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Japanese language in EBCDIC
Character encodings for Japanese on EBCDIC mainframes

Several mutually incompatible versions of the Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) have been used to represent the Japanese language on computers, including variants defined by Hitachi, Fujitsu, IBM and others. Some are variable-width encodings, employing locking shift codes to switch between single-byte and double-byte modes. Unlike other EBCDIC locales, the lowercase basic Latin letters are often not preserved in their usual locations.

The characters which are found in the double-byte Japanese code used with EBCDIC by IBM, but not found in the first edition of JIS X 0208, also influenced the vendor extensions found in some non-EBCDIC encodings such as IBM code page 932 ("DBCS-PC") and Windows code page 932.

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Single-byte codes

Similarly to JIS X 0201 (itself incorporated into Shift JIS), Japanese EBCDIC encodings often include a set of single-byte katakana. Several different variants of the single-byte EBCDIC code are used in the Japanese locale, by different vendors; a given vendor may also define two different single-byte codes, one favoured for half-width katakana and one favoured for Latin script. Variants of EBCDIC favoured by a given vendor for use for katakana are sometimes referred to as EBCDIK, standing for Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Kana code.45

Code pages incorporating half-width kana are an exception to IBM's EBCDIC invariant character set, which specifies a set of characters which are usually encoded the same across all EBCDIC code pages. Most notably, they sometimes include katakana characters at code points which are used for lowercase letters of the Basic Latin alphabet in the invariant set.6 Encoding of lowercase letters when katakana characters are included at those locations, and encoding of katakana characters when lowercase letters are retained in their usual locations, can vary between vendors, as shown below.

Microsoft Windows implements two Japanese single-byte EBCDIC variants, with code page numbers 20000 higher than IBM's code page numbers for its variants, as code pages 20290 (documented as IBM290, "IBM EBCDIC Japanese Katakana Extended")7 and 21027 ("Extended/Ext Alpha Lowercase"). Code page 21027 as implemented in Windows is an incomplete implementation, lacking two-way mappings for several letters and kana,8 and is currently deprecated.9

IBM's code pages were later updated to include the Euro sign at 0xE1, retaining their original CPGID numbers, but being assigned new CCSID numbers. Hence, the CCSID 290 refers to the original version of code page 290, while the version of code page 290 with the Euro sign is also known as CCSID 8482.10 Similarly, CCSID 1027 refers to the original version of code page 1027, while the version of CPGID 1027 with the Euro sign is given the CCSID 5123.11

Alongside versions of IBM's double-byte Japanese DBCS-Host code page (CPGID 300, CCSID 300 or 16684) as a double-byte component, IBM code page 290 is used as the single-byte component of the multi-byte code page IBM-9301213 and (as the Euro-updated CCSID 8482) the updated version IBM-1390.1415 IBM code page 1027 is used as the single-byte component of the multi-byte code page IBM-9391617 and (as the Euro-updated CCSID 5123) the updated version IBM-1399.1819

In the following table, conformance to the invariant set is marked with green; collision with the invariant set is marked with red.

