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Christchurch mosque shootings
2019 terrorist attacks in Christchurch, New Zealand

On 15 March 2019, two consecutive mass shootings occurred in Christchurch, New Zealand, targeting the Al Noor Mosque and the Linwood Islamic Centre during Friday prayer, resulting in 51 deaths and numerous injuries. The attacker, Brenton Tarrant, who live-streamed the first shooting on Facebook, was motivated by white nationalism and white supremacist beliefs, citing terrorists like Anders Behring Breivik. Arrested near Ashburton, he pled guilty to multiple charges and received New Zealand’s first life imprisonment without parole. The attack prompted global condemnation, government action including a royal commission, and inspired the UN’s International Day to Combat Islamophobia.

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Background

Locations

The gunman first attacked the Al Noor Mosque, the first mosque in the South Island, opened in June 1985.2324 It is located on Deans Avenue in the suburb of Riccarton.

The Linwood Islamic Centre was attacked shortly after the Al Noor Mosque. It opened in early 2018.25 It is located on Linwood Avenue in the suburb of Linwood.

Perpetrator

Brenton Harrison Tarrant (born 27 October 1990),2627 a white Australian man, was 28 years old at the time of the shootings.2829 He grew up in Grafton, New South Wales, where he attended Grafton High School.3031 After his arrest, Tarrant told investigators that he frequented right-wing discussion boards on 4chan and 8chan and also found YouTube to be "a significant source of information and inspiration."32

From 2012 onward, he visited several countries, alone except to North Korea.33 He donated money to far-right groups in Europe in 2018.34 Tarrant arrived in New Zealand in August 2017 and lived in Andersons Bay in Dunedin until the shootings.353637 He was a member of a South Otago gun club, where he practised shooting at its range.3839

Preparation

Tarrant started planning an attack about two years prior to the shootings, and chose his targets three months in advance.40 Some survivors at the Al Noor Mosque believed they had seen Tarrant there on several Fridays before the attack, pretending to pray and asking about the mosque's schedules.41 The Royal Commission report found no evidence of this,42 and police instead believe that Tarrant had viewed an online tour of Al Noor as part of his planning.43

On 8 January 2019, Tarrant used a drone operated from a nearby park to investigate the mosque's grounds.44 Additionally, he used the Internet to find detailed mosque plans, interior pictures, and prayer schedules to figure out when mosques would be at their busiest levels.45 On the same day, he had driven past the Linwood Islamic Centre.46

Weaponry

Police recovered six guns: two AR-15 style rifles (one manufactured by Windham Weaponry and the other by Ruger), two 12-gauge shotguns (a semi automatic Mossberg 930 and a pump-action Ranger 870), and two other rifles (a .357 Magnum Uberti lever-action rifle, and a .223-calibre Mossberg Predator bolt-action rifle). Tarrant was granted a firearms licence with an "A" endorsement in November 2017,4748 and purchased weapons between December 2017 and March 2019, along with more than 7,000 rounds of ammunition.49 He used four 30-round magazines, five 40-round magazines, and one 60-round magazine in the shootings.50 Additionally, he illegally replaced the semi-automatic rifles' small magazines with the higher capacity magazines purchased online, against the conditions of Tarrant's gun licence.515253

The guns and magazines used were covered in white writing naming historical events, people, and motifs related to historical conflicts, wars, and battles between Muslims and European Christians;54555657 as well as the names of recent Islamic terrorist attack victims and the names of far-right attackers.5859 The markings white supremacist slogans such as the anti-Muslim phrase "Remove Kebab" and the number "14", a reference to Fourteen Words.606162

His armoured vest had at least seven loaded .223/556 magazines in the front pockets.63 He also wore an airsoft helmet, which held the head-mounted GoPro he used for his live stream.6465 Police also found four incendiary devices in Tarrant's car; they were defused by the New Zealand Defence Force.6667 He said, on the livestream, that he had planned to set the mosque on fire.68

Manifesto

Tarrant wrote a 74-page manifesto titled The Great Replacement, a reference to the "Great Replacement" and "white genocide" conspiracy theories.6970 Minutes before the attacks began, the manifesto was emailed to more than 30 recipients, including the prime minister's office and several media outlets,71 and links were shared on Twitter and 8chan.7273 Seven minutes after Tarrant sent the email containing the manifesto to parliament, it was forwarded to the parliament security team, who instantly called the police communication centre at 1:40 p.m., around the same time the first 111 calls were made from the Al Noor Mosque.74

In the manifesto, several anti-immigrant sentiments are expressed, including hate speech against migrants, white supremacist rhetoric, and calls for all non-European immigrants in Europe whom he claimed to be "invading his land" to be removed.75 The manifesto displays neo-Nazi symbols though he denies being a Nazi,76 describing himself instead as an "ethno-nationalist",777879 and an "eco-fascist".80

The manifesto was described by some media outlets as "shitposting"—trolling designed to engender conflict between certain groups and people.81 Readers of the manifesto described it as containing deliberately provocative and absurd statements, such as sarcastically claiming to have been turned into a killer by playing violent video games.82 On 23 March 2019, the manifesto was deemed "objectionable" by the Chief Censor of New Zealand, making it unlawful to possess or distribute it in New Zealand.83 Exemptions to the ban were available for journalists, researchers, and academics.84 In August 2019, The New Zealand Herald reported that printed copies of the manifesto were being sold online outside New Zealand, something New Zealand law could not prevent.85

Events

Al Noor Mosque

At 1:32 p.m., Tarrant started his live-stream that would last for 17 minutes on Facebook Live, starting with the drive to the Al Noor mosque and ending as he drove away.8687 Just before the shooting, he played several songs, including "Serbia Strong", a Serb nationalist and anti-Muslim song; and "The British Grenadiers", a traditional British military marching song.888990

