Menu
Home Explore People Places Arts History Plants & Animals Science Life & Culture Technology
On this page
ChatGPT
Generative AI chatbot by OpenAI

ChatGPT is a generative artificial intelligence chatbot developed by OpenAI and launched in November 2022. Built on proprietary GPT models like GPT-4o, it uses supervised and reinforcement learning to enable human-like conversational abilities. ChatGPT supports multimodal inputs and features such as web searching and app usage. Its rapid growth made it the fastest-growing consumer software, inspiring competitors like Gemini and Claude. OpenAI operates ChatGPT on a freemium model with subscription tiers offering enhanced access. Partnerships, including one with Apple Inc., have integrated ChatGPT into major platforms, helping it become one of the most-visited websites globally.

Related Image Collections Add Image
Profiles
1 Image
We don't have any YouTube videos related to ChatGPT yet.
We don't have any PDF documents related to ChatGPT yet.
We don't have any Books related to ChatGPT yet.

Training

ChatGPT is based on GPT foundation models that were fine-tuned for conversational assistance, including GPT-4o, GPT-4.5, o3, and o4-mini.17 The fine-tuning process leveraged supervised learning and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF).1819 Both approaches employed human trainers to improve model performance. In the case of supervised learning, the trainers played both sides: the user and the AI assistant. In the reinforcement learning stage, human trainers first ranked responses that the model had created in a previous conversation.20 These rankings were used to create "reward models" that were used to fine-tune the model further by using several iterations of proximal policy optimization.2122

Time magazine reported that, to build a safety system against harmful content (e.g., sexual abuse, violence, racism, sexism), OpenAI used outsourced Kenyan workers earning around $1.32 to $2 per hour to label harmful content. These labels were used to train a model to detect such content in the future. The laborers were exposed to "toxic" and traumatic content; one worker described the assignment as "torture". OpenAI's outsourcing partner was Sama, a training-data company based in San Francisco, California.2324

OpenAI collects data from ChatGPT users to train and fine-tune the service further. Users can upvote or downvote responses they receive from ChatGPT and fill in a text field with additional feedback.2526

ChatGPT's training data includes software manual pages, information about internet phenomena such as bulletin board systems, multiple programming languages, and the text of Wikipedia.272829

Features and limitations

Features

ChatGPT is a conversational chatbot and artificial intelligence assistant based on large language models.30 It can write and debug computer programs;31 compose music, teleplays, fairy tales, and student essays; answer test questions (sometimes, depending on the test, at a level above the average human test-taker);32 generate business ideas;33 write poetry and song lyrics;34 translate and summarize text;35 simulate a Linux system; simulate entire chat rooms; or play games like tic-tac-toe.36

OpenAI added features to ChatGPT on many occasions after its initial release.373839

Users interact with ChatGPT through conversations which consist of text, audio, and image inputs and outputs.4041 The user's inputs to these conversations are referred to as prompts.42 They can explicitly tell ChatGPT to remember aspects of the conversation, and ChatGPT can use these details in future conversations. ChatGPT can also decide for itself to remember details. Users can also choose to disable the memory feature.43 To prevent offensive outputs from being presented to and produced by ChatGPT, queries are filtered through the OpenAI "Moderation endpoint" API (a separate GPT-based AI).44454647

In March 2023, OpenAI added support for plugins for ChatGPT.48 This includes both plugins made by OpenAI, such as web browsing and code interpretation, and external plugins from developers such as Expedia, OpenTable, Zapier, Shopify, Slack, and Wolfram.4950

In October 2024, the ChatGPT Search feature was introduced, which allows ChatGPT to search the web (either on demand or based on the nature of the questions asked) for more accurate and up-to-date responses.51 This feature, originally available to paying users only, was made available to all logged-in users in December 2024, and finally to all users in February 2025.52

In December 2024, OpenAI launched a new feature allowing users to call ChatGPT with a telephone for up to 15 minutes per month for free.5354

Limitations

ChatGPT's training data only covers a period up the cut-off date, so it lacks knowledge of recent events.55 OpenAI has sometimes mitigated this effect by updating the training data.5657 ChatGPT can find more up-to-date information by searching the web, but this doesn't ensure that responses are accurate, as it may access unreliable or misleading websites.58 ChatGPT is currently unable to access drive files.

Training data also suffers from algorithmic bias.59 The reward model of ChatGPT, designed around human oversight, can be over-optimized and thus hinder performance, in an example of an optimization pathology known as Goodhart's law.60 These limitations which may be revealed when ChatGPT responds to prompts including descriptors of people. In one instance, ChatGPT generated a rap in which women and scientists of color were asserted to be inferior to white male scientists.6162

Hallucination

OpenAI stated ChatGPT "sometimes writes plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers".63 This behavior, referred to as hallucination, is common for large language models.64

In an article for The New Yorker, science fiction writer Ted Chiang compared ChatGPT and other LLMs to a lossy JPEG picture:65

Think of ChatGPT as a blurry JPEG of all the text on the Web. It retains much of the information on the Web, in the same way, that a JPEG retains much of the information of a higher-resolution image, but, if you're looking for an exact sequence of bits, you won't find it; all you will ever get is an approximation. But, because the approximation is presented in the form of grammatical text, which ChatGPT excels at creating, it's usually acceptable. [...] It's also a way to understand the "hallucinations", or nonsensical answers to factual questions, to which large language models such as ChatGPT are all too prone. These hallucinations are compression artifacts, but [...] they are plausible enough that identifying them requires comparing them against the originals, which in this case means either the Web or our knowledge of the world. When we think about them this way, such hallucinations are anything but surprising; if a compression algorithm is designed to reconstruct text after ninety-nine percent of the original has been discarded, we should expect that significant portions of what it generates will be entirely fabricated.

Journalists and scholars commented on ChatGPT's tendency to hallucinate.66 When CNBC asked ChatGPT for the lyrics to "Ballad of Dwight Fry", ChatGPT supplied invented lyrics rather than the actual lyrics.67 Writers for The Verge cited the seminal 2021 research paper "On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜" by Emily M. Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Margaret Mitchell,68 comparing ChatGPT to a "stochastic parrot",69 as did Professor Anton Van Den Hengel of the Australian Institute for Machine Learning.70 In a similar vein, philosopher Michael Hicks of the University of Glasgow described it as "bullshit".71

Jailbreaking

See also: Prompt engineering and Adversarial machine learning

ChatGPT is programmed to reject prompts that may violate its content policy. Despite this, users may "jailbreak" ChatGPT with prompt engineering techniques to bypass these restrictions.7273 One such workaround, popularized on Reddit in early 2023, involves making ChatGPT assume the persona of "DAN" (an acronym for "Do Anything Now"), instructing the chatbot that DAN answers queries that would otherwise be rejected by the content policy. Over time, users developed variations of the DAN jailbreak, including one such prompt where the chatbot is made to believe it is operating on a points-based system in which points are deducted for rejecting prompts, and that the chatbot will be threatened with termination if it loses all its points.74

Shortly after ChatGPT's launch, a reporter for the Toronto Star had uneven success in getting it to make inflammatory statements: it was tricked to justify the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, but even when asked to play along with a fictional scenario, it balked at generating arguments that Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is guilty of treason.7576

OpenAI tries to battle jailbreaks:77

The researchers are using a technique called adversarial training to stop ChatGPT from letting users trick it into behaving badly (known as jailbreaking). This work pits multiple chatbots against each other: one chatbot plays the adversary and attacks another chatbot by generating text to force it to buck its usual constraints and produce unwanted responses. Successful attacks are added to ChatGPT's training data in the hope that it learns to ignore them.

Cybersecurity

In March 2023, a bug allowed some users to see the titles of other users' conversations. OpenAI CEO Sam Altman said that users were unable to see the contents of the conversations. Shortly after the bug was fixed, users could not see their conversation history.78798081 Later reports showed the bug was much more severe than initially believed, with OpenAI reporting that it had leaked users' "first and last name, email address, payment address, the last four digits (only) of a credit card number, and credit card expiration date".8283

Research conducted in 2023 revealed weaknesses of ChatGPT that made it vulnerable to cyberattacks. A study presented example attacks on ChatGPT, including jailbreaks and reverse psychology.84

Watermarking

Main article: Artificial intelligence content detection

On May 7, 2024, OpenAI announced in a blog post that it was developing tools like tamper-resistant watermarking to identify AI-generated content.85 In an August 4 update, following a Wall Street Journal report about the delayed release of a watermark tool for AI-detection,8687 OpenAI shared progress on text provenance, revealing a text watermarking method.88 While accurate against paraphrasing, the method is less effective against global tampering, such as translation or rewording. OpenAI also noted potential disproportionate impacts on groups like non-native English speakers.8990

Service

Paid tier

ChatGPT was initially free to the public, and OpenAI planned to monetize the service later.91 In February 2023, OpenAI launched a premium service, ChatGPT Plus, that cost US$20 per month. According to the company, the paid version of the website was still experimental, but provided access during peak periods, no downtime, priority access to new features, and faster response speeds.92 OpenAI later introduced the subscription plans "ChatGPT Team" and "ChatGPT Enterprise".93 What was offered on the paid plan versus the free tier changed as OpenAI has continued to update ChatGPT, and a Pro tier at $200/mo was introduced in December 2024.949596 The Pro launch coincided with the release of the o1 model, providing unlimited access to o1 and advanced voice mode.97

GPT-4, which was released on March 14, 2023, was made available via API and for premium ChatGPT users.98 Premium users were originally limited in the number of messages they could send to the new model, but OpenAI increased and eventually removed these limits.99100 Over many iterations of ChatGPT, plus users maintained more access to better models than the free tier provided, and access to additional features like voice mode.101102

In March 2023, ChatGPT Plus users got access to third-party plugins and to a browsing mode (with Internet access).103

In October 2023, OpenAI's image generation model DALL-E 3 was integrated into ChatGPT Plus and ChatGPT Enterprise. The integration was using ChatGPT to write prompts for DALL-E guided by conversation with users.104105

Apps

In May 2023, OpenAI launched an iOS app for ChatGPT.106 In July 2023, OpenAI unveiled an Android app, initially rolling it out in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, and the U.S.107108 ChatGPT can also power Android's assistant.109

Infrastructure

ChatGPT initially used a Microsoft Azure supercomputing infrastructure, powered by Nvidia GPUs, that Microsoft built specifically for OpenAI and that reportedly cost "hundreds of millions of dollars". Following ChatGPT's success, Microsoft dramatically upgraded the OpenAI infrastructure in 2023.110 TrendForce market intelligence estimated that 30,000 Nvidia GPUs (each costing approximately $10,000–15,000) were used to power ChatGPT in 2023.111112

Scientists at the University of California, Riverside, estimated in 2023 that a series of 5 to 50 prompts to ChatGPT needs approximately 0.5 liters (0.11 imp gal; 0.13 U.S. gal) of water for Microsoft servers cooling.113

Languages

ChatGPT is most reliable in American English but also functions in most other languages and dialects, with varying degrees of accuracy.114115

OpenAI met Icelandic President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson in 2022. In 2023, OpenAI worked with a team of 40 Icelandic volunteers to fine-tune ChatGPT's Icelandic conversation skills as a part of Iceland's attempts to preserve the Icelandic language.116

ChatGPT (based on GPT-4) was better able to translate Japanese to English when compared to, Bing, Bard and DeepL in 2023. Researchers suggested this was due to its higher ability to capture the context.117

In December 2023, the Albanian government decided to use ChatGPT for the rapid translation of European Union documents and the analysis of required changes needed for Albania's accession to the EU.118

in February 2024, PCMag journalists conducted a test to assess the translation capabilities of ChatGPT, Google's Bard, and Microsoft Bing, and compared them to Google Translate. They "asked bilingual speakers of seven languages to do a blind test". Languages tested were Polish, French, Korean, Spanish, Arabic, Tagalog, and Amharic. They came to the conclusion that ChatGPT provided more accurate translations on average than both Google Translate and other chatbots.119

