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Citigroup Center
Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The Citigroup Center (formerly Citicorp Center and also known by its address, 601 Lexington Avenue) is an office skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Built in 1977 for Citibank, it is 915 feet (279 m) tall and has 1.3 million square feet (120,000 m2) of office space across 59 floors. The building was designed by architect Hugh Stubbins, associate architect Emery Roth & Sons, and structural engineer William LeMessurier.

The Citigroup Center takes up much of a city block bounded clockwise from the west by Lexington Avenue, 54th Street, Third Avenue, and 53rd Street. Land acquisition took place from 1968 to 1973; St. Peter's Church sold its plot on the condition that a new church building be constructed at the base of the tower. The design was announced in July 1973, and the structure was completed in October 1977. Less than a year after completion, the structure had to be strengthened when it was discovered that, due to a design flaw, the building was vulnerable to collapse in high winds. The building was acquired by Boston Properties in 2001, and Citicorp Center was renamed 601 Lexington Avenue in the 2000s. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Citigroup Center as a city landmark in 2016. The building's public spaces underwent renovations in 1995 and 2017.

The tower's base includes four giant stilts, which are placed mid-wall rather than at the building's corners. Its roof is sloped at a 45-degree angle. East of the tower is a six-story office annex. The northwest corner of the tower overhangs St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church at Lexington Avenue and 54th Street, a granite structure designed by Stubbins. Also at the base is a sunken plaza, a shopping concourse, and entrances to the church and the New York City Subway's Lexington Avenue/51st Street station. The upper stories are supported by stacked load-bearing braces in the form of inverted chevrons. Upon the Citigroup Center's completion, it received mixed reviews, as well as architectural awards.

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Site

The Citigroup Center is at 601 Lexington Avenue in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City.12 It takes up the majority of a city block bounded by Lexington Avenue to the west, 54th Street to the north, Third Avenue to the east, and 53rd Street to the south.3 The land lot covers 70,572 sq ft (6,556.4 m2) with a frontage of 200 ft (61 m) on Lexington Avenue and a west–east length of 325 ft (99 m).4 The building shares the block with 880 Third Avenue, an 18-story structure at 53rd Street and Third Avenue.5 Other nearby buildings include 599 Lexington Avenue to the south, 100 East 53rd Street and the Seagram Building to the southwest, 399 Park Avenue to the west, the Central Synagogue to the northwest, and the Lipstick Building to the east.6 The New York City Subway's Lexington Avenue/51st Street station is directly underneath the building.7

Thirty-one parcels were acquired and cleared to make way for the development.89 The 54th Street frontage was largely occupied by brownstone houses.10 Some of the other lots contained commercial spaces, ranging from small shops to the upscale Cafe Chauveron.1112 The site also included the Medical Chambers on 54th Street, which was owned by a cooperative of doctors.1314 St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church occupied the corner of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street;1516 its sanctuary was rebuilt when the Citigroup Center was developed.1718

Street furniture

Custom street furniture—including newsstands, flagpoles, and streetlight pylons—was designed for the sidewalks around the Citigroup Center.1920 New Jersey–based company Designetics designed pylons with a cruciform cross-section and street lamps at the top. Seven lighting pylons are placed along the streets that surround the block. Three custom pylons—at the northwest, northeast, and southwest corners of the block21—include pedestrian and vehicular traffic lights.22 The pylons were initially designed with a "glossy black finish" that contrasted with the tower's aluminum facade;232425 by 2016, they had been painted gray.26 The New Yorker described the pylons in 2017 as "sculptural towers worthy of Brancusi".27

History

First National City Bank (later Citibank) was founded in 181228 and, for over a century, had its headquarters in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan.29 The company was headquartered at 52 Wall Street30 until 1908, when it moved to 55 Wall Street.3132 After National City Bank and the Farmers' Loan and Trust Company merged in 1929,33 the new company, City Bank Farmers Trust, moved into a new structure at 20 Exchange Place, which was completed in 1931,34 and opened a Midtown office at 399 Park Avenue, one block west of the present Citigroup Center, in 1961.35

On the northwestern corner of the future Citigroup Center site was St. Peter's Lutheran Church, which had been founded in 1862 as a German-speaking congregation.3637 The St. Peter's congregation occupied a building at Lexington Avenue and 46th Street from 1871 to 1902, when it was demolished for the construction of Grand Central Terminal.38 This prompted the congregation to move to a Gothic building designed by John G. Michel and P. Brandner,39 which was completed in 1905.404142 The congregation, which at its peak had a membership of over one thousand, had decreased to below 300 by the 1960s, prompting the congregation to consider relocating to near the United Nations headquarters.4344