At 1:39 p.m., Tarrant parked his vehicle in the driveway next to the Al Noor Mosque. He then armed himself with the Mossberg 930 and Windham Weaponry AR-15 rifle before walking towards the mosque.919293

At 1:40 p.m., as Tarrant approached the mosque, a worshipper greeted him with "Hello, brother!". Tarrant fired his shotgun nine times towards the front entrance, killing four worshippers. He then threw the shotgun to the ground and opened fire on people inside with the AR-15–style rifle, killing two other men down a hallway near the entrance and dozens more inside a prayer hall; a strobe light attached to the same AR-15 rifle disoriented victims.949596 Another worshipper, Naeem Rashid, charged at Tarrant and knocked him down, dislodging a magazine from his vest in the process, Tarrant quickly got back up and proceeded to shoot Rashid several times, murdering him.979899 Rashid was posthumously awarded the Nishan-e-Shujaat and the New Zealand Cross, the highest awards of bravery in Pakistan and New Zealand, respectively.100101

Tarrant fired at worshippers in the prayer hall from close range. He then went outside, where he killed a man, discarded his Windham WW-15 and retrieved a Ruger AR-556 AR-15 from his car. He went to the mosque's southern gate and killed two people in the car park sheltering behind vehicles and wounded another. He reentered the mosque and shot already-wounded people, then again went outside, where he killed a woman lying injured from previous gunfire.102103104105 Thereupon Tarrant drove over the deceased woman, leaving six minutes after he arrived at the mosque.106107 He shot at fleeing worshippers and cars through the windscreen and closed window of his own car as he was driving towards the Linwood Islamic Centre.108109110

At 1:46 p.m., police arrived near the mosque just as Tarrant was leaving, but his car was hidden by a bus, and at the time, no description of the vehicle had been provided, or that he had left.111112 He drove eastwards on Bealey Avenue at up to 130 km/h (81 mph), weaving between lanes against oncoming traffic and driving onto a grass median strip.113 At 1:51 p.m., just after the livestream had ended due to a connection interruption, he aimed a shotgun at the driver of a vehicle on Avonside Drive and attempted to fire it twice, but it failed to fire on both occasions. The GoPro device attached to Tarrant's helmet continued recording until he was apprehended by police eight minutes later.114115

Linwood Islamic Centre

At 1:52 p.m., Tarrant arrived at the Linwood Islamic Centre,116 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of the Al Noor Mosque,117 where about 100 people were inside.118119 He parked his vehicle on the mosque's driveway, preventing other cars from entering or leaving.120 According to a witness, Tarrant was initially unable to find the mosque's main door, instead shooting people outside and through a window, killing four and alerting those inside.121122123

A worshipper named Abdul Aziz Wahabzada ran outside. As Tarrant was retrieving another gun from his car, Aziz threw a payment terminal at him. Tarrant fired back at Aziz, who picked up an empty shotgun that Tarrant had dropped. He took cover among nearby cars and attempted to draw Tarrant's attention by shouting, "I'm here!" Regardless, Tarrant entered the mosque, where he shot and killed three people. When Tarrant returned to his car, Aziz confronted him again. Tarrant removed a bayonet from his vest but then retreated into his car instead of attacking Aziz. Tarrant drove away at 1:55 p.m., with Aziz throwing the shotgun at his car.124125 Aziz was awarded the New Zealand Cross, New Zealand's highest award for bravery.126 In May 2023, he represented recipients of the Cross at the coronation of Charles III and Camilla.127 After a long period of being left vacant, the building was demolished in November 2023.128129

Tarrant's arrest

A silver 2005 Subaru Outback130 matching the description of Tarrant's vehicle was seen by a police unit, and a pursuit was initiated at 1:57 p.m. Two police officers rammed his car off the road with their vehicle, and Tarrant was arrested without resistance on Brougham Street in Sydenham at 1:59 p.m., 18 minutes after the first emergency call.131132133

Police response timeline134
TimeEvent
1:40 p.m.Tarrant enters the Al Noor Mosque.
1:41 p.m.First 111 call to Police is received.
1:42 p.m.Police report over the radio of shots fired at Al Noor Mosque.
1:46:00 p.m.Tarrant leaves Al Noor Mosque for Linwood Islamic centre.
1:46:58 p.m.Police arrive at the intersection of Deans Avenue and Riccarton Road.
1:51 p.m.Police arrive outside Al Noor Mosque.
1:52 p.m.Tarrant arrives at Linwood Islamic centre.
1:54:48 p.m.Police enter Al Noor Mosque.
1:55 p.m.Tarrant leaves Linwood Islamic centre.
1:56:25 p.m.Police car flagged down by a member of the public reporting shots firedat Linwood Islamic centre.
1:57 p.m.First 111 call to Police from the Linwood Islamic centre.
1:57:49 p.m.Police pursuit is initiated with Tarrant.
1:59 p.m.Pursuit ends with Tarrant being apprehended.
1:59:25 p.m.Police arrive at Linwood Islamic centre.