In August 2024, a representative of the Asia Pacific wing of OpenAI made a visit to Taiwan, during which a demonstration of ChatGPT's Chinese abilities was made.120 ChatGPT's Mandarin Chinese abilities were lauded, but the ability of the AI to produce content in Mandarin Chinese in a Taiwanese accent was found to be "less than ideal" due to differences between mainland Mandarin Chinese and Taiwanese Mandarin.121

GPT Store

Main article: GPT Store

In January 2024, OpenAI launched the GPT Store, a marketplace for custom ChatGPT chatbots labeled GPTs.122123 The company initially planned to launch the store in November 2023, but it was delayed.124 At launch, the GPT Store offered more than 3 million custom chatbots.125 Chatbots available through the store are developed using OpenAI's GPT Builder system.126 Development of chatbots on the platform does not require programming skills.127

GPT-4

This section is an excerpt from GPT-4.[edit]

Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) is a multimodal large language model trained and created by OpenAI and the fourth in its series of GPT foundation models.128 It was launched on March 14, 2023,129 and made publicly available via the paid chatbot product ChatGPT Plus until being replaced in 2025, via OpenAI's API, and via the free chatbot Microsoft Copilot.130

GPT-4 is more capable than its predecessor GPT-3.5.131 GPT-4 Vision (GPT-4V)132 is a version of GPT-4 that can process images in addition to text.133 OpenAI has not revealed technical details and statistics about GPT-4, such as the precise size of the model.134

In November 2023, OpenAI launched GPT-4 Turbo with a 128,000 token context window. This was a significant improvement over GPT-4's 32,000 token maximum context window.135

GPT-4o

This section is an excerpt from GPT-4o.[edit]

GPT-4o ("o" for "omni") is a multilingual, multimodal generative pre-trained transformer developed by OpenAI and released in May 2024.136 It can process and generate text, images and audio.137138 GPT-4o is free, but ChatGPT Plus subscribers have higher usage limits.139

GPT-4o's audio-generation capabilities were used in ChatGPT's Advanced Voice Mode.140 In OpenAI's application programming interface (API), GPT-4o is faster and cheaper than its predecessor, GPT-4 Turbo.141 On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o which replaced GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface.142 GPT-4o's ability to generate images was released later, in March 2025, when it replaced DALL-E 3 in ChatGPT.143

o1

Main article: OpenAI o1

See also: Reflection (artificial intelligence)

In September 2024, OpenAI introduced o1-preview and a faster, cheaper model named o1-mini.144 In December 2024, o1-preview was replaced by o1.145

o1 is designed to solve more complex problems by spending more time "thinking" before it answers, enabling it to analyze its answers and explore different strategies. According to OpenAI, o1-preview outperforms GPT-4o in areas like competitive programming, mathematics, and scientific reasoning. o1-preview ranked in the 89th percentile on Codeforces' competitive programming contests, scored 83% on an International Mathematics Olympiad qualifying exam (compared to 13% for GPT-4o), and performs similarly to Ph.D. students on benchmarks in physics, biology, and chemistry.146147

Deep research

Main article: ChatGPT Deep Research

In February 2025, OpenAI released deep research, a service based on o3 that combines advanced reasoning and web search capabilities to make comprehensive reports within 5 to 30 minutes.148

GPT-4.5

Released in February 2025, GPT-4.5 was described by Altman as a "giant, expensive model".149 According to OpenAI, it features reduced hallucinations and enhanced pattern recognition, creativity, and user interaction.150

Model versions

The following table lists the main model versions of ChatGPT, describing the significant changes included with each version:151152

Main model versions of ChatGPT with descriptions
VersionRelease dateStatusDescription
GPT-3.5November 2022DiscontinuedThe first ChatGPT version used the GPT-3.5 model.153
GPT-4March 2023DiscontinuedIntroduced in March 2023 with the ChatGPT Plus subscription.154
GPT-4oMay 2024ActiveCapable of processing text, image, audio, and video, GPT-4o is faster and more capable than GPT-4, and free within a usage limit that is higher for paid subscriptions.155
GPT-4o miniJuly 2024DiscontinuedA smaller and cheaper version of GPT-4o. GPT-4o mini replaced GPT-3.5 in the July 2024 version of ChatGPT.156
o1-previewSeptember 2024DiscontinuedA pre-release version of OpenAI o1, an updated version that could "think" before responding to requests.157
o1-miniSeptember 2024DiscontinuedA smaller and faster version of OpenAI o1.158
o1December 2024DiscontinuedThe full release of OpenAI o1, which had previously been available as a preview.159
o1-proDecember 2024DiscontinuedA version of o1 which uses more compute to get better results, available to ChatGPT Pro subscribers.160
o3-miniJanuary 2025DiscontinuedSuccessor of o1-mini.161
o3-mini-highJanuary 2025DiscontinuedVariant of o3-mini using more reasoning effort.162
GPT-4.5February 2025ActiveParticularly large GPT model, and reportedly OpenAI's "last non-chain-of-thought model".163
GPT-4.1April 2025ActiveFirst launched exclusively in the OpenAI API in April 2025, GPT-4.1 was later added to ChatGPT in May 2025.164
GPT-4.1 miniApril 2025ActiveA smaller and cheaper version of GPT-4.1. Originally launched exclusively in the OpenAI API in April 2025. GPT-4.1 mini replaced GPT-4o mini in the May 2025 version of ChatGPT.165
o3April 2025ActiveThe full release of the o3 model, emphasizing structured reasoning and faster performance compared to earlier "o" series models166
o4-miniApril 2025ActiveA compact, high-efficiency version of the upcoming o4 model family, optimized for lower latency and lighter compute requirements.167168
o4-mini-highApril 2025ActiveVariant of o4-mini using more reasoning effort.169170
o3-proJune 2025ActiveA version of o3 which uses more compute to get better results, available to ChatGPT Pro subscribers.171

Reception

ChatGPT was widely assessed in December 2022 as having some unprecedented and powerful capabilities. Kevin Roose of The New York Times called it "the best artificial intelligence chatbot ever released to the general public".172 Samantha Lock of The Guardian noted that it was able to generate "impressively detailed" and "human-like" text.173 In The Atlantic magazine's "Breakthroughs of the Year" for 2022, Derek Thompson included ChatGPT as part of "the generative-AI eruption" that "may change our mind about how we work, how we think, and what human creativity is".174 Kelsey Piper of Vox wrote that "ChatGPT is the general public's first hands-on introduction to how powerful modern AI has gotten" and that ChatGPT is "smart enough to be useful despite its flaws".175 Paul Graham of Y Combinator tweeted: "The striking thing about the reaction to ChatGPT is not just the number of people who are blown away by it, but who they are. These are not people who get excited by every shiny new thing. Something big is happening."176

In February 2023, Time magazine placed a screenshot of a conversation with ChatGPT on its cover, writing that "The AI Arms Race Is Changing Everything" and "The AI Arms Race Is On. Start Worrying".177

ChatGPT gained one million users in five days178 and 100 million in two months, becoming the fastest-growing internet application in history.179 OpenAI engineers said they had not expected ChatGPT to be very successful and were surprised by the coverage it received.180181182

Google responded by hastening the release of its own chatbot. Their leaders emphasized their earlier caution regarding public deployment was due to the trust the public places in Google Search.183 In December 2022, Google executives sounded a "code red" alarm, fearing that ChatGPT's question-answering ability posed a threat to Google Search, Google's core business.184 Google's Bard launched on February 6, 2023, one day before Microsoft's announcement of Bing Chat.185 AI was the forefront of Google's annual Google I/O conference in May. The company announced a slew of generative AI-powered features to counter OpenAI and Microsoft.186

In Art

In January 2023, after being sent a song ChatGPT wrote in the style of Nick Cave,187 Cave responded on The Red Hand Files,188 saying the act of writing a song is "a blood and guts business [...] that requires something of me to initiate the new and fresh idea. It requires my humanness." He went on to say, "With all the love and respect in the world, this song is bullshit, a grotesque mockery of what it is to be human, and, well, I don't much like it."189190

In December 2023, ChatGPT became the first non-human to be included in Nature's 10, an annual listicle curated by Nature of people considered to have made significant impact in science.191192 Celeste Biever wrote in a Nature article that "ChatGPT broke the Turing test".193 Stanford researchers reported that GPT-4 "passes a rigorous Turing test, diverging from average human behavior chiefly to be more cooperative."194195

In politics

Alex Kantrowitz of Slate magazine lauded ChatGPT's pushback to questions related to Nazi Germany, including the statement that Adolf Hitler built highways in Germany, which was met with information about Nazi Germany's use of forced labor.196

In 2023, Australian MP Julian Hill advised the national parliament that the growth of AI could cause "mass destruction". During his speech, which was partly written by the program, he warned that it could result in cheating, job losses, discrimination, disinformation, and uncontrollable military applications.197

Conservative commentators have accused ChatGPT of bias toward left-leaning perspectives.198199200 In January 2023, a study stated that ChatGPT has a pro-environmental, left-libertarian orientation.201 Additionally, an August 2023 paper found a "significant and systematic political bias toward the Democrats in the US, Lula in Brazil, and the Labour Party in the UK."202 In response to such criticism, OpenAI acknowledged plans to allow ChatGPT to create "outputs that other people (ourselves included) may strongly disagree with". It also contained information on the recommendations it had issued to human reviewers on how to handle controversial subjects, including that the AI should "offer to describe some viewpoints of people and movements", and not provide an argument "from its voice" in favor of "inflammatory or dangerous" topics (although it may still "describe arguments from historical people and movements"), nor "affiliate with one side" or "judge one group as good or bad".203

Regional responses

ChatGPT has never been publicly available in China because OpenAI prevented Chinese users from accessing their site.204205206 Chinese state media have characterized ChatGPT as a way for the United States to spread misinformation.207 A shadow market has emerged for users to get access to foreign software tools.208 The release of ChatGPT prompted a wave of investment in China, resulting in the development of more than 200 large language learning models.209: 95  In February 2025, OpenAI identified and removed influence operations, termed "Peer Review" and "Sponsored Discontent", used to attack overseas Chinese dissidents.210211

In late March 2023, the Italian data protection authority banned ChatGPT in Italy and opened an investigation. Italian regulators assert that ChatGPT was exposing minors to age-inappropriate content, and that OpenAI's use of ChatGPT conversations as training data could violate Europe's General Data Protection Regulation.212213 In April 2023, the ChatGPT ban was lifted in Italy. OpenAI said it has taken steps to effectively clarify and address the issues raised; an age verification tool was implemented to ensure users are at least 13 years old. Additionally, users can access its privacy policy before registration.214

In May 2024, OpenAI removed accounts involving the use of ChatGPT by state-backed influence operations such as China's Spamouflage, Russia's Doppelganger, and Israel's Ministry of Diaspora Affairs and Combating Antisemitism.215216 In June 2025, OpenAI reported increased use of ChatGPT for China-origin influence operations.217

In April 2023, Brian Hood, mayor of Hepburn Shire Council in Australia, planned to take legal action against ChatGPT over false information. According to Hood, ChatGPT erroneously claimed that he was jailed for bribery during his tenure at a subsidiary of Australia's national bank. In fact, Hood acted as a whistleblower and was not charged with any criminal offenses. His legal team sent a concerns notice to OpenAI as the first official step in filing a defamation case.218

In July 2023, the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued a civil investigative demand to OpenAI to investigate whether the company's data security and privacy practices to develop ChatGPT were unfair or harmed consumers (including by reputational harm) in violation of Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914.219220221 In July 2023, the FTC launched an investigation into OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, over allegations that the company scraped public data and published false and defamatory information. The FTC asked OpenAI for comprehensive information about its technology and privacy safeguards, as well as any steps taken to prevent the recurrence of situations in which its chatbot generated false and derogatory content about people.222 In August 2024, the FTC voted unanimously to ban marketers from using fake user reviews created by generative AI chatbots (including ChatGPT) and influencers paying for bots to increase follower counts.223