Planning

Site acquisition

Lots on the St. Peter's block were acquired secretively starting in 1968 and continued for five and a half years.4546 The acquisition was headed by brokers Donald Schnabel and Charles McArthur of Julien J. Studley Inc.4748 The brokers believed that a large, contiguous land lot would be worth more than the sum of each lot's individual worth, though the firm had not yet secured a client for which it was purchasing the lots.49 St. Peter's Church's membership was increasing again by then, and members of the congregation were loath to part with their property.50 A Studley broker formed a company called Lexman, which then approached what had become First National City Bank to determine their interest in acquiring the St. Peter's block, one block east of their headquarters at the time.5152 Lexman gradually acquired the other lots on the block.53

The brokerage firm again negotiated with St. Peter's congregation in late 1969 after some lots had been acquired.54 John White, president of consulting firm James D. Landauer Associates, proposed that the new structure on the site be a condominium development; i.e. the church would have a partial ownership stake in the new development.5556 In February 1970, the congregation signed a letter of intent to sell its building, as well as the air rights above the church,5758 to First National City Bank.5960 In exchange, the congregation received $9 million and was named as a condominium partner in the tower's development. The congregation saw a $4 million net profit, as its new building cost $5 million.616263 Members of the congregation formally approved the sale of their building in May 1971.64

Hugh Stubbins & Associates was hired to develop plans for a large building on the city block, and St. Peter's Church hired Edward Larrabee Barnes as a design consultant by the beginning of 1971.65 The Stubbins firm, at the time, had relatively little experience designing high-rise buildings.66 The New York Times characterized the site as an "annex" to First National City Bank's main building at 399 Park Avenue.6768 The congregation of St. Peter's Church voted in May 1971 to approve the sale of its old building and construct a new structure on the same site,6970 and they relocated in early 1973 to a temporary location at the Central Presbyterian Church.71 By July 1973, land acquisition was almost entirely complete,72 although the last parcel was not acquired until November 1975, when the lot at 884 Third Avenue was purchased.73 The parcels cost $40 million, making it the most expensive city block on earth at the time.7475 The only lot on the block that First National City Bank had not acquired was 880 Third Avenue, which had been completed in 1965, and which the brokers considered too new to be demolished.76

Design process and city approvals

In addition to what became the final design, Stubbins and his associates studied at least six alternate proposals for the tower, with varying rooftop designs.77 Early plans also called for installing stilts underneath each corner.78 These plans were scrapped because the northwestern stilt would extend into St. Peter's Lutheran Church, and the church wanted its sanctuary to be structurally separate from the tower.7980 Before the official plans for the building were announced, the architects had designed a roof sloped at a 45-degree corner, which was to contain west-facing terraces8182 for about 100 apartments,8384 but the New York City Department of City Planning would not approve a zoning change to permit that use.858687 The architects then rotated the roof southward8889 to accommodate flat-plate solar collectors.9091

Plans for the project, then known as Citicorp Center, were publicly disclosed on July 24, 1973.9293 The plans called for a 910 ft-tall (280 m) tower with stilts under the center of each side, rising 112 ft (34 m) above street level. The project would also include an eight-story office annex, three stories of retail, a landscaped public plaza, and a new church building.949596 St. Peter's old church building had been demolished by mid-1973,97 and First National City Bank had become known as Citibank, a subsidiary of Citicorp.98 St. Peter's pastor Ralph E. Peterson described the project as "a very bold venture in an urban environment".99 In part because of Peterson's insistence, the plans included a publicly accessible plaza with shopping available.100 Early plans for the church also called for it to have a cube design;101 the church's final design, with a diagonal skylight, was announced in April 1974.102 The city government approved plans for Citicorp Center the same year.103

Construction

Groundbreaking ceremonies for the tower were hosted in April 1974, but work began only twelve months later.104 The tower's construction was supervised by Vivian Longo, who, at the building's completion in 1977, was twenty-five years old.105106 Citicorp Center was one of the few large structures in Manhattan that were being erected in the mid-1970s.107 At the peak of construction, three thousand people were employed, and 565 workers were on site simultaneously.108109 The steel framework had been completed to the eighteenth floor by the end of 1975.110 When the frame topped out on October 7, 1976, officials predicted Citicorp Center would be the only major structure in New York City to be completed in 1977.111112

The cornerstone for the new St. Peter's Church was laid on November 1, 1976.113 Citibank acquired two buildings at 148 and 152 East 53rd Street, immediately south of the new tower, the next month. The company did not intend to develop the sites of these buildings, but they contained topless bars, which Citibank officials perceived would decrease the value of the tower.114115 The bank's vice president for real estate management, Arthur E. Driscoll, had studied vacancy rates at fourteen nearby "prime office buildings" while Citicorp Center was being developed.116 The first tenants moved to the office building in April 1977.117 By that August, Citicorp Center was 96 percent rented,118 even though average rents were higher than in other buildings nearby.119120