Tarrant later admitted that when he was arrested, he was on his way to attack a mosque in Ashburton, 90 km (56 mi) southwest of Christchurch.135 He also told the police that there were "nine more shooters", and that there were "like-minded" people in Dunedin, Invercargill, and Ashburton, but when interviewed later, he confirmed that he had acted alone.136

Arraignment

Tarrant appeared in the Christchurch District Court on 16 March, where he was charged with one count of murder.137 The judge ordered the courtroom closed to the public except for accredited media and allowed the accused to be filmed and photographed on the condition that Tarrant's face be pixelated.138 In court, Tarrant smiled at reporters and made an inverted OK gesture below his waist, said to be a "white power" sign.139

The case was transferred to the High Court, and Tarrant was remanded in custody as his lawyer did not seek bail.140 He was subsequently transferred to the country's only maximum-security unit at Auckland Prison.141 Tarrant lodged a formal complaint regarding his prison conditions, on the grounds that he had no access to newspapers, television, Internet, visitors, or phone calls.142 Corrections said Tarrant was being held in accordance with the law and Tarrant later dropped the complaint.143144 On 4 April 2019, police announced they had increased the total number of charges to 89, 50 for murder and 39 for attempted murder, with other charges still under consideration.145 At the next hearing on 5 April 2019, Tarrant was ordered by the judge to undergo a psychiatric assessment of his mental fitness to stand trial.146

On 20 May, a new charge of engaging in a terrorist act was laid against Tarrant under the Terrorism Suppression Act 2002. One murder charge and one attempted murder charge were also added, bringing the total to 51 and 40, respectively.147

Initial plea and pre-trial detention

On 14 June 2019, Tarrant appeared at the Christchurch High Court via audio-visual link from Auckland Prison. Through his lawyer, he pleaded not guilty to one count of engaging in a terrorist act, 51 counts of murder, and 40 counts of attempted murder. Mental health assessments had indicated no issues regarding his fitness to plead or stand trial. The trial was originally set to begin on 4 May 2020,148 but it was later pushed back to 2 June 2020 to avoid coinciding with the Islamic holy month of Ramadan.149

During his time in prison, Tarrant was able to send seven letters, one of which was subsequently posted on the Internet message boards 4chan and 8chan by a recipient. Minister of Corrections Kelvin Davis and the Department of Corrections were criticised for allowing the distribution of these letters.150 Prime Minister Ardern subsequently announced that the Government would explore amending the Corrections Act 2004 to further restrict what mail can be received and sent by prisoners.151152

Guilty plea and sentencing arrangements

On 26 March 2020, Tarrant appeared at the Christchurch High Court via audio-visual link from Auckland Prison. During the appearance, he pleaded guilty to all 92 charges. Due to the nationwide COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, the general public was barred from the hearing. Reporters and representatives for the Al Noor and Linwood mosques were present in the courtroom.153 According to media reports, Tarrant's lawyers had informed the courts that their client was considering changing his plea. On 25 March, Tarrant issued his lawyers with formal written instructions confirming that he wanted to change his pleas to guilty. In response, court authorities began making arrangements for the case to be called as soon as possible in the midst of the COVID-19 lockdown.154155 The judge convicted Tarrant on all charges and remanded him in custody to await sentencing.

On 10 July, the government announced that overseas-based victims of the shootings would receive border exemptions and financial help to fly to New Zealand for the sentencing.156 On 13 July, it was reported that Tarrant had dismissed his lawyers and would be representing himself during sentencing proceedings.157158

Sentencing

Main article: The Queen v Brenton Harrison Tarrant

English Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Queen v Brenton Harrison Tarrant: Sentencing remarks

Sentencing began on 24 August 2020 before Justice Cameron Mander at the Christchurch High Court,159 and it was televised.160 Tarrant did not oppose the sentence proposed and declined to address the court.161162 The Crown prosecutors demonstrated to the court how Tarrant had meticulously planned the two shootings and more attacks,163164 while numerous survivors and their relatives gave victim impact statements, which were covered by national and international media.165 Tarrant was then sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for each of the 51 murders,166 and life imprisonment for engaging in a terrorist act and 40 attempted murders.167 The sentence is New Zealand's first terrorism conviction.168169 It was also the first time that life imprisonment without parole, the maximum sentence available in New Zealand, had been imposed.170 Mander said Tarrant's crimes were "so wicked that even if you are detained until you die, it will not exhaust the requirements of punishment and denunciation."171172

Following the sentencing, Deputy Prime Minister Winston Peters called for Tarrant to serve his sentence in Australia to avoid New Zealand having to pay the costs for his life imprisonment. The cost of housing Tarrant in prison was estimated at NZ$4,930 per day,173 compared to an average cost of $338 per sentenced prisoner per day.174 Peters's remarks were also motivated by Australia's policy of deporting New Zealand citizens who had committed crimes or breached character requirements.175 Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said there was no legal basis for the proposal and that respecting the wishes of his victims and their relatives was paramount. Justice Minister Andrew Little said Parliament would need to pass a law to deport Tarrant to Australia. University of Otago law professor Andrew Geddis said it was "legally impossible" to deport Tarrant to Australia to serve his sentence. On 28 August, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison and Australian Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton advised that, while no formal request had been made by the New Zealand Government to repatriate Tarrant to Australia and for him to serve his life sentence in an Australian correctional facility, the Australian Government was open to considering a request.176

Imprisonment

On 14 April 2021, Tarrant appealed against his prison conditions and his designation as a "terrorist entity" at the Auckland High Court. According to media reports, he is being imprisoned at a special "prison within a prison" known as a "Prisoners of Extreme Risk Unit" with two other inmates. Eighteen guards have been rostered to guard Tarrant, who is being housed in his own wing.177178 On 24 April, Tarrant abandoned his appeal.179

In early November 2021, Tarrant's new lawyer Tony Ellis stated that his client intended to appeal against his sentence and conviction, claiming that his guilty plea had been obtained under duress and that his conditions while on remand breached the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. Mosque attack survivors have criticised Tarrant's appeal as a form of "grandstanding" and an attempt by the terrorist to "re-traumatise" the Muslim community.180181