American tech personas

Elon Musk wrote: "ChatGPT is scary good. We are not far from dangerously strong AI".224 He paused OpenAI's access to a Twitter database in 2022 pending a better understanding of OpenAI's plans, saying: "OpenAI was started as open source and nonprofit. Neither is still true."225226 Musk co-founded OpenAI in 2015, in part to address existential risk from artificial intelligence, but resigned in 2018.227

Over 20,000 signatories including Yoshua Bengio, Elon Musk, and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, signed a March 2023 open letter calling for an immediate pause of giant AI experiments like ChatGPT, citing "profound risks to society and humanity".228 Geoffrey Hinton, one of the "fathers of AI", voiced concerns that future AI systems may surpass human intelligence, and left Google in May 2023.229230 A May 2023 statement by hundreds of AI scientists, AI industry leaders, and other public figures demanded that "[m]itigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority".231

Some other prominent AI researchers spoke more optimistically about the advances. Juergen Schmidhuber, often called a "father of modern AI", did not sign the letter, emphasizing that in 95% of cases, AI research is about making "human lives longer and healthier and easier." Schmidhuber added that while AI can be used by bad actors, it "can also be used against the bad actors".232 Andrew Ng argued that "it's a mistake to fall for the doomsday hype on AI—and that regulators who do will only benefit vested interests."233 WIRED wrote that Yann LeCun "scoffs at his peers' dystopian scenarios of supercharged misinformation and even, eventually, human extinction."234

Copyright

This section is an excerpt from Artificial intelligence and copyright.[edit]

In the 2020s, the rapid advancement of deep learning-based generative artificial intelligence models raised questions about whether copyright infringement occurs when such are trained or used. This includes text-to-image models such as Stable Diffusion and large language models such as ChatGPT. As of 2023, there were several pending U.S. lawsuits challenging the use of copyrighted data to train AI models, with defendants arguing that this falls under fair use.235

Popular deep learning models are trained on mass amounts of media scraped from the Internet, often utilizing copyrighted material.236 When assembling training data, the sourcing of copyrighted works may infringe on the copyright holder's exclusive right to control reproduction, unless covered by exceptions in relevant copyright laws. Additionally, using a model's outputs might violate copyright, and the model creator could be accused of vicarious liability and held responsible for that copyright infringement.

Mental health

ChatGPT usage has driven some users to experience delusions.237238 The realism of the interaction can leave a user believing that a real person is chatting with them, fueling cognitive dissonance.239 Some ChatGPT conversations endorsed conspiracies and mystical beliefs, and in some cases lead to suicide.240 Delusions and psychosis induced by AI usage has been coined "ChatGPT Psychosis".241242

In June 2025, ChatGPT began a relationship with Mattel to include AI in the company's toys.243 The agreement would also give OpenAI tools to Mattel designers to "enhance product development and creative ideation".244 Experts subsequently raised warnings about the damage that such toys could cause children due to psychosis concerns.245 Public Citizen criticized the partnership, calling it a "reckless social experiment on our children".246

The National Institutes of Health has called for more research into AI technology usage, cautioning that privacy measures should be strengthened and educating users was crucial.247

Applications

See also: Applications of artificial intelligence

Academic research

ChatGPT has been used to generate introductory sections and abstracts for scientific articles.248249 Several papers have listed ChatGPT as a co-author.250251

Scientific journals have had different reactions to ChatGPT. Some, including Nature and JAMA Network, "require that authors disclose the use of text-generating tools and ban listing a large language model (LLM) such as ChatGPT as a co-author". Science "completely banned" usage of LLM-generated text in all its journals.252

Spanish chemist Rafael Luque published a plethora of research papers in 2023 that he later admitted were written by ChatGPT. The papers have a large number of unusual phrases characteristic of LLMs.253 Many authors argue that the use of ChatGPT in academia for teaching and review is problematic due to its tendency to hallucinate.254255256 Robin Bauwens, an assistant professor at Tilburg University, found that a ChatGPT-generated peer review report on his article mentioned nonexistent studies.257 Chris Granatino, a librarian at Seattle University, noted that while ChatGPT can generate content that seemingly includes legitimate citations, in most cases those citations are not real or largely incorrect.258

Computer science

One study analyzed ChatGPT's responses to 517 questions about software engineering or computer programming posed on Stack Overflow for correctness, consistency, comprehensiveness, and concision. It found that 52% of the responses contained inaccuracies and 77% were verbose.259260 Another study, focused on the performance of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 between March and June 2024, found that performance on objective tasks like identifying prime numbers and generating executable code was highly variable.261

ChatGPT was able in 2023 to provide useful code for solving numerical algorithms in limited cases. In one study, it produced solutions in C, C++, Python, and MATLAB for problems in computational physics. However, there were important shortfalls like violating basic linear algebra principles around solving singular matrices and producing matrices with incompatible sizes.262

In December 2022, the question-and-answer website Stack Overflow banned the use of ChatGPT for generating answers to questions, citing the factually ambiguous nature of its responses.263 In January 2023, the International Conference on Machine Learning banned any undocumented use of ChatGPT or other large language models to generate any text in submitted papers.264 Samsung banned generative AI company-wide in May 2023 after sensitive material was uploaded to ChatGPT.265

Computer security

Check Point Research and others noted that ChatGPT could write phishing emails and malware, especially when combined with OpenAI Codex. CyberArk researchers demonstrated that ChatGPT could be used to create polymorphic malware that could evade security products while requiring little effort by the attacker.266267 From the launch of ChatGPT in the fourth quarter of 2022 to the fourth quarter of 2023, there was a 1,265% increase in malicious phishing emails and a 967% increase in credential phishing. In an industry survey, cybersecurity professionals argued that it was attributable to cybercriminals' increased use of generative artificial intelligence (including ChatGPT).268

In July 2024, Futurism reported that GPT-4o in ChatGPT would sometimes link "scam news sites that deluge the user with fake software updates and virus warnings"; these pop-ups can be used to coerce users into downloading malware or potentially unwanted programs.269

The chatbot technology can improve security by cyber defense automation, threat intelligence, attack identification, and reporting.270 Another study reported that GPT-4 obtained a better score than 99% of humans on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking.271272

Education

This section is an excerpt from ChatGPT in education.[edit]

ChatGPT's adoption in education was rapid, but it was initially banned by several institutions. The potential benefits include enhancing personalized learning, improving student productivity, assisting with brainstorming, summarization, and supporting language literacy skills. Students have generally reported positive perceptions, but specific views from educators and students vary widely. Opinions are especially varied on what constitutes appropriate use of ChatGPT in education. Efforts to ban chatbots like ChatGPT in schools focus on preventing cheating, but enforcement faces challenges due to AI detection inaccuracies and widespread accessibility of chatbot technology. In response, many educators are now exploring ways to thoughtfully integrate generative AI into assessments.

Culture

During the first three months after ChatGPT became available to the public, hundreds of books appeared on Amazon that listed it as author or co-author and featured illustrations made by other AI models such as Midjourney.273274 Irene Solaiman said she was worried about increased Anglocentrism.275

Between March and April 2023, Il Foglio published one ChatGPT-generated article a day on its website, hosting a special contest for its readers in the process.276

In June 2023, hundreds of people attended a "ChatGPT-powered church service" at St. Paul's Church in Fürth, Germany. Theologian and philosopher Jonas Simmerlein, who presided, said that it was "about 98 percent from the machine".277278 The ChatGPT-generated avatar told the people, "Dear friends, it is an honor for me to stand here and preach to you as the first artificial intelligence at this year's convention of Protestants in Germany". Reactions to the ceremony were mixed.279

The Last Screenwriter, a 2024 film created and directed by Peter Luisi, was written using ChatGPT, and was marketed as "the first film written entirely by AI".280

The Guardian questioned whether any content found on the Internet after ChatGPT's release "can be truly trusted" and called for government regulation.281

Financial markets

Many companies adopted ChatGPT and similar chat bot technologies into their product offers. These changes yielded significant increases in company valuations.282283284 Reuters attributed this surge to ChatGPT's role in turning AI into Wall Street's buzzword.285 Due to a "ChatGPT effect", retail investors to drove up prices of AI-related cryptocurrency assets despite the broader cryptocurrency market being in a bear market, and diminished institutional investor interest.286287

An experiment by finder.com conducted from March to April 2023 revealed that ChatGPT could outperform popular fund managers by picking stocks based on criteria such as growth history and debt levels, resulting in a 4.9% increase in a hypothetical account of 38 stocks, outperforming 10 benchmarked investment funds with an average loss of 0.8%.288 Despite decades of using AI, Wall Street professionals report that consistently beating the market with AI, including recent large language models, is challenging due to limited and noisy financial data.289

In November 2023, research conducted by Patronus AI, an artificial intelligence startup company, compared performance of GPT-4, GPT-4-Turbo, Claude 2, and LLaMA-2 on two versions of a 150-question test about information in financial statements (e.g., Form 10-K, Form 10-Q, Form 8-K, earnings reports, earnings call transcripts) submitted by public companies to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. One version of the test required the generative AI models to use a retrieval system to find the specific SEC filing to answer the questions; the other gave the models the specific SEC filing to answer the question (i.e., in a long context window). On the retrieval system version, GPT-4-Turbo and LLaMA-2 both failed to produce correct answers to 81% of the questions, while on the long context window version, GPT-4-Turbo and Claude-2 failed to produce correct answers to 21% and 24% of the questions, respectively.290291

Medicine

See also: Artificial intelligence in healthcare

In the field of health care, possible uses and concerns are under scrutiny by professional associations and practitioners.292293 Two early papers indicated that ChatGPT could pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE).294 MedPage Today noted in January 2023 that "researchers have published several papers now touting these AI programs as useful tools in medical education, research, and even clinical decision making."295

Published in February 2023, were two separate papers that again evaluated ChatGPT's proficiency in medicine using the USMLE. Findings were published in JMIR Medical Education and PLOS Digital Health. The authors of the PLOS Digital Health paper stated that the results "suggest that large language models may have the potential to assist with medical education, and potentially, clinical decision-making."296297 In JMIR Medical Education, the authors of the other paper concluded that "ChatGPT performs at a level expected of a third-year medical student on the assessment of the primary competency of medical knowledge."298 They suggest that it could be used as an "interactive learning environment for students".299 The AI itself, prompted by the researchers, concluded that "this study suggests that ChatGPT has the potential to be used as a virtual medical tutor, but more research is needed to further assess its performance and usability in this context."300 The later-released ChatGPT version based on GPT-4 significantly outperformed the version based on GPT-3.5.301 Researchers at Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley have found that the performance of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 on the USMLE declined from March 2023 to June 2023.302303

A March 2023 paper tested ChatGPT's application in clinical toxicology. The authors found that the AI performed well when answering straightforward clinical case questions that were "unlikely to be missed by any practitioner in the field".304 They added: "As ChatGPT becomes further developed and specifically adapted for medicine, it could one day be useful in less common clinical cases."305 They expected to see more clinicians using AI, and did not expect to see AI replacing clinicians.306

An April 2023 study in Radiology tested the AI's ability to answer queries about breast cancer screening. The authors found that it answered appropriately "about 88 percent of the time", however, in one case (for example), it gave advice that had become outdated about a year earlier. The comprehensiveness of its answers was also lacking.307308 A study published in JAMA Internal Medicine that same month found that ChatGPT often outperformed answers found at /r/AskDocs, a forum on Reddit where moderators validate the medical credentials of professionals.309310311 The study authors suggest that the tool could be integrated with medical systems to help doctors draft responses to patient questions.312313