Early years

Opening

The office tower was dedicated on October 12, 1977.121122 Stubbins gave an opening speech in which he described the building as a "skyscraper for the people".123124 Almost all the space within the retail complex at the building's base, known as the Market, had been rented,125 and over 300 retailers had applied to operate storefronts in the Market.126 The majority of the Market's space was rented by household furnishings retailer Conran's, which occupied 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2),127 but some of the other retailers included restaurants serving cuisine of various countries.128 Citibank planned to occupy 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2), or 26 stories, moving its offices to the building from five other addresses in Midtown.129130 The remaining stories were occupied by a variety of firms, including those in law and accounting, as well as the Consulate-General of Japan and technology company IBM.131

At the time of Citicorp Center's dedication, the final design features of St. Peter's Church were being installed.132 St. Peter's Church was dedicated on December 4, 1977,133134 and the Nevelson Chapel was separately dedicated the same month.135 Initially, the tower's slanted roof created an ice problem during winter, as snow and ice would slide down the roof onto the sidewalk.136 Furthermore, the shopping concourse was initially only lightly used and largely unknown to the public.137 The plaza on Lexington Avenue opened by July 1978.138 In the complex's early years, St. Peter's Church encountered fiscal deficits because of high utility costs, as well as inflation and lack of investment experience, even though the church earned money from renting out some of the other space it owned at Citicorp Center.139 By 1980, Citicorp counted 25,000 daily visitors to the shopping concourse, but some of the stores had already closed down because of a lack of patronage.140141

1978 engineering crisis

Main article: Citicorp Center engineering crisis

Due to material changes during construction, the building as completed was vulnerable to collapse in high winds. LeMessurier's original design for the chevron load braces had used welded joints. To save money, Bethlehem Steel changed the plans in 1974 to use bolted joints, which was accepted by LeMessurier's office but not known to the engineer himself.142 Furthermore, LeMessurier originally only needed to calculate wind loads from perpendicular winds, as required under the building code; in typical buildings, loads from quartering winds at the corners would be less.143144 In June 1978, after an inquiry from engineering student Diane Hartley,145146 LeMessurier recalculated the wind loads on the building with quartering winds.147 LeMessurier found that quartering winds would significantly increase the load at the bolted joints.148 After conducting tests on the building's structural safety,149 he found that a wind capable of toppling Citicorp Center would have a 1-in-55 chance of occurring in an average year, or a 1-in-16 chance of happening if the tuned mass damper (TMD) on the roof was powered off.150

LeMessurier proposed welding steel plates over the bolted joints, and Karl Koch Erecting was hired for the welding process.151 Starting in August 1978, construction crews installed the welded panels at night.152153 The fixes were completed that October, after which LeMessurier claimed that a wind strong enough to topple the building would have a 1-in-700 chance of occurring in any given year.154 The work was not publicized at the time, as it took place during the 1978 New York City newspaper strike and very few people were notified of the issue.155156 Since no structural failure occurred, the extent of the engineering crisis was only publicly revealed in a lengthy article in The New Yorker in 1995.157158 A National Institute of Standards and Technology reassessment of the engineering crisis in 2019, using modern technology, indicated that the quartering wind loads were not as severe as LeMessurier and Hartley had thought.159

1980s and 1990s

As completed, Citicorp Center was divided into three separate condominium-style ownership stakes. One condominium was owned by the church, while the other two were 61.55 and 32.85 percent ownership stakes in the office stories.160 In October 1987, Citicorp sold the 61.55 percent ownership stake (consisting of the 23rd through 59th floors), along with a one-third stake in its former 399 Park Avenue headquarters, to Dai-Ichi Mutual Life Insurance Company for $670 million. Citicorp used the profits from the sale to reduce its losses, which in the first half of 1987 totaled $2.32 billion; it continued to own the remaining stories at Citicorp Center.161162 At the time, Citicorp was developing One Court Square across the East River in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens.163164 The new building in Queens was one subway stop away from Citicorp Center and 399 Park Avenue, allowing Citicorp to split its offices between the buildings.165

The Market shopping atrium fell into disrepair in the two decades following Citicorp Center's completion.166 In May 1995, Citicorp commenced a $15 million, eighteen-month renovation of the shopping concourse, which was designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects.167168 The brick pavers were replaced with terrazzo, new signs were installed outside each storefront, and circulation features, such as the placement of escalators, were rearranged.169170171 The shopping concourse was renamed the Shops at Citicorp Center and bookstore Barnes & Noble was named as the anchor tenant, taking 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2).172