In early November 2022, Tarrant appealed against his sentence and conviction at the Court of Appeal in Wellington. A Court of Appeal spokeswoman confirmed Tarrant's appeal and that no hearing date had been set.182183 Mosque shooting survivors including Imam Gamal Fouda, Temel Atacocugu, and Rahimi Ahmad described Tarrant's appeal as "re-traumatising," insensitive and attention-seeking.184

In early February 2024, Tarrant abandoned his judicial review against his prison conditions at the Auckland High Court. His lawyer Todd Simmonds asked Judge Venning to exclude journalists and members of the media from the proceedings, claiming that any publicity on the matter would cause "undue humiliation and embarrassment". Crown lawyer Austin Powell disagreed, arguing that the hearing was a matter of public interest. Judge Venning agreed with Powell and declined Simmonds' submission. After consulting with Tarrant, Simmonds informed the Court that Tarrant had abandoned his judicial review against his prison conditions.185

In mid November 2024, the Court of Appeal granted permanent name suppression to two lawyers representing Tarrant during his appeal, citing safety concerns for the lawyers and their families due to the high-profile nature of the case.186

Victims

Deaths by citizenship187
CitizenshipDeaths
 New Zealand27188
 Pakistan8
 India5
 Bangladesh3
 Fiji2
 Indonesia1
 Jordan1
 Malaysia1
 Mauritius1
 Palestine1
 Turkey1189
Total51

Fifty-one people died from the attacks, either at the scene or shortly afterwards: 44 at the Al Noor Mosque and seven at the Linwood Islamic Centre. All but four were male.190 Their ages ranged from three to 77 years old.191 Thirty-five others were injured at the Al Noor Mosque and five at Linwood.192 Forty-nine others were injured by other causes.193

Aftermath

Governmental response

Police advised mosques to close temporarily, and sent officers to secure and patrol various sites in Christchurch.194 All Air New Zealand Link services departing from Christchurch Airport were cancelled as a precaution, due to the absence of security screening at the regional terminal.195196 Security was increased at Parliament, and public tours of the buildings were cancelled.197 In Dunedin, the Police Armed Offenders Squad searched a house, later reported to have been rented by Tarrant,198199 and cordoned off part of the surrounding street in Andersons Bay because Tarrant had indicated on social media that he had originally planned to target the Al Huda Mosque in that city.200201

For the first time in New Zealand history, the terrorism threat level was raised to high.202 Prime Minister Ardern called the incident an "act of extreme and unprecedented violence" on "one of New Zealand's darkest days".203 She described it as a "well-planned" terrorist attack204 and said she would render the person accused of the attacks "nameless" while urging the public to speak the victims' names instead.205 Ardern directed that flags on public buildings be flown at half-mast.206

In May 2019, the NZ Transport Agency offered to replace any vehicle number plates with the prefix "GUN" on request for free.207

In mid-October 2019, Ardern awarded bravery awards to the two police officers who apprehended Tarrant, at the annual Police Association Conference in Wellington. Due to the legal proceedings against Tarrant at the time, the two officers had interim name suppression, but in December 2019, this was lifted.208

On 1 September 2020, Prime Minister Ardern designated Tarrant as a terrorist entity, thereby freezing his assets and making it a criminal offence for anyone to support him financially.209

Media response

For the three months following the shooting, almost 1,000 reports were published in major news outlets in New Zealand. Less than 10% of news reports published by major media outlets mentioned Tarrant's name. Susanna Every-Palmer, an academic psychiatrist, suggested that the media made a moral choice to deny Tarrant exposure and not sensationalise his views, deviating from how similar events internationally were covered in the media. The court required the media to pixelate Tarrant's face when covering the legal proceedings, thus, within New Zealand, he remained largely faceless and nameless. Instead, media coverage focused largely on the victims and their families.210211

In contrast, the media response in Australia was different, focusing on the extreme violence of the attack, as well as the attacker and his manifesto. For example, The Australian published an audio excerpt containing cries for help, and The Herald Sun wrote dramatic descriptions of victims being shot and used poetic devices to create more vivid imagery. Coverage of the victims was largely focused on physical horrors such as bloodshed, injuries, and graves being dug.212

Other responses in New Zealand

Within an hour of the attack, all schools in the city were placed in "lockdown".213214 A ministry report launched after the attacks said schools' handling of the events were varied: some schoolchildren in lockdown still had their mobile phones, and some were able to view the footage of the first attack online, while some schools had children "commando crawl" to the bathroom under teacher supervision.215216 Student climate strikers at the global School strike for the climate rally in Cathedral Square, near the sites of the attacks, were advised by police either to seek refuge in public buildings or go home.217218 The citywide lockdown lasted nearly three hours.219

In response to security concerns, the University of Otago postponed its sesquicentennial street parade which had been scheduled for 16 March.220221

The third test cricket match between New Zealand and Bangladesh, scheduled to commence at Hagley Oval in Hagley Park on 16 March, was likewise cancelled due to security concerns.222 The Bangladesh team were planning to attend Friday prayer at the Al Noor Mosque and were moments from entering the building when the incident began.223224 The players then fled on foot to Hagley Oval.225 Two days later, Canterbury withdrew from their match against Wellington in the Plunket Shield cricket tournament.226 Likewise, the Super Rugby match between the Crusaders, based in Christchurch, and Highlanders, based in Dunedin, due to be played the next day, was cancelled as "a mark of respect for the events".227 After the attacks, there were renewed calls to rename the Crusaders team, since its name derives from the medieval Crusades against Muslims.228229

Some pre-arranged music and entertainment events were cancelled in the shooting's wake.230231