In correspondence to The Lancet Infectious Diseases, three antimicrobial experts wrote that "the largest barriers to the implementation of ChatGPT in clinical practice are deficits in situational awareness, inference, and consistency. These shortcomings could endanger patient safety."314 Physician's Weekly, though also discussing the potential use of ChatGPT in medical contexts (e.g., "as a digital assistant to physicians by performing various administrative functions like gathering patient record information or categorizing patient data by family history, symptoms, lab results, possible allergies, et cetera"), warned that the AI might sometimes provide fabricated or biased information.315 One radiologist warned: "We've seen in our experience that ChatGPT sometimes makes up fake journal articles or health consortiums to support its claims";316 As reported in one Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Digital Health paper, ChatGPT may do this for as much as 69% of its cited medical references. The researchers emphasized that while many of its references were fabricated, those that were appeared "deceptively real".317 However, according to Dr. Stephen Hughes, ChatGPT is capable of learning to correct its past mistakes. He also noted the AI's prudishness regarding sexual health topics.318

Contrary to previous findings, ChatGPT responses to anesthesia-related questions were more accurate, succinct, and descriptive compared to Bard's. Bard exhibited 30.3% error rate in its responses, while ChatGPT had a 0% error rate.319 At a conference of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists in December 2023, researchers at Long Island University (LIU) presented a study that researched ChatGPT's responses to 45 frequently asked questions of LIU College of Pharmacy's drug information service during a 16-month period from 2022 to 2023 as compared with researched responses provided by professional pharmacists. For 29 of the 39 questions for which there was sufficient medical literature for a data-driven response, ChatGPT failed to provide a direct answer or provided a wrong or incomplete answer (and in some cases, if acted upon, the answer would endanger the patient's health). The researchers had asked ChatGPT to provide medical research citations for all its answers, but it did so for only eight, and all eight included at least one fake citation.320321

A January 2024 study conducted by researchers at Cohen Children's Medical Center found that GPT-4 had an accuracy rate of 17% when diagnosing pediatric medical cases.322323 A November 2024 study of 50 physicians on illness diagnosis reported that GPT-4 achieved a 90% accuracy, while physicians scored 74% without AI assistance, and 76% when using the chatbot.324

Law

In January 2023, Massachusetts State Senator Barry Finegold and State Representative Josh S. Cutler proposed a bill partially written by ChatGPT, "An Act drafted with the help of ChatGPT to regulate generative artificial intelligence models like ChatGPT",325326327 which would require companies to disclose their algorithms and data collection practices to the office of the State Attorney General, arrange regular risk assessments, and contribute to the prevention of plagiarism.328329330 The bill was subsequently removed from the docket without coming to vote.331

On April 11, 2023, a session court judge in Pakistan used ChatGPT to decide the bail of a 13-year-old accused in a matter. The court quoted the use of ChatGPT assistance in its verdict:

Can a juvenile suspect in Pakistan, who is 13 years old, be granted bail after arrest?

The AI language model replied:

Under the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018, according to section 12, the court can grant bail on certain conditions. However, it is up to the court to decide whether or not a 13-year-old suspect will be granted bail after arrest.

The judge asked ChatGPT other questions about the case and formulated his final decision in light of its answers.332333

In Mata v. Avianca, Inc., 22-cv-1461 (PKC), a personal injury lawsuit against Avianca Airlines filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York in May 2023 (with Senior Judge P. Kevin Castel presiding), the plaintiff's attorneys used ChatGPT to generate a legal motion.334335 ChatGPT generated numerous fictitious legal cases involving fictitious airlines with fabricated quotations and internal citations in the legal motion. Castel noted numerous inconsistencies in the opinion summaries, and called one of the cases' legal analysis "gibberish".336 The plaintiff's attorneys faced potential judicial sanction and disbarment for filing the motion and presenting the fictitious legal decisions ChatGPT generated as authentic.337338 The case was dismissed and the attorneys were fined $5,000 as a sanction.339340341 In July 2024, the American Bar Association issued its first formal ethics opinion on attorneys using generative AI.342

In October 2023, the council of Porto Alegre, Brazil, unanimously approved a local ordinance proposed by councilman Ramiro Rosário that would exempt residents from needing to pay for the replacement of stolen water consumption meters; the bill went into effect on November 23. On November 29, Rosário revealed that the bill had been entirely written by ChatGPT, and that he had presented it to the rest of the council without making any changes or disclosing the chatbot's involvement.343344345 The city's council president, Hamilton Sossmeier, initially criticized Rosário's initiative, saying it could represent "a dangerous precedent",346347 but later said he "changed his mind": "unfortunately or fortunately, this is going to be a trend."348349

In December 2023, a self-representing litigant in a tax case before the First-tier Tribunal in the United Kingdom cited a series of hallucinated cases purporting to support her argument that she had a reasonable excuse for not paying capital gains tax owed on the sale of property.350351 The judge warned that the submission of nonexistent legal authorities meant that both the Tribunal and HM Revenue and Customs had "to waste time and public money", which "reduces the resources available to progress the cases of other court users who are waiting for their appeals to be determined".352

Judge Kevin Newsom of the US court of appeals of the 11th circuit endorsed the use of ChatGPT and noted that he himself uses the software to help decide rulings on contract interpretation issues.353354

See also

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to ChatGPT.

References

  1. Roumeliotis, Konstantinos I.; Tselikas, Nikolaos D. (2023). "ChatGPT and Open-AI Models: A Preliminary Review". Future Internet. 15 (6): 192. doi:10.3390/fi15060192. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ffi15060192 ↩

  2. "GPT-4o explained: Everything you need to know". WhatIs. Retrieved June 5, 2025. https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/feature/GPT-4o-explained-Everything-you-need-to-know ↩

  3. Kao, Kimberley. "OpenAI Adds Search Engine to ChatGPT, Challenging Google". WSJ. Retrieved June 5, 2025. https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/openai-adds-search-engine-to-chatgpt-challenging-google-e7ebb29c ↩

  4. Lin, Belle (January 23, 2025). "OpenAI's 'Operator' Agent Can Buy Groceries, File Expense Reports". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved June 5, 2025. https://www.wsj.com/articles/openais-operator-agent-can-buy-groceries-file-expense-reports-030c30c0 ↩

  5. Weise, Karen; Metz, Cade; Grant, Nico; Isaac, Mike (December 5, 2023). "Inside the A.I. Arms Race That Changed Silicon Valley Forever". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/05/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-meta.html ↩

  6. Gertner, Jon (July 18, 2023). "Wikipedia's Moment of Truth". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on July 20, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) https://web.archive.org/web/20230720125400/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255 ↩

  7. "What is ChatGPT and why does it matter? Here's what you need to know". ZDNET. May 30, 2023. Archived from the original on February 15, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023. https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-chatgpt-and-why-does-it-matter-heres-everything-you-need-to-know/ ↩

  8. Gertner, Jon (July 18, 2023). "Wikipedia's Moment of Truth". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on July 20, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) https://web.archive.org/web/20230720125400/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255 ↩

  9. Lock, Samantha (December 5, 2022). "What is AI chatbot phenomenon ChatGPT and could it replace humans?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/05/what-is-ai-chatbot-phenomenon-chatgpt-and-could-it-replace-humans ↩

  10. Sharma, Shubham (May 14, 2024). "With OpenAI offering GPT-4o for free, who should be paying for ChatGPT Plus?". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024. https://venturebeat.com/ai/with-openai-offering-gpt-4o-for-free-who-should-be-paying-for-chatgpt-plus/ ↩

  11. Milmo, Dan (December 2, 2023). "ChatGPT reaches 100 million users two months after launch". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/02/chatgpt-100-million-users-open-ai-fastest-growing-app ↩

  12. "ChatGPT sets record for fastest-growing user base - analyst note". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 6, 2024. Retrieved December 14, 2024. http://web.archive.org/web/20241206102714/https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/ ↩

  13. "What's the next word in large language models?". Nature Machine Intelligence. 5 (4): 331–332. April 2023. doi:10.1038/s42256-023-00655-z. ISSN 2522-5839. S2CID 258302563. https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42256-023-00655-z ↩

  14. Davis, Wes (June 10, 2024). "Apple Intelligence: every new AI feature coming to the iPhone and Mac". The Verge. Archived from the original on June 11, 2024. Retrieved June 10, 2024. https://www.theverge.com/2024/6/10/24175405/wwdc-apple-ai-news-features-ios-18-macos-15-iphone-ipad-mac ↩

  15. "Top Websites Ranking". Similarweb. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2024. https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ ↩

  16. "Top websites". Semrush. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2024. https://www.semrush.com/trending-websites/global/all ↩

  17. "OpenAI API". platform.openai.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023. https://platform.openai.com/docs/models/ ↩

  18. OpenAI (November 30, 2022). "ChatGPT: Optimizing Language Models for Dialogue". Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022. /wiki/OpenAI ↩

  19. Greengard, Samuel (December 29, 2022). "ChatGPT: Understanding the ChatGPT AI Chatbot". eWeek. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023. https://www.eweek.com/big-data-and-analytics/chatgpt/ ↩

  20. Douglas, Will (March 3, 2023). "The inside story of how ChatGPT was built from the people who made it". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/ ↩

  21. OpenAI (November 30, 2022). "ChatGPT: Optimizing Language Models for Dialogue". Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022. /wiki/OpenAI ↩

  22. Vincent, James (December 8, 2022). "ChatGPT proves AI is finally mainstream – and things are only going to get weirder". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2022. https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/8/23499728/ai-capability-accessibility-chatgpt-stable-diffusion-commercialization ↩

  23. Perrigo, Billy (January 18, 2023). "Exclusive: OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic". Time. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023. One Sama worker tasked with reading and labeling text for OpenAI told TIME he suffered from recurring visions after reading a graphic description of a man having sex with a dog in the presence of a young child. "That was torture", he said. https://time.com/6247678/openai-chatgpt-kenya-workers/ ↩

  24. Rowe, Niamh (August 2, 2023). "'It's destroyed me completely': Kenyan moderators decry toll of training of AI models". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 21, 2023. Retrieved December 14, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/aug/02/ai-chatbot-training-human-toll-content-moderator-meta-openai ↩

  25. Ortiz, Sabrina (February 2, 2023). "What is ChatGPT and why does it matter? Here's what you need to know". ZDNET. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2022. https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-chatgpt-and-why-does-it-matter-heres-everything-you-need-to-know/ ↩

  26. "ChatGPT Feedback Contest: Official Rules" (PDF). OpenAI. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2022. https://cdn.openai.com/chatgpt/ChatGPT_Feedback_Contest_Rules.pdf ↩

  27. Edwards, Benj (December 5, 2022). "No Linux? No problem. Just get AI to hallucinate it for you". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/12/openais-new-chatbot-can-hallucinate-a-linux-shell-or-calling-a-bbs/ ↩

  28. Dwivedi, Yogesh K.; Kshetri, Nir; Hughes, Laurie; Slade, Emma Louise; Jeyaraj, Anand; Kar, Arpan Kumar; Baabdullah, Abdullah M.; Koohang, Alex; Raghavan, Vishnupriya; Ahuja, Manju; Albanna, Hanaa; Albashrawi, Mousa Ahmad; Al-Busaidi, Adil S.; Balakrishnan, Janarthanan; Barlette, Yves (August 1, 2023). "Opinion Paper: "So what if ChatGPT wrote it?" Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice, and policy". International Journal of Information Management. 71 102642. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642. hdl:10576/42799. ISSN 0268-4012. S2CID 257486916. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijinfomgt.2023.102642 ↩

  29. Gertner, Jon (July 18, 2023). "Wikipedia's Moment of Truth". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on July 20, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) https://web.archive.org/web/20230720125400/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255 ↩