Single-byte codes in Japanese EBCDIC variants (excluding control codes)
HexadecimalLowercase in invariant locations, kana absent or displacedLowercase absent or displaced by kana
Fujitsu EBCDIC20Hitachi EBCDIC21HP EBCDIK22IBM 29823IBM 102724252627IBM 103128Fujitsu EBCDIK29Hitachi EBCDIK30 IBM 113631NEC EBCDIC3233IBM 29034353637IBM 88738IBM 103039
0x40SPSPSPSPSPSPSPSPSPSPSPSP
0x41｡｡｡｡｡｡
0x42｡｡｡｡｡｢｢｢｢｢｢
0x43｢｢｢｢｢｣｣｣｣｣｣
0x44｣｣｣｣｣､､､､､､
0x45､､､､､･･････
0x46･････ｦｦｦｦｦｦ
0x47ｦｦｦｦｦｧｧｧｧｧｧ
0x48ｧｧｧｧｧｨｨｨｨｨｨ
0x49ｨｨｨｨｨｩｩｩｩｩｩ
0x4A£[¢¢¢£[[£££
0x4B............
0x4C<<)<<<<<<<<<
0x4D(([(((((((((
0x4E++<+++++++++
0x4F|!||||!!|||
0x50&&+&&&&&&&&&
0x51ｩｩｩｩｩｪｪｪｪｪｪ
0x52ｪｪｪｪｪｫｫｫｫｫｫ
0x53ｫｫｫｫｫｬｬｬｬｬｬ
0x54ｬｬｬｬｬｭｭｭｭｭｭ
0x55ｭｭｭｭｭｮｮｮｮｮｮ
0x56ｮｮｮｮｮｯｯｯｯｯｯ
0x57ｯｯｯｯｯa
0x58ｰｰｰｰｰｰｰｰｰｰｰ
0x59ｱｱｱｱｱab
0x5A!]!!!!]]!!!
0x5B\¥$$$$\¥\¥¥¥
0x5C************
0x5D))])))))))))
0x5E;;;;;;;;;;;;
0x5F¬^¬¬¬¬^^¬¬¬
0x60------------
0x61////////////
0x62ｲｲｲｲｲbcaa
0x63ｳｳｳｳｳcdbb
0x64ｴｴｴｴｴdecc
0x65ｵｵｵｵｵefdd
0x66ｶｶｶｶｶfgee
0x67ｷｷｷｷｷghff
0x68ｸｸｸｸｸhigg
0x69ｹｹｹｹｹijhh
0x6A¦||¦||
0x6B,,,,,,,,,,,,
0x6C%%(%%%%%%%%%
0x6D____________
0x6E>>¥>>>>>>>>>
0x6F???????????
0x70ｺｺｺｺｺjk[[
0x71ｻｻｻｻｻklii
0x72ｼｼｼｼｼlmjj
0x73ｽｽｽｽｽmnkk
0x74ｾｾｾｾｾnoll
0x75ｿｿｿｿｿopmm
0x76ﾀﾀﾀﾀﾀpqnn
0x77ﾁﾁﾁﾁﾁqroo
0x78ﾂﾂﾂﾂﾂrspp
0x79```````````
0x7A:::::::::::
0x7B##=#########
0x7C@@'@@@@@@@@@
0x7D'':'''''''''
0x7E==>=========
0x7F""""""""""""
0x80ﾃﾃﾃst]]
0x81aaaaaaｱｱｱｱｱｱ
0x82bbbbbbｲｲｲｲｲｲ
0x83ccccccｳｳｳｳｳｳ
0x84ddddddｴｴｴｴｴｴ
0x85eeeeeeｵｵｵｵｵｵ
0x86ffffffｶｶｶｶｶｶ
0x87ggggggｷｷｷｷｷｷ
0x88hhhhhhｸｸｸｸｸｸ
0x89iiiiiiｹｹｹｹｹｹ
0x8Aﾄﾄﾄﾃﾃｺｺｺｺｺｺ
0x8Bﾅﾅﾅﾄﾄtuqq
0x8Cﾆﾆﾆﾅﾅｻｻｻｻｻｻ
0x8Dﾇﾇﾇﾆﾆｼｼｼｼｼｼ
0x8Eﾈﾈﾈﾇﾇｽｽｽｽｽｽ