Mosques around the World became the focus of vigils, messages, and floral tributes.232 The mayor of Christchurch, Lianne Dalziel, encouraged people to lay flowers outside the city's Botanic Gardens.233 As a mark of sympathy and solidarity, school pupils and other groups performed haka and waiata to honour those killed in the attacks.234235 Street gangs including the Mongrel Mob, Black Power, and the King Cobras sent members to mosques around the country to help protect them during prayer time.236

One week after the attacks, an open-air Friday prayer service was held in Hagley Park. Broadcast nationally on radio and television, it was attended by 20,000 people, including Ardern,237 who said, "New Zealand mourns with you. We are one." The imam of the Al Noor Mosque thanked New Zealanders for their support and added, "We are broken-hearted but we are not broken."238 A national remembrance service was held on 29 March, a fortnight after the attacks.239

Operation Whakahaumanu

Shortly after the attack, New Zealand Police launched Operation Whakahaumanu. The operation was designed to reassure New Zealanders after the attack and to also investigate possible threats who shared a similar ideology to the gunman. Police increased visibility in streets and visited many schools, businesses, and religious places as part of the operation. In Canterbury alone, there were almost 600 people of interest to police, where hundreds of properties were searched. On 14 July 2020, the Independent Police Conduct Authority deemed three of these searches to be unlawful.240

Fundraisers and philanthropy

An online fundraiser on the fundraising website "Givealittle" started to support victims and their families had, as of August 2020, raised over NZ$10,903,966.241242 Counting other fundraisers, a combined total of $8.4 million had been raised for the victims and their families (as of 20 March 2019).243 Prime Minister Ardern reiterated that those injured or killed in the shootings and their immediate families are covered by the country's accident-compensation scheme, ACC, which offers compensation for lost income and a $10,000 funeral grant, among other benefits.244245

In late June, it was reported that the Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh had raised more than NZ$967,500 (US$650,000) through its New Zealand Islamophobia Attack Fund for the victims of the Christchurch mosque shootings. This amount included $60,000 raised by Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation. These funds will be donated to the Christchurch Foundation, a registered charity which has been receiving money to support victims of the Christchurch shootings. This philanthropy was inspired by local Muslim support for the Pittsburgh Jewish community following the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting in late October 2018.246

Related arrests and incidents

New Zealand

Police arrested four people on 15 March in relation to the attacks,247248249 including a woman and a man, after finding a firearm in a vehicle in which they were travelling together.250 The woman was released uncharged, but the man was held in custody and was charged with a firearms offence.251 Additionally, a 30-year-old man said he was arrested when he arrived at Papanui High School to pick up his 13-year-old brother-in-law. He was in camouflage clothing, which he said he habitually wore.252253 He claimed to be seeking compensation for a wrongful arrest, but no formal complaint was filed. The actions were defended by police, who mentioned the threat level after the massacre and that they had to deal with reports possibly related to the attacks.254 He was later jailed for an unrelated incident.255256

On 4 March 2020, a 19-year-old Christchurch man was arrested for allegedly making a terror threat against the Al Noor Mosque on an encrypted social media platform Telegram.257 Media reports subsequently identified the man as Sam Brittenden, a member of the white supremacist group Action Zealandia.258259

On 4 March 2021, a 27-year-old man was charged with "threatening to kill" after making an online threat against both the Linwood Islamic Centre and the Al Noor Mosque on 4chan.260 The suspect was granted name suppression and remanded into custody until 19 March.261

Outside New Zealand

On 18 March 2019, the Australian Federal Police conducted raids on the homes of Tarrant's sister and mother near Coffs Harbour and Maclean in New South Wales. Police said the raids were carried out to assist New Zealand Police with their investigations into the shootings, adding that Tarrant's sister and mother were assisting the investigation.262263

On 19 March 2019, an Australian man who had posted on social media praising the shootings was indicted on one count of aggravated possession of a firearm without a licence and four counts of using or possessing a prohibited weapon. He was released on bail on the condition that he stay offline.264 The man pleaded guilty in Magistrates Court to four counts of possessing a prohibited weapon.265

A 24-year-old man from Oldham, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom, was arrested on 16 March for sending Facebook posts in support of the shootings.266267[needs update]

On 20 March, an employee of Transguard, a company based in the United Arab Emirates, was fired by his company and deported for making comments supporting the shootings.268

Thomas Bolin, a 22-year-old living in New York, sent Facebook messages praising the shootings and discussing a desire to carry out a similar act in the United States with his cousin. Bolin was later convicted of lying to the FBI for claiming he did not possess any firearms.269

Inspired incidents

Nine days after the attack, a mosque in Escondido, California, was set on fire. Police found graffiti on the mosque's driveway that referenced the shootings, leading them to investigate the fire as a terrorist attack.270271

According to Sri Lankan State Defence Minister Ruwan Wijewardene, an early inquiry indicated that the 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings on 21 April were retaliation for the Christchurch attack.272 Some analysts believe the attacks were planned before the Christchurch attack,273274 and any linkage was questioned by New Zealand's government—with Prime Minister Ardern saying she was not aware of any intelligence linking the two.275

A mass shooting later took place at a synagogue in Poway, California on 27 April 2019, killing a person and injuring three others. The neo-Nazi perpetrator of the shooting, John T. Earnest, also claimed responsibility for the fire and praised the Christchurch shootings in a manifesto. He and Tarrant were said to have been radicalised on 8chan's /pol/ discussion board. He also unsuccessfully attempted to live stream his shooting on Facebook.276277