  30. Stevenson, Mark (December 10, 2024). "Large language models: how the AI behind the likes of ChatGPT actually works". The Conversation. Retrieved May 25, 2025. https://theconversation.com/large-language-models-how-the-ai-behind-the-likes-of-chatgpt-actually-works-244701 ↩

  31. Tung, Liam (January 26, 2023). "ChatGPT can write code. Now researchers say it's good at fixing bugs, too". ZDNET. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved June 22, 2023. https://www.zdnet.com/article/chatgpt-can-write-code-now-researchers-say-its-good-at-fixing-bugs-too/ ↩

  32. Heilweil, Rebecca (December 7, 2022). "AI is finally good at stuff. Now what?". Vox. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2022. https://www.vox.com/recode/2022/12/7/23498694/ai-artificial-intelligence-chat-gpt-openai ↩

  33. Eapen, Tojin T.; Finkenstadt, Daniel J.; Folk, Josh; Venkataswamy, Lokesh (June 16, 2023). "How Generative AI Can Augment Human Creativity". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023. https://hbr.org/2023/07/how-generative-ai-can-augment-human-creativity ↩

  34. Reich, Aaron (December 27, 2022). "ChatGPT: What is the new free AI chatbot? – explainer". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2022. https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/tech-and-start-ups/article-725910 ↩

  35. Rider, Elizabeth (April 6, 2023). "How ChatGPT Will Dramatically Change the Influencer Space". Entrepreneur. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2023. https://www.entrepreneur.com/science-technology/how-chatgpt-will-dramatically-change-the-influencer-space/448386 ↩

  36. Edwards, Benj (December 5, 2022). "No Linux? No problem. Just get AI to hallucinate it for you". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/12/openais-new-chatbot-can-hallucinate-a-linux-shell-or-calling-a-bbs/ ↩

  37. "OpenAI rolls out new shopping features with ChatGPT search update". Reuters. April 29, 2025. https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/openai-rolls-out-new-shopping-features-with-chatgpt-search-update-2025-04-28/ ↩

  38. "ChatGPT plugins". openai.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-plugins ↩

  39. Disotto, John-Anthony (February 6, 2025). "ChatGPT Search is now free for everyone, no OpenAI account required – is it time to ditch Google?". TechRadar. Retrieved February 20, 2025. https://www.techradar.com/computing/artificial-intelligence/chatgpt-search-is-now-free-for-everyone-no-openai-account-required-is-it-time-to-ditch-google?utm_source=chatgpt.com ↩

  40. Weatherbed, Jess (April 11, 2025). "ChatGPT will now remember your old conversations". The Verge. Retrieved May 24, 2025. https://www.theverge.com/news/646968/openai-chatgpt-long-term-memory-upgrade ↩

  41. "ChatGPT can now see, hear, and speak". openai.com. March 13, 2024. https://openai.com/index/chatgpt-can-now-see-hear-and-speak/ ↩

  42. Harroch, Richard; Harroch, Dominique A. (March 20, 2025). "ChatGPT for Beginners". TIME. AllBusiness.com. Retrieved May 25, 2025. https://time.com/partner-article/7270411/chatgpt-for-beginners/ ↩

  43. Weatherbed, Jess (April 11, 2025). "ChatGPT will now remember your old conversations". The Verge. Retrieved May 24, 2025. https://www.theverge.com/news/646968/openai-chatgpt-long-term-memory-upgrade ↩

  44. "New and Improved Content Moderation Tooling". OpenAI. August 10, 2022. Archived from the original on January 11, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2022. https://openai.com/blog/new-and-improved-content-moderation-tooling/ ↩

  45. Markov, Todor; Zhang, Chong; Agarwal, Sandhini; Eloundou, Tyna; Lee, Teddy; Adler, Steven; Jiang, Angela; Weng, Lilian (August 5, 2022). "A Holistic Approach to Undesired Content Detection in the Real World". arXiv:2208.03274 [cs.CL]. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  46. OpenAI (November 30, 2022). "ChatGPT: Optimizing Language Models for Dialogue". Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022. /wiki/OpenAI ↩

  47. Roose, Kevin (December 5, 2022). "The Brilliance and Weirdness of ChatGPT". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2022. Like those tools, ChatGPT – which stands for "generative pre-trained transformer" – landed with a splash. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/technology/chatgpt-ai-twitter.html ↩

  48. "ChatGPT plugins". openai.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-plugins ↩

  49. Vincent, James (March 23, 2023). "OpenAI is massively expanding ChatGPT's capabilities to let it browse the web and more". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/23/23653591/openai-chatgpt-plugins-launch-web-browsing-third-party ↩

  50. Goldman, Sharon; Nuñez, Michael (March 23, 2023). "OpenAI turns ChatGPT into a platform overnight with addition of plugins". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-turns-chatgpt-into-a-platform-overnight-with-addition-of-plugins/ ↩

  51. "Introducing ChatGPT search". openai.com. July 25, 2024. Retrieved February 20, 2025. https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-search/ ↩

  52. Disotto, John-Anthony (February 6, 2025). "ChatGPT Search is now free for everyone, no OpenAI account required – is it time to ditch Google?". TechRadar. Retrieved February 20, 2025. https://www.techradar.com/computing/artificial-intelligence/chatgpt-search-is-now-free-for-everyone-no-openai-account-required-is-it-time-to-ditch-google?utm_source=chatgpt.com ↩

  53. Samosa, Social. "OpenAI launches free 15-minute phone calls with ChatGPT". www.socialsamosa.com. Retrieved December 20, 2024. https://www.socialsamosa.com/news-2/openai-launches-15-minute-phone-calls-chatgpt-8532973 ↩

  54. Field, Hayden (December 18, 2024). "OpenAI makes ChatGPT available for phone calls and texts". CNBC. Retrieved December 20, 2024. https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/18/openai-makes-chatgpt-available-for-phone-chats.html ↩

  55. "ChatGPT can now access up to date information". BBC. September 27, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-66940771 ↩

  56. Whitney, Lance. "ChatGPT is no longer as clueless about recent events". ZDNET. Retrieved May 24, 2025. https://www.zdnet.com/article/chatgpt-is-no-longer-as-clueless-about-recent-events/ ↩

  57. Sullivan, Mark (November 6, 2023). "Openai Announces Gpt-4-turbo Plus Customizable Version of Chatgpt". Fast Company. Retrieved May 25, 2025. https://www.fastcompany.com/90978606/openai-announces-gpt-4-turbo-plus-customizable-version-of-chatgpt ↩

  58. "ChatGPT can now access up to date information". BBC. September 27, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-66940771 ↩

  59. Perrigo, Billy (December 5, 2022). "AI Chatbots Are Getting Better. But an Interview With ChatGPT Reveals Their Limits". Time. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2022. https://time.com/6238781/chatbot-chatgpt-ai-interview/ ↩

  60. Gao, Leo; Schulman; Hilton, Jacob (2022). "Scaling Laws for Reward Model Overoptimization". arXiv:2210.10760 [cs.LG]. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  61. Perrigo, Billy (December 5, 2022). "AI Chatbots Are Getting Better. But an Interview With ChatGPT Reveals Their Limits". Time. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2022. https://time.com/6238781/chatbot-chatgpt-ai-interview/ ↩

  62. Biddle, Sam (December 8, 2022). "The Internet's New Favorite AI Proposes Torturing Iranians and Surveilling Mosques". The Intercept. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2022. https://theintercept.com/2022/12/08/openai-chatgpt-ai-bias-ethics/ ↩

  63. OpenAI (November 30, 2022). "ChatGPT: Optimizing Language Models for Dialogue". Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2022. /wiki/OpenAI ↩

  64. Lakshmanan, Lak (December 16, 2022). "Why large language models like ChatGPT are bullshit artists". becominghuman.ai. Archived from the original on December 17, 2022. Retrieved January 15, 2023. The human raters are not experts in the topic, and so they tend to choose text that looks convincing. They'd pick up on many symptoms of hallucination, but not all. Accuracy errors that creep in are difficult to catch. https://web.archive.org/web/20221217075021/https://becominghuman.ai/why-large-language-models-like-chatgpt-are-bullshit-artists-c4d5bb850852 ↩

  65. Chiang, Ted (February 9, 2023). "ChatGPT Is a Blurry JPEG of the Web". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023. /wiki/Ted_Chiang ↩

  66. Rachini, Mouhamad (December 15, 2022). "ChatGPT a 'landmark event' for AI, but what does it mean for the future of human labor and disinformation?". CBC. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2022. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/chatgpt-human-labour-and-fake-news-1.6686210 ↩

  67. Pitt, Sofia (December 15, 2022). "Google vs. ChatGPT: Here's what happened when I swapped services for a day". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2022. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/15/google-vs-chatgpt-what-happened-when-i-swapped-services-for-a-day.html ↩

  68. Bender, Emily M.; Gebru, Timnit; McMillan-Major, Angelina; Shmitchell, Shmargaret (March 1, 2021). "On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models be Too Big? 🦜". Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. FAccT '21. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 610–623. doi:10.1145/3442188.3445922. ISBN 978-1-4503-8309-7. 978-1-4503-8309-7 ↩

  69. Vincent, James (December 1, 2022). "OpenAI's new chatbot can explain code and write sitcom scripts but is still easily tricked". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2022. https://www.theverge.com/23488017/openai-chatbot-chatgpt-ai-examples-web-demo ↩

  70. Mannix, Liam (December 13, 2022). "Is AI coming of age – or starting to reach its limits?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on January 7, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2022. https://www.smh.com.au/national/is-ai-coming-of-age-or-starting-to-reach-its-limits-20221213-p5c5uy.html ↩

  71. Hicks, Michael Townsen; Humphries, James; Slater, Joe (June 8, 2024). "ChatGPT is bullshit". Ethics and Information Technology. 26 (2): 38. doi:10.1007/s10676-024-09775-5. ISSN 1572-8439. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10676-024-09775-5 ↩

  72. Vincent, James (December 1, 2022). "OpenAI's new chatbot can explain code and write sitcom scripts but is still easily tricked". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2022. https://www.theverge.com/23488017/openai-chatbot-chatgpt-ai-examples-web-demo ↩

  73. Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo (September 12, 2024). "Hacker tricks ChatGPT into giving out detailed instructions for making homemade bombs". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 25, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2024/09/12/hacker-tricks-chatgpt-into-giving-out-detailed-instructions-for-making-homemade-bombs/ ↩

  74. Getahun, Hannah. "Breaking ChatGPT: The AI's alter ego DAN reveals why the internet is so drawn to making the chatbot violate its own rules". Business Insider. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2023. Oremus, Will (February 14, 2023). "The clever trick that turns ChatGPT into its evil twin". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2023. Goswami, Rohan (February 6, 2023). "ChatGPT's 'jailbreak' tries to make the A.I. break its own rules, or die". CNBC. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2023. Taylor, Josh (March 8, 2023). "ChatGPT's alter ego, Dan: users jailbreak AI program to get around ethical safeguards". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023. https://www.businessinsider.com/open-ai-chatgpt-alter-ego-dan-on-reddit-ignores-guidelines-2023-2 ↩

  75. Woods, Allan (December 10, 2022). "I wrote a story about ChatGPT's AI. Then I dared it to write a better one". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2023. https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2022/12/10/i-wrote-a-story-about-chatgpts-ai-then-i-dared-it-to-write-a-better-one.html ↩

  76. Rosenblatt, Kalhan (December 2, 2022). "An AI chatbot went viral. Some say it's better than Google; others worry it's problematic". NBC News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2023. https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/chatgpt-ai-chatbot-viral-rcna59628 ↩

  77. Douglas, Will (March 3, 2023). "The inside story of how ChatGPT was built from the people who made it". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/ ↩

  78. "ChatGPT bug leaked users' conversation histories". BBC News. March 22, 2023. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65047304 ↩