0x8Fﾉﾉﾉﾈﾈｾｾｾｾｾｾ
0x90ﾊﾊﾊｿｿｿｿｿｿ
0x91jjjjjjﾀﾀﾀﾀﾀﾀ
0x92kkkkkkﾁﾁﾁﾁﾁﾁ
0x93llllllﾂﾂﾂﾂﾂﾂ
0x94mmmmmmﾃﾃﾃﾃﾃﾃ
0x95nnnnnnﾄﾄﾄﾄﾄﾄ
0x96ooooooﾅﾅﾅﾅﾅﾅ
0x97ppppppﾆﾆﾆﾆﾆﾆ
0x98qqqqqqﾇﾇﾇﾇﾇﾇ
0x99rrrrrrﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈﾈ
0x9Aﾋﾋﾋﾉﾉﾉﾉﾉﾉﾉﾉ
0x9Bﾌﾌﾌﾊﾊuvrr
0x9Cﾍﾍﾍﾋﾋvw
0x9Dﾎﾎﾎﾌﾌﾊﾊﾊﾊﾊﾊ
0x9Eﾏﾏﾏﾍﾍﾋﾋﾋﾋﾋﾋ
0x9Fﾐﾐﾐﾎﾎﾌﾌﾌﾌﾌﾌ
0xA0ﾑﾑﾑ¯¯wx~~
0xA1~~¯~~~~~~¯¯¯
0xA2ssssssﾍﾍﾍﾍﾍﾍ
0xA3ttttttﾎﾎﾎﾎﾎﾎ
0xA4uuuuuuﾏﾏﾏﾏﾏﾏ
0xA5vvvvvvﾐﾐﾐﾐﾐﾐ
0xA6wwwwwwﾑﾑﾑﾑﾑﾑ
0xA7xxxxxxﾒﾒﾒﾒﾒﾒ
0xA8yyyyyyﾓﾓﾓﾓﾓﾓ
0xA9zzzzzzﾔﾔﾔﾔﾔﾔ
0xAAﾒﾒﾒﾏﾏﾕﾕﾕﾕﾕﾕ
0xABﾓﾓﾓﾐﾐxyss
0xACﾔﾔﾔﾑﾑﾖﾖﾖﾖﾖﾖ
0xADﾕﾕﾕ[[ﾗﾗﾗﾗﾗﾗ
0xAEﾖﾖﾖﾒﾒﾘﾘﾘﾘﾘﾘ
0xAFﾗﾗﾗﾓﾓﾙﾙﾙﾙﾙﾙ
0xB0ﾘﾘﾘ^^yz^^
0xB1ﾙﾙﾙ££z¢¢
0xB2ﾚﾚﾚ¥¥\\
0xB3ﾛﾛﾛﾔﾔtt
0xB4ﾜﾜﾜﾕﾕuu
0xB5ﾝﾝﾝﾖﾖvv
0xB6ﾞﾞﾞﾗﾗww
0xB7ﾟﾟﾟﾘﾘxx
0xB8ﾙﾙyy
0xB9ﾚﾚzz
0xBAﾛﾛﾚﾚﾚﾚﾚﾚ
0xBBﾜﾜﾛﾛﾛﾛﾛﾛ
0xBCﾝﾝﾜﾜﾜﾜﾜﾜ
0xBD]]ﾝﾝﾝﾝﾝﾝ
0xBEﾞﾞﾞﾞﾞﾞﾞﾞ
0xBFﾟﾟﾟﾟﾟﾟﾟﾟ
0xC0{{?{{{{{{{{
0xC1AAAAAAAAAAAA
0xC2BBBBBBBBBBBB
0xC3CCCCCCCCCCCC
0xC4DDDDDDDDDDDD
0xC5EEEEEEEEEEEE
0xC6FFFFFFFFFFFF
0xC7GGGGGGGGGGGG
0xC8HHHHHHHHHHHH
0xC9IIIIIIIIIIII
0xCA┼┼
0xCB┴┴
0xCC┬┬
0xCD└℄└
0xCE┌┌
0xCF┘┘
0xD0}}!}}}}}}}}
0xD1JJJJJJJJJJJJ
0xD2KKKKKKKKKKKK
0xD3LLLLLLLLLLLL
0xD4MMMMMMMMMMMM
0xD5NNNNNNNNNNNN
0xD6OOOOOOOOOOOO
0xD7PPPPPPPPPPPP
0xD8QQQQQQQQQQQQ
0xD9RRRRRRRRRRRR
0xDA┐┐
0xDB─°─
0xDC±
0xDD
0xDE⌴
0xDF↧
0xE0$$¥\\$$$$$$
0xE1€€
0xE2SSSSSSSSSSSS
0xE3TTTTTTTTTTTT
0xE4UUUUUUUUUUUU
0xE5VVVVVVVVVVVV
0xE6WWWWWWWWWWWW
0xE7XXXXXXXXXXXX
0xE8YYYYYYYYYYYY
0xE9ZZZZZZZZZZZZ
0xEA
0xEB├⌀├
0xEC┤┤
0xED≤
0xEE≥
0xEFΩ
0xF0000000000000
0xF1111111111111
0xF2222222222222
0xF3333333333333
0xF4444444444444
0xF5555555555555
0xF6666666666666
0xF7777777777777
0xF8888888888888
0xF9999999999999
0xFA││
0xFB
0xFC⌵
0xFDµ
0xFE⋅