21st century

By late 2000, Dai-Ichi's broker Jones Lang LaSalle had placed the entirety of the office building, which had become known as the Citigroup Center, for sale.173174 Dai-Ichi and Citigroup—the latter of which had been formed in 1998 through a merger of Citicorp and the Travelers Companies175—arranged to jointly sell both condominium shares.176 Richard and Eric D. Hadar, a father-and-son venture, bid $725 million for Dai-Ichi's ownership stake in January 2001. For the purchase, Eric Hadar had arranged a $525 million first mortgage from Deutsche Bank and a $150 million mezzanine loan from the government of Singapore.177178 The sale was delayed after Boston Properties offered to buy Dai-Ichi's stake.179 Eric Hadar's company, Allied Partners, along with Boston Properties, ultimately finalized their purchase of both condominium shares that April.180181 The price was $755 million, including closing costs and taxes, and Citigroup relocated to 399 Park Avenue.182183 One of the stilts was structurally reinforced following the September 11 attacks,184185 and protective bollards were installed on the sidewalk.186

Boston Properties bought Allied Partners' stake in the Citigroup Center in 2006 for $100 million.187188 The same year, Boston Properties began rebranding the building as 601 Lexington Avenue.189 A new Lexington Avenue lobby was constructed and the tower stories' entrance was relocated from 53rd Street to Lexington Avenue.190191 In addition, a ramp was installed on 53rd Street and a reception area was added to the northern entrance of St. Peter's Church.192 The name change took effect in 2010.193194195 Boston Properties was also considering selling naming rights to the building.196 By 2013, Citigroup only occupied three stories at the Citigroup Center.197 The next year, Boston Properties sold a 45 percent ownership stake in the Citigroup Center, along with proportional stakes in the Atlantic Wharf Office Building and 100 Federal Street in Boston, to companies associated with Norges Bank Investment Management. These firms paid a combined $1.5 billion.198199

In mid-2016, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) proposed protecting twelve buildings in East Midtown, including the Citigroup Center, in advance of proposed changes to the area's zoning.200 At the time, Boston Properties was contemplating renovations to the building; the company filed alteration plans for the plaza that July,201 and it was vacating the space in the office annex.202 On December 6, 2016, the LPC designated the Citigroup Center as a city landmark.203204205 The designation made the Citigroup Center the city's youngest landmark at that time.206 The same month, Boston Properties announced plans to renovate the office annex, which would be rebranded 159 East 53rd Street.207 Shortly afterward, in March 2017, Gensler revealed its design for a refurbished entry plaza and a new atrium space.208209 That June, work on the plaza commenced; the original fountain, which had been part of the landmark designation, was demolished.210 All of the space in the 159 East 53rd Street annex was leased to NYU Langone Health in 2018.211212 Following the completion of the renovation, in late 2019, Anna Castellani signed a lease for a 10,000 sq ft (930 m2) food hall at the base of the Citigroup Center.213214 In October 2019, London-based company etc.venues agreed to operate a 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m2) conference center on the 14th floor.215

In 2021, Boston Properties converted the shopping concourse into a food hall named the Hugh.216217 Boston Properties and Norges Bank Investment Management refinanced the Citigroup Center that December with a $1 billion mortgage from four banks.218219 At the time, the building's office space was 96.3 percent occupied, and the tenants largely included financial firms and law offices.220 With about 326,000 square feet (30,300 m2) of space, the Blackstone Group was one of the building's largest tenants in 2022.221222 Other large tenants by then included Citibank, Kirkland & Ellis, and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer.223

Architecture

The Citigroup Center consists of the office tower and its annex; there is also a structure for St. Peter's Church at the base of the office tower.224 The tower was designed by architect Hugh Stubbins, along with associate architects Emery Roth & Sons, for the First National City Bank (later Citibank).225226227 Of the other principals at Hugh A. Stubbins & Associates, architect Peter Woytuk was most involved in the design, while project manager W. Easley Hammer oversaw the construction.228229 In addition, Edward Larrabee Barnes was the consulting architect,230231232 and LeMessurier Associates and James Ruderman were the structural engineers.233234 The general contractor was the HRH Construction Corporation235236 (which was acquired by the Starrett Housing Corporation during the building's construction237), and the steel contractor was Bethlehem Steel.238239 Numerous contractors supplied other material for the building.240

Form and facade

The Citigroup Center is 59 stories high, with its roof about 915 ft (279 m) above ground level.241242243244 Excluding unused floor numbers accounting for the raised base, it contains 46 office stories.245246 At the time of completion, Citicorp Center was the seventh-tallest building in the world.247248 In addition to the primary 59-story tower, there is an annex at 159 East 53rd Street with six249250 or seven stories.251 It extends east to Third Avenue and includes part of the building's shopping concourse.252253