On 3 August 2019, Patrick Crusius opened fire and killed 23 people and injured 22 others in a mass shooting at a Walmart in El Paso, Texas, targeting Mexicans. In a manifesto posted to 8chan's /pol/ board, the suspect expressed support for and inspiration from the Christchurch shootings. Additionally, the alleged shooter described himself as an "eco-fascist".278279280

On 10 August 2019, Philip Manshaus opened fire at a mosque in Bærum, Norway, and unsuccessfully attempted to live stream it on Facebook. He referred to Tarrant as a saint online and posted an image depicting Tarrant, Crusius, and Earnest as "heroes".281 The attack resulted in one injury. Manshaus was sentenced to 21 years for the attack and for killing his teenage stepsister, who was found dead shortly after the attack.282

On 27 January 2021, the Singaporean Internal Security Department reported it had arrested a 16-year-old Indian Protestant youth under the Internal Security Act for plotting to attack the Assyafaah and Yusof Ishak Mosques on the anniversary of the shootings. The youth had produced a manifesto that described Tarrant as a "saint" and praised the shootings as the "justifiable killing of Muslims". Unable to obtain firearms and explosives due to Singapore's strict gun control laws, the youth had instead purchased a machete and vest.283284

On 6 June 2021, Nathan Veltman drove a truck into a Pakistani Muslim family in Ontario, Canada, killing 4 and injuring another. After his arrest, he cited support for and inspiration from the Christchurch shootings.285286

On 14 May 2022, white supremacist shooter Payton Gendron killed ten people and injured three others at a Tops Friendly Markets grocery store in Buffalo, New York, targeting African-Americans. Eleven of the 13 victims shot were Black and two others were White. He livestreamed the attack on Twitch and published a manifesto stating that he was inspired by Tarrant and others including Crusius and Earnest respectively. In response, Acting Chief Censor Rupert Ablett-Hampson placed an interim ban on the circulation of Gendron's manifesto within New Zealand. In addition, the Department of Internal Affairs considered referring Gendron's livestream of the shooting to the Office of Film and Literature Classification.287

In Finland on 15 March 2024, the anniversary of the Christchurch mosque shooting, a non-commissioned officer in the Finnish army was arrested for allegedly planning a mass shooting that day at a university in Vaasa. She stated that the world needed "a mass culling" to put an end to "selfish individualism", "human degeneration", global warming and conspicuous consumption.288 The Finnish police described her as ecofascist and stated that she had read books by Friedrich Nietzsche, Pentti Linkola and Ted Kaczynski. She had additionally praised Pekka-Eric Auvinen in internet conversations and had visited the school where Auvinen perpetrated the mass shooting.289

On 4 March 2025, Western Australia Police arrested a 16-year-old boy in Eaton who allegedly made an online threat against the newly opened Sydney Islamic House mosque. The youth had published a comment under a post on the mosque's Instagram profile referencing the Christchurch mosque shootings, stating "about to christ church [sic] 2.0 this join[t]". The New South Wales Police's Liverpool City Police Area Command also commenced an investigation and confirmed there were no "ongoing threats to the community."290 Meta Platforms apologised after Instagram initially dismissed the complaint, attributing it to a technical error.291 The youth was charged with "creating a false impression about the existence of threats or danger." The teenager had also published posts with references to White supremacy and homophobia. He appeared in the Bunbury Children's Court where he accepted full responsibility and was referred to a diversionary programme for countering violent extremism.292

Reactions

World leaders

Queen Elizabeth II, New Zealand's head of state, said she was "deeply saddened" by the attacks.293 Other politicians and world leaders also condemned the attacks,294295 with some attributing them to rising Islamophobia.296297

The prime minister of Pakistan, Imran Khan, announced that the Pakistani emigrant who charged at Tarrant and died, would be posthumously honoured with a national award for his courage.298

The president of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, showed footage taken by Tarrant to his supporters at campaign rallies for upcoming local elections.299300 The New Zealand and Australian governments,301 as well as Turkey's main opposition party, criticised his actions.302

U.S. president Donald Trump condemned the "horrible massacre".303 When asked after the attacks if he thought white nationalists were a growing threat around the world, Trump replied, "I don't really. I think it's a small group of people that have very, very serious problems. It's certainly a terrible thing."304

Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad expressed deep regret over the terrorist attack. He said he hoped the New Zealand government would bring the perpetrators to justice.305

Far-right

Two New Zealand-based anti-immigration groups, the Dominion Movement and the New Zealand National Front, condemned the attacks, distanced themselves from the perpetrator, and shut their websites down.306 Some in the broader far-right culture celebrated the attacks and "sanctified" Tarrant as a central figure.307 Tarrant's manifesto was translated and distributed in more than a dozen different languages308 with a number of supporters on 8chan making photo and video edits of the shooting.309310 Some extremists were inspired by Tarrant, committing violent incidents and deadly attacks of their own, such as those in Poway, El Paso, and Bærum.311 The United Kingdom's domestic intelligence service, MI5, launched an inquiry into Tarrant's possible links to the British far-right.312 The Ukrainian Sich Battalion has urged its members to buy a copy of Tarrant's manifesto, encouraging them to "get inspired" by it.313

Islamic groups

Ahmed Bhamji, chair of the largest mosque in New Zealand,314 spoke at a rally on 23 March in front of one thousand people.315316 He claimed that Mossad, the Israeli foreign intelligence agency, was behind the attack. The claim has been widely described as an unfounded, antisemitic conspiracy theory. The chairman of the Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand said that Bhamji's statement did not represent other New Zealand Muslims, but Bhamji defended his statements.317318319

The attack was also condemned by the Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain, Harun Khan, describing it as "the most deadly Islamophobic terrorist attack" observed recently.320 The Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) called on Donald Trump, then U.S. president, to condemn the shootings. Speaking to reporters in Washington, D.C. Nihad Award, executive director of CAIR said: "You should condemn this, not only as a hate crime but as a white supremacist terrorist attack."321