Double-byte codes

See also: IBM Kanji System

There are three double-byte character codes used for Japanese with EBCDIC:404142 IBM code page 300 (also called IBM Kanji or IBM Japanese DBCS-Host) from IBM,43 KEIS from Hitachi,44 and JEF from Fujitsu.45 These are DBCS-Host encodings, using different shift codes to switch between single-byte EBCDIC and double-byte modes.46 Codes 0x41 through 0xFE (those used for graphic characters in EBCDIC) are used in pairs to represent characters from a 190×190 grid; code 0x40 (space in EBCDIC) is used doubled as an ideographic space, but not as part of any other double-byte code.4748

In the IBM version of the DBCS-Host code, the code 0x0F switches to single-byte mode and the code 0x0E switches to double-byte mode,4950515253 in common with IBM double-byte EBCDIC codes for other CJK languages,54 such as the EBCDIC version of Johab for Korean.55 In contrast to KEIS and JEF, the layout of IBM code page 300 is unrelated to JIS X 0208, and conversion between the two must be done via a table;56 however, its character repertoire has been kept up-to-date with successive revisions of JIS X 0208 so as to remain a superset of JIS X 0208's repertoire.57 Lead bytes 0x41 through 0x44 are used for non-Kanji characters, lead bytes 0x45 through 0x68 are used for Kanji characters, and lead bytes 0x69 through 0x89 are used for UDC (user-defined characters).58

The existence of IBM's Japanese DBCS-Host code had impact beyond EBCDIC systems, since IBM also defined variants of Shift JIS ("DBCS-PC", defined in the pure double-byte Code page 301 and used in the variable width Code page 932 and Code page 942) and of EUC-JP which encode the entire repertoire of IBM code page 300, including 28 non-Kanji and 360 Kanji additional to those originally included in JIS X 0208 (although the non-Kanji because sign ∵ and not sign ￢ were later added to JIS X 0208 in 1983). These are referred to as "IBM-selected" characters and are included as extensions in, for example, Windows code page 932.59

Some newer revisions of the IBM-300 code page add additional Kanji with lead bytes 0xB8 through 0xD5 and additional non-Kanji with lead bytes 0xD6 through 0xE9.60 This revision updated the set for JIS X 0213, including the Euro sign and, while retaining the CPGID 300, was assigned the new CCSID 16684.61 The code pages IBM-930 (with code page 290 as the single-byte set),62 IBM-931 (with code page 37 as the single-byte set), and IBM-939 (with code page 1027 as the single-byte set)63 exclude these additions, while IBM-1390 (with the Euro sign version of code page 290 / CCSID 8482)64 and IBM-1399 (with the Euro sign version of code page 1027 / CCSID 5123)65 include them.

In Hitachi KEIS66 (Kanji-processing Extended Information System), the sequence 0x0A 0x41 switches to single-byte mode and the sequence 0x0A 0x42 switches to double-byte mode.67 JIS X 0208 characters are encoded using the same byte sequences used to encode them in EUC-JP, i.e. with both bytes being between 0xA1 and 0xFE inclusive. This results in duplicate encodings for the ideographic space—0x4040 per the DBCS-Host code structure, and 0xA1A1 as in EUC-JP. However, the lead byte range is extended back to 0x59, out of which the lead bytes 0x81–A0 are designated for user-defined characters,68 and the remainder are used for corporate-defined characters, including both kanji and non-kanji.69

In Fujitsu JEF70 (Japanese-processing Extended Feature), 0x29 switches to single-byte mode and 0x28 switches to double-byte mode. Similarly to KEIS, JIS X 0208 codes are represented the same as in EUC-JP.71 Differing from KEIS, the JIS X 0208 edition used in this JEF zone is the original JIS C 6226:1978.7273 The lead byte range is extended back to 0x41, with 0x80–A0 designated for user definition; lead bytes 0x41–7F are assigned row numbers 101 through 163 for kuten purposes, although row 162 (lead byte 0x7E) is unused.7475 Rows 101 through 148 are used for extended kanji, while rows 149 through 163 are used for extended non-kanji.76

Footnotes

References

  1. Lunde, Ken (2009). "Appendix F: Vendor Encoding Methods" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 978-0-596-51447-1 ↩

  2. "Invariant character set". IBM i 7.1 Documentation. IBM. 14 August 2018. https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/i/7.1?topic=sets-invariant-character-set ↩

  3. Lunde, Ken (2009). "Appendix E: Vendor Character Set Standards" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 978-0-596-51447-1 ↩

  4. Lunde, Ken (2009). "Appendix F: Vendor Encoding Methods" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 978-0-596-51447-1 ↩

  5. "EBCDIK: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Kana Code". 通信用語の基礎知識. https://www.wdic.org/w/WDIC/EBCDIK ↩