The tower and its annex have similarly-designed facades.254 The facade is made of anodized aluminum and reflective glass panels.255256257 Each facade segment measures 12 by 9 ft (3.7 by 2.7 m) and consists of both glass panes and aluminum plates.258 To conserve energy, each window is double-glazed; the inner pane is coated with chrome plating.259260 The windows on each floor are separated by flush aluminum spandrels.261 The spandrels were manufactured by Flour City Architectural Metals, a firm based in Glen Cove, New York.262263 The aluminum is silver-colored, like that on the Pepsi-Cola Building and One Chase Manhattan Plaza, because Stubbins thought a dark color would not allow observers to "see the shade and shadow".264 The facade is fitted with 2 inches (51 mm) of insulation,265266 double the amount of insulation considered normal at the time of construction.267268 The aluminum was polished to reflect heat from sunlight.269

Roof

The triangular roof of the Citigroup Center rises 160 ft (49 m) above the top story and faces south, sloping at a 45-degree angle.270271272273 The roof was originally intended to face west and contain several terraces,274275 but the architects rotated the roof southward to accommodate flat-plate solar collectors, which they believed would produce hot water that could dehumidify air and reduce the need for other energy for cooling.276 Starting in February 1975, engineers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology conducted a twelve-month feasibility study for the installation of such a system.277278279 Afterward, the system was scrapped, either because of the smaller-than-expected savings,280281282 the cost of the required refined mechanical systems,283 supplier issues,284 or the insufficient energy produced by the system.285

Even after the solar-collector plans were scrapped, the design was kept; Stubbins wrote that the roof "relieves the uniformity of flat-topped towers proliferating in the center of the city".286287 This made Citicorp Center the first postmodern skyscraper in New York City with an entirely decorative roof.288289 The roof was also fitted with solar panels in 1983, when Consolidated Edison and Citibank sponsored a four-year solar panel test.290291

Plaza

A large plaza, 12 ft (3.7 m) beneath street level, was designed by landscape architect Sasaki Associates and built along with Citicorp Center.292 The plaza's presence was encouraged by the 1961 Zoning Resolution,293 which gave additional floor area to New York City developers as a zoning "bonus" for including open space outside their buildings.294 While many developers took advantage of the "bonus", the New York City Planning Commission found in 1975 that many of these plazas ranged from "bleak, forlorn places" to those that were "forbidding and downright hostile".295296 In response, the City Planning Commission's Urban Design Group was formed in 1967 to determine how to improve plaza designs,297298 influencing a design handbook that the City Planning Commission published in 1975.299300 The design of the Citigroup Center's plaza was finalized in 1973,301 and it included many of the same features described in the handbook, such as an outdoor plaza, a covered pedestrian area, and an arcade running for a city block.302303

The plaza has an area of 6,000 sq ft (560 m2).304 Under the zoning laws, its presence allowed the tower to be designed with a maximum floor area ratio of 18:1, higher than the 15:1 ratio specified for the area.305 The plaza is accessed by a diagonally-oriented stairway306 extending northeast from the corner of Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street.307 On the south side of the plaza is an entrance to the Lexington Avenue/51st Street subway station.308309 The Citigroup Center's entrance replaces two previous subway entrances on the sidewalk.310 The north side of the plaza contains the entrance to St. Peter's Church.311 During the plaza's construction, the developers collaborated with the numerous public agencies that had a stake in the project, including the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which operated the subway station.312

The plaza, interior shopping concourse, and sidewalks all initially contained brown brick floor pavers. There was, originally, also a fountain at the center of the plaza, which was designed to conceal noise from the environs, similar to the fountain at nearby Paley Park.313 That fountain was demolished in 2017.314

St. Peter's Lutheran Church

Not to be confused with St. Peter's Church (Manhattan).

At the northwest corner of Citigroup Center is St. Peter's Lutheran Church315 at 619 Lexington Avenue.316 The exterior was designed by Stubbins and Hammer, while the interior was furnished by Vignelli Associates.317318319 The church's congregation permitted Citicorp to erect the office tower only if an edifice, structurally unconnected to the tower, were built at the same location as the congregation's old building. Andrew Alpern and Seymour Durst characterized the agreement as "ecumenically joining God and mammon to the benefit of both".320321 In addition, at least 63 percent of the church was to have "nothing built above it".322323 According to Stubbins, the lack of structural connections would give the church a "breathing space" of its own.324 The church was described by the architectural writer David W. Dunlap in 2004 as the city's "most architecturally successful postwar sanctuary".325326