People and countries mentioned by Tarrant

Just before carrying out the attacks, Tarrant asked his audience to subscribe to YouTuber PewDiePie's channel in light of his then-ongoing rivalry with Indian channel T-Series.322 PewDiePie, real name Felix Kjellberg, has been accused of using far-right content in his videos.323324 Kjellberg tweeted his condolences in reaction, saying he "felt absolutely sickened" to be mentioned by Tarrant.325 Kjellberg later called for the "subscribe to PewDiePie" movement to be discontinued, citing the attacks; "to have my name associated with something so unspeakably vile has affected me in more ways than I've let show."326

During the attacks, Tarrant played the song "Fire" by The Crazy World of Arthur Brown.327 In a Facebook post, singer Arthur Brown expressed "horror and sadness" at the use of his song during the attacks, and cancelled a planned instore appearance at Waterloo Records shortly after the shootings out of respect for the victims.328

In China, internet users expressed outrage and anger at the shooter praising their country's government.329

Livestream

The first shooting, starting from the drive to the Al Noor Mosque and ending on the way to the Linwood Islamic Centre was live-streamed on Facebook Live using Tarrant's head-mounted GoPro camera.330331332 The link to the Facebook livestream was first posted on 8chan's /pol/ board, alongside links to the manifesto.333334335

The post included the following,336

Well lads, it's time to stop shitposting and time to make a real life effort post. I will carry out and [sic] attack against the invaders, and will even livestream the attack via Facebook.

Fewer than 200 people watched the 17-minute livestream live, and none of them made a complaint to Facebook or notified the police.337338 The livestream's perspective mirrored that of a first-person shooter video game,339 as well as being the first successfully live-streamed far-right terror attack.340

Video distribution

Copies of the live-streamed video were reposted on many platforms and file-sharing websites, including Facebook,341 LiveLeak, and YouTube.342 Police, Muslim advocacy groups, and government agencies urged anyone who found the footage to take it down or report it.343 The New Zealand Office of Film and Literature Classification quickly classified the video as "objectionable", making it a criminal offence in the country to distribute, copy, or exhibit the video, with potential penalties of up to 14 years' imprisonment for an individual, or up to $100,000 in fines for a corporation.344

Stuart Bender of Curtin University in Perth noted that the use of live video as an integral part of the attacks "makes [them] a form of 'performance crime' where the act of video recording and/or streaming the violence by the perpetrator is a central component of the violence itself, rather than being incidental."345

Arrests and prosecutions

At least eight people in New Zealand have been arrested for possessing or sharing the video or manifesto; most of their names have been suppressed either to prevent threats against them or in support of freedom of expression online.346 The first was an 18-year-old man who was arrested and charged with inciting racial disharmony under the Human Rights Act on the same day as the shooting.347348 Early news media reports identified him as an accomplice to the shooting,349 but the police have denied this.350

On 20 March 2019, Philip Arps was indicted for sharing the video under the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993, he subsequently pleaded guilty to the charges. In June 2019, he was sentenced to 21 months' imprisonment and was released in January 2020, under the condition of him wearing a GPS electronic monitor.351 Arps had also expressed neo-Nazi views and sent letters advocating violence against New Zealand politicians.352353 On 26 February 2020, another Christchurch man was jailed for nearly two years for doctoring footage of the shootings upon Arps' request, two days after the attacks.354

Conspiracy theorist Richard Sivell faced trial for possession of the video on 30 October 2024. His first appearance on this matter was at Taupō District Court in August 2024, when he refused to enter a plea.355 In between these hearings, a separate case saw Sivell convicted of threatening to kill then–Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern in 2021-22.356

Media outlets

Several media organisations in Australia and tabloid-news websites in the UK broadcast parts of the video, up to the point Tarrant entered the building, despite pleas from the New Zealand Police not to show it.357358 Sky Television New Zealand temporarily stopped its syndication of Sky News Australia after that network showed the footage, and said it was working with Sky News Australia to prevent further displays of the video.359 At least three Internet service providers in New Zealand blocked access to 8chan and other sites related to the attacks;360 and they temporarily blocked other sites hosting the video such as 4chan, LiveLeak, and Mega until they comply with requests to take down copies of the video.361 The administrator of the online message board Kiwi Farms refused a New Zealand Police request for the data of users who made posts related to Tarrant and the attack.362363

Social media companies

Various social media sites—including Facebook, YouTube, Reddit, and Twitter—said they were working to remove the video from their platforms, and would also remove content posted in support of the attacks.364365 According to Facebook, no complaints were made about the video until 12 minutes after the live-stream ended;366 the original video from Tarrant himself had been viewed fewer than 200 times before Facebook was notified of its content, and it had been viewed only 4,000 times before it was removed, which happened within minutes of notification. Facebook created a digital hash fingerprint to detect further uploads after the video had been propagated on other sites.367 The company said it had blocked 1.5 million uploads of the video.368369 Reddit banned "subreddits" named "WatchPeopleDie" and "Gore" for glorifying violence.370 Microsoft proposed the establishment of industry-wide standards that would flag such content quickly, and a joint project to manage and control the spread of such information via social media.371

Despite the networks' attempts to self-police, New Zealand officials and other world leaders have asked them to take responsibility for extremist content posted on their services.372 Australia introduced legislation that would fine content providers and potentially imprison their executives if they do not remove violent imagery of these types of attacks.373 The French Council of the Muslim Faith filed a lawsuit against Facebook and YouTube, accusing the companies of "broadcasting a message with violent content abetting terrorism, or of a nature likely to seriously violate human dignity and liable to be seen by a minor". Facebook has contested the lawsuit, saying, "Acts of terror and hate speech have no place on Facebook, and our thoughts are with the families of the victims and the entire community affected by this tragedy. We have taken many steps to remove this video from our platform, we are cooperating with the authorities".374

On 15 May 2019, Ardern and French President Emmanuel Macron co-hosted the Christchurch Call summit in Paris,375376 which called for major technology companies to step up their efforts to combat violent extremism.377 The initiative had 53 state signatories and signatories representing eight large tech companies.378379

Legacy

Gun laws

For broader coverage of this topic, see Gun law in New Zealand.