  6. "Invariant character set". IBM i 7.1 Documentation. IBM. 14 August 2018. https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/i/7.1?topic=sets-invariant-character-set ↩

  7. "Code Page Identifiers". Windows Dev Center. Microsoft. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/intl/code-page-identifiers ↩

  8. Steele, Shawn. "Code Page 21027 "Extended/Ext Alpha Lowercase"". Microsoft. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/archive/blogs/shawnste/code-page-21027-extendedext-alpha-lowercase ↩

  9. "Code Page Identifiers". Windows Dev Center. Microsoft. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/intl/code-page-identifiers ↩

  10. "CCSID 8482". Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20141129224816/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid8482.html ↩

  11. "CCSID 5123". Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20141129220428/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid5123.html ↩

  12. "ibm-930_P120-1999". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-930 ↩

  13. "CCSID 930". Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 2014-12-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20141201220633/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid930.html ↩

  14. "ibm-1390_P110-2003". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-1390 ↩

  15. "CCSID 1390". Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20141129214107/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid1390.html ↩

  16. "ibm-939_P120-1999". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-939 ↩

  17. "CCSID 939". Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 2014-12-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20141201211156/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid939.html ↩

  18. "ibm-1399_P110-2003". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-1399 ↩

  19. "CCSID 1399". Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20141129220252/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid1399.html ↩

  20. Izuno, Hidekatsu (20 October 2021). "jef4j: JEF charset support for Java". GitHub. https://github.com/hidekatsu-izuno/jef4j ↩

  21. "EBCDIC／EBCDIKのコード表". Hitachi. Archived from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-05-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20210603104757/http://itdoc.hitachi.co.jp/manuals/3020/30203J3820/ISUS0268.HTM ↩

  22. "JIS/EBCDIK Conversion Table". FCOPY Reference Manual. Hewlett-Packard. [1] Note: table in source maps all input bytes, sometimes to codes not actually defined in JIS X 0201, but is asymmetric and does not always round-trip. Characters shown here are those where the tables in the source round-trip map characters to codes actually defined in JIS X 0201. http://www.3kranger.com/HP3000/mpeix/doc3k/B3221290008.11607/67.htm ↩

  23. "Code Page 00298" (PDF). IBM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20150708035845/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp00298z.pdf ↩

  24. "ibm-939_P120-1999". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-939 ↩

  25. "ibm-1399_P110-2003". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-1399 ↩

  26. "Code Page 01027" (PDF). REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages. IBM. 1999. https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01027.pdf ↩

  27. "Code Page 01027" (PDF). IBM. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-07-08. https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01027.pdf ↩

  28. "Code Page 01031" (PDF). IBM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20150708044335/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp01031z.pdf ↩

  29. Izuno, Hidekatsu (20 October 2021). "jef4j: JEF charset support for Java". GitHub. https://github.com/hidekatsu-izuno/jef4j ↩

  30. "EBCDIC／EBCDIKのコード表". Hitachi. Archived from the original on 2021-06-03. Retrieved 2021-05-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20210603104757/http://itdoc.hitachi.co.jp/manuals/3020/30203J3820/ISUS0268.HTM ↩

  31. "Code Page 01136" (PDF). IBM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20150708060448/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp01136z.pdf ↩

  32. "EBCDICカナ文字からの変換". コード変換 マニュアル - はじめに (HULFT8) (in Japanese). Saison Information Systems. https://www.hulft.com/help/ja-jp/HULFT-V8/COM-CNV/Content/HULFT_CNV/code_table/EBCDIC_Kana.htm ↩

  33. Koizumi, Moriyoshi. "EBCDIC-kana". https://github.com/moriyoshi/ebcdic-kana ↩

  34. "ibm-930_P120-1999". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-930 ↩

  35. "ibm-1390_P110-2003". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-1390 ↩

  36. "Code Page 00290" (PDF). REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages. IBM. 1999. https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP00290.pdf ↩

  37. "Code Page 00290" (PDF). IBM. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-07-08. https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP00290.pdf ↩

  38. "Code Page 00887" (PDF). IBM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20150708025342/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp00887z.pdf ↩

  39. "Code Page 01030" (PDF). IBM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20150708023036/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp01030z.pdf ↩

  40. "付録K.3 文字コード変換". Hitachi. http://itdoc.hitachi.co.jp/manuals/3020/30203J3820/ISUS0267.HTM ↩