The structure rises about 60 ft (18 m) above ground327 and 85 ft (26 m) above the Citigroup Center's plaza.328329330 It has a facade of brown Caledonia granite interspersed with ashlar.331332333 The roof is clad in copper that is coated with lead. The materials were meant to establish a distinct identity for the church while also associating it with the office tower.334335 At the top of the church building, a skylight bisects it from southwest to northeast, allowing passersby to look inside.336337 A window at the corner of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street also overlooks the pipe organ inside.338 Stubbins had intended the structure's shape to resemble a pair of hands "held up in prayer with light coming between them".339 Arnaldo Pomodoro designed a bronze cross for the exterior, which was installed in 1982 and measures 8 ft (2.4 m) tall by 6 ft (1.8 m) wide.340

The church's main sanctuary is adjacent to the lower plaza341342 and is about 5 ft (1.5 m) beneath the plaza.343 The sanctuary has movable pews that can seat up to 850 people.344 There was also a black-box theater, a library, kitchen, daycare center, clergy offices, dressing rooms, choir rooms, and lecture and community rooms.345 Upon the church's completion, there was a two-manual, two-pedal organ with 2,175 pipes.346 Inside the church is the 24-seat Chapel of the Good Shepherd (also known as the Nevelson Chapel),347 which was donated by parishioner Erol Beker348 and designed by sculptor Louise Nevelson.349350 The basement theater was used by the York Theatre.351 St. Peter's Church also hosts a jazz ministry created by the Rev. John Garcia Gensel, who in 1965 became the Minister to the Jazz Community.352353 The jazz ministry has sponsored several programs over the years,354 such as free jazz performances at the base of the office tower.355 The church has hosted memorials and funerals for jazz musicians such as Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Thelonious Monk.356 In 2021, the church was seriously damaged after a broken water main flooded its space.357358

Structural features

The tower stories are of trussed-tube construction.359360 Each of the tower stories measures 157 by 157 ft (48 by 48 m),361362 or 24,600 sq ft (2,290 m2) in total.363 Within the office stories, the elevator shafts and emergency stairs are embedded in a service core at the center of each story.364 The core is about 68 by 68 ft (21 by 21 m), while the floor space around the core is just less than 45 ft (14 m) wide.365 Overall, the Citigroup Center is made of 24,000 short tons (21,000 long tons; 22,000 t) of steel, two-fifths of the amount used in the Empire State Building.366367

Stilts

The tower is supported by four stilts368 measuring approximately 112 ft (34 m) high with a cross section of 24 by 24 ft (7.3 by 7.3 m).369370371372 The stilts are underneath the centers of each elevation of the facade, and the building's corners are cantilevered 72 ft (22 m) outward from the core.373374375 According to Stanley Goldstein of LeMessurier's New York City office, stilts at the centers of each elevation would be able to withstand forces from "quartering winds" from the corners, compared to stilts at the corners. Additionally, the stilts allowed the building to have a smaller foundation than in a conventional building of similar size.376

Each of the individual stilts is composed of four vertical beams; the outer pairs of beams are much heavier than the inner pairs.377378 This design prevents the stilt from buckling.379 Inside the stilts are emergency stairs and mechanical ducts.380381 In 2002, following the September 11 attacks the previous year, one of the stilts was reinforced with blast-resistant shields of steel and copper as well as steel bracing.382383 There is also an octagonal elevator core in the middle of the building,384385386 which measures 63 by 72 ft (19 by 22 m)387 and carries half of the building's gravity-related structural loads.388 Beneath the lowest office story, the core contains only elevators, and the emergency staircases are within the stilts.389

Chevrons

Above the stilts, within the walls, are stacked load-bearing braces in the form of inverted chevrons.390391 Each elevation of the facade has six chevrons, which are eight stories tall.392393394 The wind loads from each eight-story tier are transferred into the center of the frame, where 60 in-wide (150 cm) "mast column transports" extend the tower's entire height.395396 The mast columns are 30 in (760 mm) deep at their bases, tapering to 18 in (460 mm) above the 40th floor. The diagonal beams in each chevron are 14 in (360 mm) deep and connect to spandrel panels at the top of each eight-story tier, which are 36 in (910 mm) deep.397 The tops of each eight-story tier (where the diagonal beams meet the building's corners) do not have vertical columns, thus preventing wind loads from accumulating at the tower's corners.398

The ninth story, the lowest level above the stilts, contains a trussed frame similar to those use in cantilever bridges, where the wind loads are transferred downward into the stilts.399400 This story is used as mechanical space.401