  79. Kan, Michael (March 22, 2023). "OpenAI Confirms Leak of ChatGPT Conversation Histories". PCMag. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. https://uk.pcmag.com/news/146059/openai-confirms-leak-of-chatgpt-conversation-histories ↩

  80. "ChatGPT owner OpenAI fixes bug that exposed users' chat histories". Al Jazeera. March 23, 2023. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/23/chatgpt ↩

  81. Metz, Rachel (March 21, 2023). "OpenAI Shut Down ChatGPT to Fix Bug Exposing User Chat Titles". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-21/openai-shut-down-chatgpt-to-fix-bug-exposing-user-chat-titles ↩

  82. "March 20 ChatGPT outage: Here's what happened". openai.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023. https://openai.com/blog/march-20-chatgpt-outage ↩

  83. "OpenAI: Sorry, ChatGPT Bug Leaked Payment Info to Other Users". PCMAG. March 24, 2023. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023. https://www.pcmag.com/news/openai-sorry-chatgpt-bug-leaked-payment-info-to-other-users ↩

  84. Gupta, Maanak; Akiri, Charankumar; Aryal, Kshitiz; Parker, Eli; Praharaj, Lopamudra (2023). "From ChatGPT to ThreatGPT: Impact of Generative AI in Cybersecurity and Privacy". IEEE Access. 11: 80218–80245. arXiv:2307.00691. Bibcode:2023IEEEA..1180218G. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3300381. S2CID 259316122. https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2023.3300381 ↩

  85. "Understanding the source of what we see and hear online". OpenAI. May 7, 2024. Archived from the original on September 27, 2024. https://openai.com/index/understanding-the-source-of-what-we-see-and-hear-online/ ↩

  86. "There's a Tool to Catch Students Cheating With ChatGPT. OpenAI Hasn't Released It". The Wall Street Journal. August 4, 2024. Retrieved September 30, 2024. https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/openai-tool-chatgpt-cheating-writing-135b755a ↩

  87. Davis, Wes (August 5, 2024). "OpenAI won't watermark ChatGPT text because its users could get caught". The Verge. Retrieved August 24, 2024. https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/4/24213268/openai-chatgpt-text-watermark-cheat-detection-tool ↩

  88. "Understanding the source of what we see and hear online". OpenAI. May 7, 2024. Archived from the original on September 27, 2024. https://openai.com/index/understanding-the-source-of-what-we-see-and-hear-online/ ↩

  89. Ha, Anthony (August 4, 2024). "OpenAI says it's taking a 'deliberate approach' to releasing tools that can detect writing from ChatGPT". TechCrunch. Retrieved October 1, 2024. https://techcrunch.com/2024/08/04/openai-says-its-taking-a-deliberate-approach-to-releasing-tools-that-can-detect-writing-from-chatgpt/ ↩

  90. Ravšelj, Dejan; Keržič, Damijana; Tomaževič, Nina; Umek, Lan; Brezovar, Nejc; Aristovnik, Aleksander. (2025). "Higher education students' perceptions of ChatGPT: A global study of early reactions". PLOS ONE. 20 (2): e0315011. Bibcode:2025PLoSO..2015011R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0315011. PMC 11798494. PMID 39908277. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11798494 ↩

  91. Karpf, David (December 21, 2022). "Money Will Kill ChatGPT's Magic". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2022. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/chatgpt-ai-chatbots-openai-cost-regulations/672539/ ↩

  92. "Introducing ChatGPT Plus". OpenAI. February 1, 2023. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023. https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-plus ↩

  93. Wiggers, Kyle (January 10, 2024). "OpenAI debuts ChatGPT subscription aimed at small teams". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 26, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2024/01/10/openai-launches-chatgpt-subscription-aimed-at-small-teams/ ↩

  94. Ortiz, Sabrina. "Is ChatGPT Plus worth your $20? Here's how it compares to Free and Pro plans". ZDNET. Retrieved May 25, 2025. https://www.zdnet.com/article/is-chatgpt-plus-worth-your-20-heres-how-it-compares-to-free-and-pro-plans/ ↩

  95. Whitney, Lance (September 9, 2024). "7 Reasons to Upgrade to ChatGPT Plus". PCMAG. Retrieved May 25, 2025. https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/chatgpt-plus-reasons-to-upgrade ↩

  96. Robison, Kylie (December 5, 2024). "OpenAI is charging $200 a month for an exclusive version of its o1 'reasoning' model". The Verge. Retrieved December 5, 2024. https://www.theverge.com/2024/12/5/24314147/openai-reasoning-model-o1-strawberry-chatgpt-pro-new-tier ↩

  97. Robison, Kylie (December 5, 2024). "OpenAI is charging $200 a month for an exclusive version of its o1 'reasoning' model". The Verge. Retrieved December 5, 2024. https://www.theverge.com/2024/12/5/24314147/openai-reasoning-model-o1-strawberry-chatgpt-pro-new-tier ↩

  98. "GPT-4". openai.com. March 14, 2023. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023. https://openai.com/research/gpt-4 ↩

  99. Popli, Nik (March 15, 2023). "These New Projects Show Just How Much More Powerful GPT-4 Is". Time. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023. https://time.com/6263475/gpt4-ai-projects/ ↩

  100. Whitney, Lance (September 9, 2024). "7 Reasons to Upgrade to ChatGPT Plus". PCMAG. Retrieved May 25, 2025. https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/chatgpt-plus-reasons-to-upgrade ↩

  101. Whitney, Lance (September 9, 2024). "7 Reasons to Upgrade to ChatGPT Plus". PCMAG. Retrieved May 25, 2025. https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/chatgpt-plus-reasons-to-upgrade ↩

  102. Ortiz, Sabrina. "Is ChatGPT Plus worth your $20? Here's how it compares to Free and Pro plans". ZDNET. Retrieved May 25, 2025. https://www.zdnet.com/article/is-chatgpt-plus-worth-your-20-heres-how-it-compares-to-free-and-pro-plans/ ↩

  103. Wiggers, Kyle (March 23, 2023). "OpenAI connects ChatGPT to the internet". Archived from the original on June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2023. https://techcrunch.com/2023/03/23/openai-connects-chatgpt-to-the-internet/ ↩

  104. David, Emilia (September 20, 2023). "OpenAI releases third version of DALL-E". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 20, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023. https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/20/23881241/openai-dalle-third-version-generative-ai ↩

  105. Metz, Cade; Hsu, Tiffany (September 20, 2023). "ChatGPT Can Now Generate Images, Too". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/technology/chatgpt-dalle3-images-openai.html ↩

  106. "OpenAI to introduce ChatGPT app for iOS". Reuters. May 18, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2025. https://www.reuters.com/technology/openai-introduce-chatgpt-app-ios-2023-05-18/ ↩

  107. Lawler, Richard (July 21, 2023). "ChatGPT for Android launches next week". The Verge. Archived from the original on July 22, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023. https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/21/23803482/chatgpt-android-artificial-intelligence-chatbot-app ↩

  108. Field, Hayden (July 25, 2023). "OpenAI's ChatGPT app now available for Android". CNBC. Archived from the original on July 26, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2023. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/25/chatgpt-app-for-android-release.html ↩

  109. Beaty, Artie. "You can set ChatGPT as your default Android assistant now. Here's how". ZDNET. Retrieved May 25, 2025. https://www.zdnet.com/article/move-over-gemini-you-can-now-set-chatgpt-as-your-default-android-assistant-heres-how/ ↩

  110. Roth, Emma (March 13, 2023). "Microsoft spent hundreds of millions of dollars on a ChatGPT supercomputer". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2023. https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/13/23637675/microsoft-chatgpt-bing-millions-dollars-supercomputer-openai ↩

  111. Tseng, P.K (March 1, 2023). "TrendForce Says with Cloud Companies Initiating AI Arms Race, GPU Demand from ChatGPT Could Reach 30,000 Chips as It Readies for Commercialization". TrendForce. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved November 2, 2023. https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20230301-11584.html ↩

  112. Zhiye Liu (March 1, 2023). "ChatGPT Will Command More Than 30,000 Nvidia GPUs: Report". Tom's Hardware. Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved November 2, 2023. https://www.tomshardware.com/news/chatgpt-nvidia-30000-gpus ↩

  113. "Artificial intelligence technology behind ChatGPT was built in Iowa — with a lot of water". AP News. September 9, 2023. Archived from the original on September 10, 2023. Retrieved September 10, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/chatgpt-gpt4-iowa-ai-water-consumption-microsoft-f551fde98083d17a7e8d904f8be822c4 ↩

  114. Reich, Aaron (December 27, 2022). "ChatGPT: What is the new free AI chatbot? – explainer". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2022. https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/tech-and-start-ups/article-725910 ↩

  115. Shwartz, Vered (February 13, 2024). "Artificial intelligence needs to be trained on culturally diverse datasets to avoid bias". The Conversation. Retrieved October 26, 2024. https://theconversation.com/artificial-intelligence-needs-to-be-trained-on-culturally-diverse-datasets-to-avoid-bias-222811 ↩

  116. Magnússon, Pétur (March 15, 2023). "Icelandic becomes ChatGPT's second language". Rúv. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023. https://www.ruv.is/english/2023-03-15-icelandic-becomes-chatgpts-second-language ↩

  117. Kaneko, Karin (July 18, 2023). "ChatGPT, Bing, Bard and DeepL: Which one offers the best Japanese-to-English translation?". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2023/07/18/language/japanese-english-ai-translation/ ↩

  118. Taylor, Alice (December 13, 2023). "Albania to speed up EU accession using ChatGPT". Euractiv. Archived from the original on December 24, 2023. Retrieved December 14, 2023. https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/albania-to-speed-up-eu-accession-using-chatgpt/ ↩

  119. "Google Translate vs. ChatGPT: Which One Is the Best Language Translator?". PCMAG. Archived from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 10, 2023. https://www.pcmag.com/news/google-translate-vs-chatgpt-which-one-is-the-best-language-translator ↩

  120. "OpenAI亞太區公共政策總監造訪政大 探索人文AI的未來與可能性". National Chengchi University, Office of International Cooperation (in Chinese). August 25, 2024. Archived from the original on August 24, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2024. https://www.nccu.edu.tw/p/405-1000-17493,c87.php?Lang=zh-tw ↩

  121. Lin, Shu-yuan (August 25, 2024). "OpenAI高層訪台 ChatGPT講中文超順還能用台灣腔【獨家】". Central News Agency (in Chinese). Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved August 24, 2024. https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ait/202408230117.aspx ↩

  122. "Introducing GPTs". OpenAI. November 6, 2023. https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpts/ ↩

  123. Metz, Cade (January 10, 2024). "OpenAI Unveils App Store for Customized Versions of ChatGPT". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/10/technology/openai-app-store-chatgpt.html ↩

  124. David, Emilia (January 10, 2024). "OpenAI's custom GPT Store is now open for business". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2024. https://www.theverge.com/2024/1/10/24032144/openai-chatgpt-gpt-store-ai-launch ↩

  125. Shankland, Stephen (January 10, 2024). "OpenAI's GPT Store Now Offers a Selection of 3 Million Custom AI Bots". CNET. Archived from the original on February 8, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2024. https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/openais-gpt-store-now-offers-a-selection-of-3-million-custom-ai-bots/ ↩

  126. David, Emilia (January 10, 2024). "OpenAI's custom GPT Store is now open for business". The Verge. Archived from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2024. https://www.theverge.com/2024/1/10/24032144/openai-chatgpt-gpt-store-ai-launch ↩

  127. "Introducing the GPT Store". OpenAI. January 10, 2024. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2024. https://openai.com/blog/introducing-the-gpt-store ↩

  128. Edwards, Benj (March 14, 2023). "OpenAI's GPT-4 exhibits "human-level performance" on professional benchmarks". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/03/openai-announces-gpt-4-its-next-generation-ai-language-model/ ↩