Gun laws in New Zealand came under scrutiny in the aftermath, specifically the legality of military-style semi-automatic rifles.380 In 2018, it was reported that of the estimated 1.5 million firearms in New Zealand, 15,000 were registered military style semi-automatic weapons as well as at least 50,000 unregistered A-Category semi-automatics.381 As Philip Alpers of GunPolicy.org noted, "New Zealand is almost alone with the United States in not registering 96 percent of its firearms ... one can assume that the ease of obtaining these firearms may have been a factor in his decision to commit the crime in Christchurch."382383 Cabinet considered creating a firearms register.384

On the day of the attack, Ardern announced that gun laws would change.385386 On 21 March, Ardern announced a ban on semi-automatic weapons. As an interim measure, the government reclassified some semi-automatic rifles and shotguns, requiring police approval to buy them.387 The Arms (Prohibited Firearms, Magazines, and Parts) Amendment Act 2019 was introduced in the House of Representatives on 1 April 2019 and passed its final reading on 10 April, and became law shortly afterwards.388389 All legally obtained semiautomatic and military-grade firearms and their relevant ammunition were able to be handed over to police in a buy-back scheme.390 The scheme was initiated in July 2019,391 and lasted six months.392 As at 21 December 2019, 33,619 hand-ins had been completed, 56,250 firearms had been collected, 2,717 firearms had been modified, and 194,245 parts had been collected.393[needs update] Police Minister Stuart Nash hailed the buy-back scheme as a success. In contrast, a spokeswoman for the Council of Licensed Firearms Owners, said the buyback had been a failure, claiming that there were 170,000 prohibited guns in New Zealand, so "50,000 was not a number to boast about".394

Royal commission of inquiry

On 24 May 2019, the cabinet announced it would take the form of a Royal Commission of Inquiry, which was stated soon after and chaired by justice Sir William Young of the Supreme Court.395396 On 26 November 2020, the Royal Commission presented report to the government.397 and soon after made public. It made 44 recommendations, including the establishment of a new national intelligence agency specialising in counterterrorism strategies all of which the government agreed to implement.398399 The inquiry was criticised by some Islamic community groups, such as the Islamic Women's Council, for not going far enough in its criticisms of government and police organisations.400401 In August 2024, the government confirmed it would implement 36 of the 44 Royal Commission's recommendations.402

He Whenua Taurikura Research Centre

Following the recommendations of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the 2019 terrorist attack, the New Zealand Government set up a research centre, called He Whenua Taurikura, in Wellington to look into violent extremism. From 2022, the centre had been run through a trust and was known as the "Centre of Research Excellence for Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism".403 Funding for the trust was withdrawn in stages in 2024, a step criticised by the trustees and by other interested parties. Prior to the final funding cut announcement in 2024, critics of the centre had disparaged its research, claiming it "lacked researchers experienced enough in the field."404

Coroner's inquiry

In October 2023, the Coroner's inquiry into the Christchurch mosque shootings began.405 It was a coronial inquiry into the mosque shootings.406 It followed criminal proceedings and the start of a Royal Commission of Inquiry. The coronial report identified 12 issues to be examined at the hearing.407 It covered many aspects of the shootings and the response given.408409

Film

In May 2019, a proposed movie entitled Hello Brother, based on the shootings, was dropped410 It had been criticised for failing to consult the local Muslim community.411 In August 2021, the film was put on hold.412

In June 2021, funds for a film called They are Us began being sought. A spokesperson for the Prime Minister clarified that Ardern and the New Zealand government had no involvement with the film. It was also felt casting an Australian as Ardern was questionable; while this was not an emphasised issue it was seen as emblematic of the foreign, not local, desire to make the film.413 Several representatives of the New Zealand Muslim community also questioned the timing and appropriateness of the film.414 A draft script was then leaked in July 2021 and was criticised by politicians.415 Later that month the production had been put on hold until the producers had undertaken a full consultation with the country's Muslim community.416

Awards

On 6 July 2022, Governor-General Cindy Kiro awarded the New Zealand Cross to Linwood Mosque survivor Abdul Aziz and the late Naeem Rashid for confronting Tarrant. In addition, Kiro awarded the New Zealand Bravery Decoration to Senior Constables Scott Carmody and Jim Manning for apprehending the terrorist; and Liam Beale and Wayne Maley for helping survivors of the Al Noor mosque. In addition, Lance Bradford, Mike Robinson and Mark Miller (the latter posthumously) received the New Zealand Bravery Medal for helping victims of the mosque shootings.417

See also

Notes

Further reading

  • Ahmed, Farid (2021). Husna's Story: My Wife, the Christchurch Massacre & My Journey to Forgiveness. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1988547480.
  • Salama, Maysoon (2021). Aya and the Butterfly. Lift Education.
  • O'Connor, Tom (2021). Our Darkest Day: The terrorist attack on two mosques, Christchurch, New Zealand, March 15, 2019. Kirsten Wilson Publishing. ISBN 978-0473589295.

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