The chevrons are not visible from the exterior but can be seen from the offices inside;402403 this contrasted with structures such as Chicago's John Hancock Center in which the diagonal beams could be seen from the outside.404405406 After Citicorp Center's completion, W. Easley Hammer said he thought it was a mistake to conceal the chevrons,407 while LeMessurier said that Stubbins had rejected his idea for exposed chevrons.408409 The chevrons were originally bolted to each other with over two hundred joints.410411 Following the Citicorp Center engineering crisis of 1978, workers installed 2 in-thick (5.1 cm) steel plates over each joint.412413

Interior

The tower contains approximately 1.3×10^6 sq ft (120,000 m2) of rentable space.414 The office annex to the east contains about 270,000 sq ft (25,000 m2) of space.415 According to the Department of City Planning, the building has a gross floor area of 1,654,020 sq ft (153,663 m2),416 while, according to The Skyscraper Center, the building has 1,578,883 sq ft (146,683.0 m2).417

Base

The Citigroup Center's main entrance lobby is at the middle of the Lexington Avenue frontage, across a footbridge that also provides entrance to St. Peter's Church. The main entrance consists of a double-height glass box, with steel ribs, that is 70 ft (21 m) long. The lobby was constructed as part of a 2010 renovation.418

There is a three-story shopping concourse at the base of the stilts, originally called the Market.419420421 The lowest level, corresponding to the lower lobby, includes a plant-filled atrium measuring 85 ft (26 m) high, with a skylight measuring 90 by 100 ft (27 by 30 m).422423 The corner of Third Avenue and 54th Street contained an entrance to the lowest level of the shopping concourse, while on 54th Street was an entrance to the second level.424 The storefronts were designed to blend in with the plaza and street, with similar floor surfaces and transparent exterior walls.425 Overall, the stores were intended as a commitment to the city, a corporate symbol, and a tourist attraction, according to one of Citicorp's vice presidents, Arthur E. Driscoll.426427 From 1987 to 2008, the bank presented a model train exhibition in the space each December.428 The shopping concourse was renamed The Shops at Citicorp Center in 1995,429 and it was known as the Atrium by 2016.430

Mechanical features

In the office stories, the elevators and stairs are clustered in a central core.431 The building contains 20 double-deck elevators,432433 which Otis Worldwide constructed for $7 million.434435 Although each of the upper or lower decks serves only odd or even floors, visitors can travel between odd and even floors using escalators.436 Each of the elevators consists of two standard elevator cabs that operate simultaneously in one shaft.437438 The elevators cost 25 percent more than standard elevators but allowed for a 24 percent reduction in the floor area taken up by elevators,439 as twenty-six single-deck elevator shafts would have been required otherwise.440 The Citigroup Center's double-deck elevators were likely the first to be installed in New York City since 1932, when the Cities Service Building was completed.441442 In total, the Citigroup Center has 38 elevators.443

At Citicorp Center's completion, a "supermail" system delivered each tenant's mail. Incoming mail was sorted in the basement and transferred via lifts to each floor, where the mail was transported manually to fixed bins.444 The building also contained 2,500 sensors to monitor the mechanical systems, such as HVAC, lighting, electrical, sprinkler, life-safety, security, and elevator systems.445 The sloped roof houses mechanical equipment.446

The building was intended to be energy-efficient compared to its contemporaries.447448449 Its water supply consisted entirely of cold water;450 heat from the building's mechanical systems was recirculated to warm the water and the office spaces.451 The office spaces were cooled with outside air wherever it was practical.452 The fluorescent light bars in the ceiling, manufactured by Joseph Loring & Associates, were fitted with glass shields to spread artificial light across a wider area.453454 Even though the rooftop solar collectors were not installed, the other features were intended to reduce energy use by up to 42 percent, compared with a regular office building of the same size.455 During the summer, the building used a conventional air-conditioning system, offsetting any energy saved by the heat-deflecting facade.456

Citicorp Center was the city's first skyscraper to feature a tuned mass damper.457458459 Located within the rooftop mechanical space, the TMD is designed to counteract swaying motions due to wind and reduces wind-related movement by up to fifty percent.460461462 The equipment weighs 400 short tons (360 long tons; 360 t) and includes a concrete block measuring 30 by 30 by 6 ft (9.1 by 9.1 by 1.8 m).463464465 The block sits on an oil-coated steel plate and has two spring mechanisms, one each to counteract north–south and east–west movement.466 The equipment cost around $1.5 million to install.467 By comparison, it would have cost $5 million468 to reduce the tower's movement by adding 2,800 short tons (2,500 long tons; 2,500 t) of additional steel.469