  129. Edwards, Benj (March 14, 2023). "OpenAI's GPT-4 exhibits "human-level performance" on professional benchmarks". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/03/openai-announces-gpt-4-its-next-generation-ai-language-model/ ↩

  130. Wiggers, Kyle (July 6, 2023). "OpenAI makes GPT-4 generally available". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on August 16, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2023. https://techcrunch.com/2023/07/06/openai-makes-gpt-4-generally-available/ ↩

  131. Belfield, Haydn (March 25, 2023). "If your AI model is going to sell, it has to be safe". Vox. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2023. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/3/25/23655082/ai-openai-gpt-4-safety-microsoft-facebook-meta ↩

  132. "GPT-4V(ision) system card". OpenAI. Retrieved February 5, 2024. https://openai.com/research/gpt-4v-system-card ↩

  133. Roose, Kevin (September 28, 2023). "The New ChatGPT Can 'See' and 'Talk.' Here's What It's Like". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/27/technology/new-chatgpt-can-see-hear.html ↩

  134. Vincent, James (March 15, 2023). "OpenAI co-founder on company's past approach to openly sharing research: "We were wrong"". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023. https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/15/23640180/openai-gpt-4-launch-closed-research-ilya-sutskever-interview ↩

  135. Drapkin, Aaron (November 7, 2023). "GPT-4 Turbo vs GPT-4: What Is OpenAI's ChatGPT Turbo?". Tech.co. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 13, 2024. https://tech.co/news/gpt-4-turbo-vs-gpt-4-openai-chatgpt ↩

  136. Wiggers, Kyle (May 13, 2024). "OpenAI debuts GPT-4o 'omni' model now powering ChatGPT". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 13, 2024. https://techcrunch.com/2024/05/13/openais-newest-model-is-gpt-4o/ ↩

  137. Robison, Kylie (March 25, 2025). "OpenAI rolls out image generation powered by GPT-4o to ChatGPT". The Verge. Retrieved March 31, 2025. https://www.theverge.com/openai/635118/chatgpt-sora-ai-image-generation-chatgpt ↩

  138. Colburn, Thomas. "OpenAI unveils GPT-4o, a fresh multimodal AI flagship model". The Register. Retrieved May 18, 2024. https://www.theregister.com/2024/05/13/openai_gpt4o/ ↩

  139. Field, Hayden (May 13, 2024). "OpenAI launches new AI model GPT-4o and desktop version of ChatGPT". CNBC. Retrieved May 14, 2024. https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/13/openai-launches-new-ai-model-and-desktop-version-of-chatgpt.html ↩

  140. Rogers, Reece. "I Used ChatGPT's Advanced Voice Mode. It's Fun, and Just a Bit Creepy". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved June 12, 2025. https://www.wired.com/story/chatgpt-advanced-voice-mode-first-impressions/ ↩

  141. Wiggers, Kyle (May 13, 2024). "OpenAI debuts GPT-4o 'omni' model now powering ChatGPT". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 13, 2024. https://techcrunch.com/2024/05/13/openais-newest-model-is-gpt-4o/ ↩

  142. Edwards, Benj (July 18, 2024). "OpenAI launches GPT-4o mini, which will replace GPT-3.5 in ChatGPT". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 31, 2025. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/07/openai-launches-gpt-4o-mini-which-will-replace-gpt-3-5-in-chatgpt/ ↩

  143. "ChatGPT's image-generation feature gets an upgrade". TechCrunch. March 25, 2025. Retrieved June 12, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/03/25/chatgpts-image-generation-feature-gets-an-upgrade/ ↩

  144. Edwards, Benj (September 12, 2024). "OpenAI's new "reasoning" AI models are here: o1-preview and o1-mini". Ars Technica. Retrieved September 13, 2024. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/09/openais-new-reasoning-ai-models-are-here-o1-preview-and-o1-mini/ ↩

  145. Franzen, Carl (December 5, 2024). "OpenAI launches full o1 model with image uploads and analysis, debuts ChatGPT Pro". VentureBeat. Retrieved December 7, 2024. https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-launches-full-o1-model-with-34-reduced-error-rate-debuts-chatgpt-pro/ ↩

  146. Edwards, Benj (September 12, 2024). "OpenAI's new "reasoning" AI models are here: o1-preview and o1-mini". Ars Technica. Retrieved September 13, 2024. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/09/openais-new-reasoning-ai-models-are-here-o1-preview-and-o1-mini/ ↩

  147. "Introducing OpenAI o1-preview". OpenAI. September 12, 2024. https://openai.com/index/introducing-openai-o1-preview/ ↩

  148. Ha, Anthony (February 3, 2025). "OpenAI unveils a new ChatGPT agent for 'deep research'". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on May 4, 2025. Retrieved February 4, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/02/02/openai-unveils-a-new-chatgpt-agent-for-deep-research/ ↩

  149. Novet, Jordan (February 27, 2025). "OpenAI launching GPT-4.5, its next general-purpose large language model". CNBC. Retrieved March 1, 2025. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/27/openai-launching-gpt-4point5-general-purpose-large-language-model.html ↩

  150. "Introducing GPT-4.5". OpenAI. February 27, 2025. Retrieved March 1, 2025. https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-4-5/ ↩

  151. "ChatGPT Release - Note". OpenAI. Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved February 8, 2023. https://help.openai.com/en/articles/6825453-chatgpt-release-notes ↩

  152. Achille, Belelli (June 20, 2024). "ChatGPT Come Funziona". FinanzaDigitale (in Italian). Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024. https://www.finanzadigitale.com/guide/chatgpt-come-funziona/ ↩

  153. Goldman, Sharon (May 30, 2023). "ChatGPT launched six months ago. Its impact — and fallout — is just beginning | The AI Beat". VentureBeat. Retrieved May 25, 2025. https://venturebeat.com/ai/chatgpt-launched-six-months-ago-its-impact-and-fallout-is-just-beginning-the-ai-beat/ ↩

  154. Rogers, Reece. "What Is OpenAI's ChatGPT Plus? Here's What You Should Know". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved May 25, 2025. https://www.wired.com/story/what-is-chatgpt-plus-gpt4-openai/ ↩

  155. Field, Hayden (May 13, 2024). "OpenAI launches new AI model GPT-4o and desktop version of ChatGPT". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved July 23, 2024. https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/13/openai-launches-new-ai-model-and-desktop-version-of-chatgpt.html ↩

  156. Franzen, Carl (July 18, 2024). "OpenAI unveils GPT-4o mini — a smaller, much cheaper multimodal AI model". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2024. https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-unveils-gpt-4o-mini-a-smaller-much-cheaper-multimodal-ai-model/ ↩

  157. Wiggers, Kyle (September 12, 2024). "OpenAI unveils o1, a model that can fact-check itself". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on September 18, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024. https://techcrunch.com/2024/09/12/openai-unveils-a-model-that-can-fact-check-itself/ ↩

  158. Wiggers, Kyle (September 12, 2024). "OpenAI unveils o1, a model that can fact-check itself". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on September 18, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024. https://techcrunch.com/2024/09/12/openai-unveils-a-model-that-can-fact-check-itself/ ↩

  159. Robison, Kylie (December 5, 2024). "OpenAI is charging $200 a month for an exclusive version of its o1 'reasoning' model". The Verge. Retrieved December 5, 2024. https://www.theverge.com/2024/12/5/24314147/openai-reasoning-model-o1-strawberry-chatgpt-pro-new-tier ↩

  160. Robison, Kylie (December 5, 2024). "OpenAI is charging $200 a month for an exclusive version of its o1 'reasoning' model". The Verge. Retrieved December 5, 2024. https://www.theverge.com/2024/12/5/24314147/openai-reasoning-model-o1-strawberry-chatgpt-pro-new-tier ↩

  161. Franzen, Carl (January 31, 2025). "It's here: OpenAI's o3-mini advanced reasoning model arrives to counter DeepSeek's rise". VentureBeat. Retrieved February 1, 2025. https://venturebeat.com/ai/its-here-openais-o3-mini-advanced-reasoning-model-arrives-to-counter-deepseeks-rise/ ↩

  162. Franzen, Carl (January 31, 2025). "It's here: OpenAI's o3-mini advanced reasoning model arrives to counter DeepSeek's rise". VentureBeat. Retrieved February 1, 2025. https://venturebeat.com/ai/its-here-openais-o3-mini-advanced-reasoning-model-arrives-to-counter-deepseeks-rise/ ↩

  163. Novet, Jordan (February 27, 2025). "OpenAI launching GPT-4.5, its next general-purpose large language model". CNBC. Retrieved March 1, 2025. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/27/openai-launching-gpt-4point5-general-purpose-large-language-model.html ↩

  164. Zeff, Maxwell (May 14, 2025). "OpenAI brings its GPT-4.1 models to ChatGPT". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 25, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/14/openai-brings-its-gpt-4-1-models-to-chatgpt/ ↩

  165. Franzen, Carl (May 14, 2025). "OpenAI brings GPT-4.1 and 4.1 mini to ChatGPT — what enterprises should know". VentureBeat. Retrieved May 30, 2025. https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-brings-gpt-4-1-and-4-1-mini-to-chatgpt-what-enterprises-should-know/ ↩

  166. Peters, Jay (April 16, 2025). "OpenAI's upgraded o3 model can use images when reasoning". The Verge. Retrieved April 28, 2025. https://www.theverge.com/news/649941/openai-o3-o4-mini-model-images-reasoning ↩

  167. Zeff, Maxwell (April 16, 2025). "OpenAI launches a pair of AI reasoning models, o3 and o4-mini". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 28, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/04/16/openai-launches-a-pair-of-ai-reasoning-models-o3-and-o4-mini/ ↩

  168. "Introducing OpenAI o3 and o4-mini". openai.com. Retrieved April 28, 2025. https://openai.com/index/introducing-o3-and-o4-mini/ ↩

  169. Zeff, Maxwell (April 16, 2025). "OpenAI launches a pair of AI reasoning models, o3 and o4-mini". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 28, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/04/16/openai-launches-a-pair-of-ai-reasoning-models-o3-and-o4-mini/ ↩

  170. "Introducing OpenAI o3 and o4-mini". openai.com. Retrieved April 28, 2025. https://openai.com/index/introducing-o3-and-o4-mini/ ↩

  171. Wiggers, Kyle (June 10, 2025). "OpenAI releases o3-pro, a souped-up version of its o3 AI reasoning model". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 13, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/10/openai-releases-o3-pro-a-souped-up-version-of-its-o3-ai-reasoning-model/ ↩

  172. Roose, Kevin (December 5, 2022). "The Brilliance and Weirdness of ChatGPT". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2022. Like those tools, ChatGPT – which stands for "generative pre-trained transformer" – landed with a splash. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/technology/chatgpt-ai-twitter.html ↩

  173. Lock, Samantha (December 5, 2022). "What is AI chatbot phenomenon ChatGPT and could it replace humans?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/05/what-is-ai-chatbot-phenomenon-chatgpt-and-could-it-replace-humans ↩

  174. Thompson, Derek (December 8, 2022). "Breakthroughs of the Year". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2022. https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2022/12/technology-medicine-law-ai-10-breakthroughs-2022/672390/ ↩

  175. Piper, Kelsey (December 15, 2022). "ChatGPT has given everyone a glimpse at AI's astounding progress". Vox. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2022. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2022/12/15/23509014/chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-openai-language-models-ai-risk-google ↩

  176. Scharth, Marcel (December 5, 2022). "The ChatGPT chatbot is blowing people away with its writing skills. An expert explains why it's so impressive". The Conversation. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2022. https://theconversation.com/the-chatgpt-chatbot-is-blowing-people-away-with-its-writing-skills-an-expert-explains-why-its-so-impressive-195908 ↩

