religion and an Essay on Kindness.²²

See also

• Critic
• Devil's advocate
• Dialectic
• Disputation
• Internet troll
• Irenicism
• Philippic
• Rhetoric
• Social gadfly
• Trash-talk

Notes

Bibliography

• Gallop, Jane (2004). Polemic: Critical or Uncritical (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97228-0.
• Hawthorn, Jeremy (1987). Propaganda, Persuasion and Polemic. Hodder Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6497-2.
• Lander, Jesse M. (2006). Inventing Polemic: Religion, Print, and Literary Culture in Early Modern England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83854-1.
• Öztürk, Nurettin (2005). Türk Edebiyatında Polemik ve "Kavgalarım". Lisans yayıncılık. ISBN 975-6597-28-5. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)

External links

• Quotations related to Polemic at Wikiquote

References

1. "polemic" (s.v.). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. 2005. http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/polemic ↩

2. "polemic" (s.v.). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. 2005. http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/polemic ↩

3. American College Dictionary. New York: Random House. ↩

4. Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott. "πόλεμος". A Greek-English Lexicon. on Perseus. /wiki/Henry_George_Liddell ↩

5. polemic, or polemical literature, or polemics (rhetoric). britannica.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080411123116/http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-467241/polemic ↩

6. "Rare books collections: Hay Fleming Collection". St Andrews University Library. Retrieved 16 March 2022. https://libguides.st-andrews.ac.uk/specialcollections/rarebooks/hayfleming ↩

7. McClinton, Brian (July 2007). "A Defence of Polemics" (PDF). Humani (105): 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160322225304/http://humanistni.org/filestore/image/polemics.pdf ↩

8. Lloyd, Geoffrey; Sivin, Nathan (2002). The Way and the Word: Science and Medicine in Early China and Greece. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10160-7. 978-0-300-10160-7 ↩

9. Walbank, F. W. (1962). "Polemic in Polybius". The Journal of Roman Studies. 52 (Parts 1 and 2): 1–12. doi:10.2307/297872. JSTOR 297872. S2CID 153936734. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

10. Suerbaum, Almut; Southcombe, George (2016). Polemic: Language as Violence in Medieval and Early Modern Discourse. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-07929-3. 978-1-317-07929-3 ↩

11. Chazan, Robert (2004). Fashioning Jewish identity in medieval western Christendom. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ↩

12. Tolan, John Victor (2000). Medieval Christian perceptions of Islam. Routledge. p. 420. ↩

13. Bobichon, Philippe (2012). "Littérature de controverse entre judaïsme et christianisme: Description du corpus et réflexions méthodologiques (IIe-XVIe siècle ») (textes grecs, latins et hébreux)]". Revue d'Histoire ecclésiastique. 107 (1): 5–48. doi:10.1484/J.RHE.1.102664. https://www.academia.edu/35266876 ↩

14. Bobichon, Philippe (2018). S. Chandra (ed.). "Is Violence intrinsic to religious confrontation? The case of Judeo-Christian controversy, second to seventeenth century". Violence and Non-violence Across Times. History, Religion and Culture. Routledge: 33–52. doi:10.4324/9780429466205-3. https://www.academia.edu/37551705 ↩

15. McClinton, Brian (July 2007). "A Defence of Polemics" (PDF). Humani (105): 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160322225304/http://humanistni.org/filestore/image/polemics.pdf ↩

16. The story of Luther nailing his Theses to the church door has been doubted. See references in Martin Luther#Start of the Reformation – "the story of the posting on the door ... has little foundation in truth." /wiki/Martin_Luther#Start_of_the_Reformation ↩

17. Lee, Sidney (2004). "Carleill, Robert (fl. 1619)". In Reavley Gair (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4680. Retrieved 27 May 2017. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4680 ↩

18. Paulin, Tom (26 March 1995). "The Art of Criticism: 12 Polemic". The Independent. Retrieved 6 November 2016. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-art-of-criticism-12-polemic-1612930.html ↩

19. McClinton, Brian (July 2007). "A Defence of Polemics" (PDF). Humani (105): 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160322225304/http://humanistni.org/filestore/image/polemics.pdf ↩

20. McClinton, Brian (July 2007). "A Defence of Polemics" (PDF). Humani (105): 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160322225304/http://humanistni.org/filestore/image/polemics.pdf ↩

21. McClinton, Brian (July 2007). "A Defence of Polemics" (PDF). Humani (105): 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160322225304/http://humanistni.org/filestore/image/polemics.pdf ↩

22. Grayling, A. C. (2008). Against All Gods: Six Polemics on Religion and an Essay on Kindness. Oberon Books. ISBN 978-1-840-02728-0. 978-1-840-02728-0 ↩