  41. "2 Codesets and Codeset Conversion". DIGITAL UNIX Technical Reference for Using Japanese Features. Compaq. http://www2.phys.canterbury.ac.nz/dept/docs/manuals/unix/DEC_4.0e_Docs/HTML/SUPPDOCS/JAPANDOC/JAPANCH2.HTM ↩

  42. Lunde, Ken (2009). "Appendix E: Vendor Character Set Standards" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 978-0-596-51447-1 ↩

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  45. Izuno, Hidekatsu (20 October 2021). "jef4j: JEF charset support for Java". GitHub. https://github.com/hidekatsu-izuno/jef4j ↩

  46. Lunde, Ken (2009). "Appendix F: Vendor Encoding Methods" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 978-0-596-51447-1 ↩

  47. Lunde, Ken (2009). "Appendix F: Vendor Encoding Methods" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 978-0-596-51447-1 ↩

  48. "IBM Japanese Graphic Character Set, Kanji" (PDF). IBM. 1999. IBM Corporate Specification C-H 3-3220-024. http://public.dhe.ibm.com/as400/products/clientaccess/win32/files/globalization/Japanese_base1999.pdf ↩

  49. Lunde, Ken (2009). "Appendix F: Vendor Encoding Methods" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 978-0-596-51447-1 ↩

  50. "ibm-930_P120-1999". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-930 ↩

  51. "ibm-939_P120-1999". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-939 ↩

  52. "ibm-1390_P110-2003". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-1390 ↩

  53. "ibm-1399_P110-2003". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-1399 ↩

  54. Lunde, Ken (2009). "Appendix F: Vendor Encoding Methods" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 978-0-596-51447-1 ↩

  55. "ibm-1364_P110-2007". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-1364_P110-2007 ↩

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  58. "IBM Japanese Graphic Character Set, Kanji" (PDF). IBM. 1999. IBM Corporate Specification C-H 3-3220-024. http://public.dhe.ibm.com/as400/products/clientaccess/win32/files/globalization/Japanese_base1999.pdf ↩

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  60. "IBM Japanese Graphic Character Set, Kanji" (PDF). IBM. 1999. IBM Corporate Specification C-H 3-3220-024. http://public.dhe.ibm.com/as400/products/clientaccess/win32/files/globalization/Japanese_base1999.pdf ↩

  61. "CCSID 16684". Coded character set identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20141129221324/http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/ccsid/ccsid16684.html ↩

  62. "ibm-930_P120-1999". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-930 ↩

  63. "ibm-939_P120-1999". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-939 ↩

  64. "ibm-1390_P110-2003". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-1390 ↩

  65. "ibm-1399_P110-2003". International Components for Unicode. Unicode Consortium. https://icu4c-demos.unicode.org/icu-bin/convexp?conv=ibm-1399 ↩

  66. "付録K.3 文字コード変換". Hitachi. http://itdoc.hitachi.co.jp/manuals/3020/30203J3820/ISUS0267.HTM ↩

  67. These hexadecimal forms of these shift sequences match the decimal forms (10 65 and 10 66) listed by Lunde.[1] Lunde lists the hexadecimal forms for both shifts as 0xA0 0x42, seemingly in error. ↩

  68. Lunde, Ken (2009). "Appendix F: Vendor Encoding Methods" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 978-0-596-51447-1 ↩

  69. Lunde, Ken (2009). "Appendix E: Vendor Character Set Standards" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 978-0-596-51447-1 ↩

  70. Izuno, Hidekatsu (20 October 2021). "jef4j: JEF charset support for Java". GitHub. https://github.com/hidekatsu-izuno/jef4j ↩

  71. Lunde, Ken (2009). "Appendix F: Vendor Encoding Methods" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 978-0-596-51447-1 ↩

  72. "付録K.3 文字コード変換". Hitachi. http://itdoc.hitachi.co.jp/manuals/3020/30203J3820/ISUS0267.HTM ↩

  73. Izuno, Hidekatsu (20 October 2021). "jef4j: JEF charset support for Java". GitHub. https://github.com/hidekatsu-izuno/jef4j ↩

  74. Lunde, Ken (2009). "Appendix F: Vendor Encoding Methods" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 978-0-596-51447-1 ↩

  75. Lunde, Ken (2009). "Appendix E: Vendor Character Set Standards" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 978-0-596-51447-1 ↩

  76. Lunde, Ken (2009). "Appendix E: Vendor Character Set Standards" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 978-0-596-51447-1 ↩