Impact

Reception

As one of three office buildings approved in Manhattan during 1974, Citicorp Center received much media attention during its construction.470 After the design was announced, the architectural writer Ada Louise Huxtable criticized the design in The New York Times, saying that the tower "has neither romanticism nor structural rationalism but, instead, appears to have been painstakingly invented with a tortured logic through a series of pragmatic and esthetic compromises".471472 As the building was being completed, Huxtable took a less harsh tone, saying that it contained a "clear desire for design quality" despite the drawbacks of the form and roof.473474 A writer for the New York Daily News described the building as being a typical New York City office structure that would only attract notice if it were built elsewhere.475 A New York magazine writer, Suzanne Stephens, stated that the building was simply a modified version of a 1950s skyscraper,476477 considering the rooftop and base to be wasteful with space.478

After the building's completion, it had mixed reception. The architectural critic Paul Goldberger wrote for The New York Times that the roof was unusual and that the building had a reflective facade and a varied form, but that the overall design was not particularly innovative.479 Another architectural critic, Jack Egan, similarly wrote for The Washington Post that the building had distinctive design features but did not appeal to either nostalgia or novel innovation.480 Huxtable regarded the plaza as an architectural success but observed in January 1978 that very few people used it.481 August Heckscher II, a former New York City parks commissioner, described the interior as "an amenity in which we can all rejoice".482483484 Nevertheless, Heckscher believed the atrium's silver cladding and light fixtures to be unwelcoming and suggestive of the indoors,485486 and Stephens said that the benefits of the atrium did not transcend class boundaries.487488

Other critics described Citicorp Center in a largely positive light. The historian and writer John Tauranac described the tower as the "most dramatic new skyscraper" in New York City since the completion of 30 Rockefeller Plaza several decades prior.489490 The architect and writer Robert A. M. Stern said Citicorp Center was the summation of the "unique architectural and urbanistic character that made Fifty-third Street at once an enclave within midtown and a microcosm of midtown itself".491 The urbanist and sociologist William H. Whyte spoke positively of the structure for its juxtaposition of design elements, such as the exterior plaza and sidewalk.492 The building was also praised by publications outside the New York City area.493 The Baltimore Sun described the building as being simultaneously sophisticated and simple-looking,494 while The Observer of London wrote that the building was a "unique contribution" to the skyline of Manhattan's East Side.495

Awards and use as icon

Upon Citicorp Center's completion, it received several architectural awards. In 1978, the City Club of New York gave the building a Bard Award, which recognized "excellence in architecture and urban design".496 The same year, the American Institute of Steel Construction gave its Architectural Award of Excellence to Citicorp for the building's design.497498 The American Institute of Architects (AIA) gave Citicorp an Honor Award in 1979,499500 and Hugh Stubbins and Associates received the AIA's R.S. Reynolds Memorial Award in 1981 for using aluminum in Citicorp Center's design.501502 The AIA's 2007 survey List of America's Favorite Architecture ranked the Citigroup Center among the top 150 buildings in the United States.503504

The sloped roof of the building has been used for branding purposes. For instance, it is included on the label of Chock full o'Nuts coffee.505 In addition, the top left corner of the first "M" in Manhattan Mini Storage's logo was sloped to resemble the Citigroup Center's roof.506

See also

  • Architecture portal
  • New York City portal

Notes

Citations

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Citigroup Center.

References

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  2. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 1. - Postal, Matthew A. (December 6, 2016). Citicorp Center (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2582.pdf ↩

  3. "601 Lexington Avenue, 10022". New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2020. https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/l/lot/1/1308/7501#15.9/40.758421/-73.967056 ↩

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  5. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 5. - Postal, Matthew A. (December 6, 2016). Citicorp Center (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2582.pdf ↩

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  9. Hellman 1974, p. 32. - Hellman, Peter (February 24, 1974). "How They Assembled the Most Expensive Block in New York's History". New York. Vol. 31. pp. 31–37. https://books.google.com/books?id=AKLMSS7yJCgC&pg=PA3 ↩

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  19. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2016, p. 11. - Postal, Matthew A. (December 6, 2016). Citicorp Center (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2582.pdf ↩

  20. Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 496. - Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1995). New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial. New York: Monacelli Press. pp. 490–496. ISBN 1-885254-02-4. OCLC 32159240. OL 1130718M. https://archive.org/details/newyork1960archi0000ster ↩

  21. The northwest, northeast, and southwest corners of the block correspond respectively to the corners of Lexington Avenue and 54th Street; Third Avenue and 54th Street; and Lexington Avenue and 53rd Street.[5] ↩

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  24. Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 496. - Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1995). New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial. New York: Monacelli Press. pp. 490–496. ISBN 1-885254-02-4. OCLC 32159240. OL 1130718M. https://archive.org/details/newyork1960archi0000ster ↩

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