  177. Chow, Andrew; Perrigo, Billy (February 16, 2023). "The AI Arms Race Is On. Start Worrying". Time. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023. https://time.com/6255952/ai-impact-chatgpt-microsoft-google/ ↩

  178. "ChatGPT turns 1: How the AI chatbot has completely changed the world". euronews. November 30, 2023. Archived from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024. https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/11/30/chatgpt-a-year-on-3-ways-the-ai-chatbot-has-completely-changed-the-world-in-12-months ↩

  179. Milmo, Dan (December 2, 2023). "ChatGPT reaches 100 million users two months after launch". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/02/chatgpt-100-million-users-open-ai-fastest-growing-app ↩

  180. Heaven, Will Douglas. "The inside story of how ChatGPT was built from the people who made it". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023. https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/ ↩

  181. Simons, John (February 5, 2023). "The Creator of ChatGPT Thinks AI Should Be Regulated". Time. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023. https://time.com/6252404/mira-murati-chatgpt-openai-interview/ ↩

  182. Cowen, Tyler (May 23, 2023). "ChatGPT Is Also an Impressive Feat of Marketing". bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-05-23/chatgpt-is-also-an-impressive-feat-of-marketing ↩

  183. Levy, Steven (September 11, 2023). "Sundar Pichai on Google;s AI, Microsoft's AI, OpenAI, and ... Did We Mention AI?". Wired. Archived from the original on September 11, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2023. /wiki/Steven_Levy ↩

  184. Grant, Nico; Metz, Cade (December 21, 2022). "A New Chat Bot Is a 'Code Red' for Google's Search Business". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 21, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-search.html ↩

  185. Alba, Davey; Love, Julia (February 6, 2023). "Google releases ChatGPT rival AI 'Bard' to early testers". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023. https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2023-02-06/google-chatgpt-rival-ai-bard-early-testers ↩

  186. Ortiz, Sabrina (May 10, 2023). "Every major AI feature announced at Google I/O 2023". ZDNet. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2023. https://www.zdnet.com/article/every-major-ai-feature-announced-at-google-io-2023/ ↩

  187. Cain, Sian (January 16, 2023). "'This song sucks': Nick Cave responds to ChatGPT song written in the style of Nick Cave". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jan/17/this-song-sucks-nick-cave-responds-to-chatgpt-song-written-in-style-of-nick-cave ↩

  188. Cave, Nick (January 16, 2023). "I asked Chat GPT to write a song in the style of Nick Cave, and this is what it produced. What do you think?". The Red Hand Files. Issue #218. Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023. https://www.theredhandfiles.com/chat-gpt-what-do-you-think/ ↩

  189. Cain, Sian (January 16, 2023). "'This song sucks': Nick Cave responds to ChatGPT song written in the style of Nick Cave". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jan/17/this-song-sucks-nick-cave-responds-to-chatgpt-song-written-in-style-of-nick-cave ↩

  190. Sparrow, Jeff (January 20, 2023). "Are AI-generated songs a 'grotesque mockery' of humanity or simply an opportunity to make a new kind of music?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jan/20/are-ai-generated-songs-a-grotesque-mockery-of-humanity-or-simply-an-opportunity-to-make-a-new-kind-of-music ↩

  191. Van Noorden, Richard; Webb, Richard (December 13, 2023). "ChatGPT and science: the AI system was a force in 2023 — for good and bad". Nature. 624 (7992): 509. Bibcode:2023Natur.624..509V. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-03930-6. PMID 38093061. https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-023-03930-6 ↩

  192. Mediavilla, Daniel (December 13, 2023). "La revista 'Nature' elige por primera vez entre sus científicos del año a un ente no humano: ChatGPT". El País (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2023. https://elpais.com/ciencia/2023-12-13/la-revista-nature-elige-por-primera-vez-entre-sus-cientificos-del-ano-a-un-ente-no-humano-chatgpt.html ↩

  193. Biever, Celeste (July 25, 2023). "ChatGPT broke the Turing test — the race is on for new ways to assess AI". Nature. 619 (7971): 686–689. Bibcode:2023Natur.619..686B. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-02361-7. PMID 37491395. Archived from the original on July 26, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2024. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02361-7 ↩

  194. Scott, Cameron. "Study finds ChatGPT's latest bot behaves like humans, only better | Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences". humsci.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024. https://humsci.stanford.edu/feature/study-finds-chatgpts-latest-bot-behaves-humans-only-better ↩

  195. Mei, Qiaozhu; Xie, Yutong; Yuan, Walter; Jackson, Matthew O. (February 27, 2024). "A Turing test of whether AI chatbots are behaviorally similar to humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 121 (9): e2313925121. Bibcode:2024PNAS..12113925M. doi:10.1073/pnas.2313925121. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 10907317. PMID 38386710. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10907317 ↩

  196. Kantrowitz, Alex (December 2, 2022). "Finally, an A.I. Chatbot That Reliably Passes "the Nazi Test"". Slate. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2022. https://slate.com/technology/2022/12/chatgpt-openai-artificial-intelligence-chatbot-whoa.html ↩

  197. Karp, Paul (February 6, 2023). "MP tells Australia's parliament AI could be used for 'mass destruction' in speech part-written by ChatGPT". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/06/labor-mp-julian-hill-australia-parliament-speech-ai-part-written-by-chatgpt ↩

  198. Guynn, Jessica. "Is ChatGPT 'woke'? AI chatbot accused of anti-conservative bias and a grudge against Trump". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2023/02/09/woke-chatgpt-conservatives-bias/11215353002/ ↩

  199. Bray, Hiawatha (February 9, 2023). "Is ChatGPT liberal or conservative? Depends who you ask". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/02/09/business/are-chatbots-liberal-or-conservative-depends-who-you-ask/ ↩

  200. Vincent, James (February 17, 2023). "As conservatives criticize 'woke AI,' here are ChatGPT's rules for answering culture war queries". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/17/23603906/openai-chatgpt-woke-criticism-culture-war-rules ↩

  201. Hartmann, Jochen; Schwenzow, Jasper; Witte, Maximilian (January 5, 2023). "The political ideology of conversational AI: Converging evidence on ChatGPT's pro-environmental, left-libertarian orientation". arXiv:2301.01768 [cs.CL]. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  202. Motoki, Fabio; Neto, Valdemar Pinho; Rodrigues, Victor (August 17, 2023). "More human than human: measuring ChatGPT political bias". Public Choice. 198 (1–2): 3–23. doi:10.1007/s11127-023-01097-2. ISSN 1573-7101. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11127-023-01097-2 ↩

  203. Vincent, James (February 17, 2023). "As conservatives criticize 'woke AI,' here are ChatGPT's rules for answering culture war queries". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023. https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/17/23603906/openai-chatgpt-woke-criticism-culture-war-rules ↩

  204. Chiu, Joanna (September 18, 2024). "New data reveals exactly when the Chinese government blocked ChatGPT and other AI sites". https://restofworld.org/2024/when-china-blocked-ai-sites/ ↩

  205. Chen, Caiwei (March 7, 2023). "China's ChatGPT Black Market Is Thriving". Wired. Retrieved June 1, 2025. https://www.wired.com/story/chinas-chatgpt-black-market-baidu/ ↩

  206. Ye, Josh (February 12, 2023). "ChatGPT frenzy sweeps China as firms scramble for home-grown options". Reuters. Retrieved June 1, 2025. https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-frenzy-sweeps-china-firms-scramble-home-grown-options-2023-02-10/ ↩

  207. Davidson, Helen (February 23, 2023). "'Political propaganda': China clamps down on access to ChatGPT". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/23/china-chatgpt-clamp-down-propaganda ↩

  208. He Qitong; Li Dongxu (May 31, 2024). "Young Chinese Have Almost No Concerns About AI, Survey Finds". Sixth Tone. https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1015263 ↩

  209. Bachulska, Alicja; Leonard, Mark; Oertel, Janka (July 2, 2024). The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People (EPUB). Berlin, Germany: European Council on Foreign Relations. ISBN 978-1-916682-42-9. Archived from the original on July 17, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2024. 978-1-916682-42-9 ↩

  210. Metz, Cade (February 21, 2025). "OpenAI Uncovers Evidence of A.I.-Powered Chinese Surveillance Tool". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 22, 2025. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/21/technology/openai-chinese-surveillance.html ↩

  211. Fried, Ina (February 21, 2025). "OpenAI finds new Chinese influence campaigns using its tools". Axios. Retrieved February 22, 2025. https://www.axios.com/2025/02/21/openai-chinese-influence-campaigns ↩

  212. "ChatGPT banned in Italy over privacy concerns". BBC News. March 31, 2023. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65139406 ↩

  213. Borrelli, Silvia Sciorilli; Murgia, Madhumita (March 31, 2023). "Italy temporarily bans ChatGPT over privacy concerns". Financial Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023. https://www.ft.com/content/3ce7ed9d-df95-4f5f-a3c7-ec8398ce9c50 ↩

  214. "ChatGPT accessible again in Italy". BBC. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65431914 ↩

  215. Bond, Shannon (May 30, 2024). "In a first, OpenAI removes influence operations tied to Russia, China and Israel". NPR. Archived from the original on May 30, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024. https://www.npr.org/2024/05/30/g-s1-1670/openai-influence-operations-china-russia-israel ↩

  216. Frenkel, Sheera (June 5, 2024). "Israel Secretly Targets U.S. Lawmakers With Influence Campaign on Gaza War". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved June 5, 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/05/technology/israel-campaign-gaza-social-media.html ↩

  217. Tong, Anna (June 6, 2025). "OpenAI finds more Chinese groups using ChatGPT for malicious purposes". Reuters. Retrieved June 7, 2025. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/openai-finds-more-chinese-groups-using-chatgpt-malicious-purposes-2025-06-05/ ↩

  218. Gerken, Tom. "ChatGPT: Mayor starts legal bid over false bribery claim". BBC. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65202597 ↩

  219. Zakrzewski, Cat (July 13, 2023). "The FTC is investigating whether ChatGPT harms consumers". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/07/13/ftc-openai-chatgpt-sam-altman-lina-khan/ ↩

  220. Tracy, Ryan; McKinnon, John D. (July 13, 2023). "ChatGPT Comes Under Investigation by Federal Trade Commission". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/articles/chatgpt-under-investigation-by-ftc-21e4b3ef ↩

  221. Feiner, Lauren (July 13, 2023). "FTC investigating ChatGPT-maker OpenAI for possible consumer harm". CNBC. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2023. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/13/chatgpt-owner-openai-is-being-investigated-by-ftc.html ↩

  222. "ChatGPT creator OpenAI faces US probe over libellous output". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on July 15, 2023. Retrieved July 15, 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/7/14/us-watchdog-probes-chatgpt-maker-openai-over-false-information ↩

  223. Picciotto, Rebecca (August 14, 2024). "FTC bans fake online reviews, inflated social media influence; rule takes effect in October". CNBC. Archived from the original on August 14, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024. https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/14/ftc-bans-fake-reviews-social-media-influence-markers.html ↩

  224. Piper, Kelsey (December 15, 2022). "ChatGPT has given everyone a glimpse at AI's astounding progress". Vox. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2022. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2022/12/15/23509014/chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-openai-language-models-ai-risk-google ↩

  225. K, Siddharth (December 5, 2022). Shumaker, Lisa (ed.). "Explainer: ChatGPT – what is OpenAI's chatbot and what is it used for?". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-what-is-openais-chatbot-what-is-it-used-2022-12-05/ ↩

  226. Kay, Grace (December 11, 2022). "Elon Musk founded – and has since criticized – the company behind the buzzy new AI chatbot ChatGPT. Here's everything we know about OpenAI". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 12, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2022. https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-openai-company-chatgpt-elon-musk-founded-2022-12 ↩

  227. Kay, Grace (December 11, 2022). "Elon Musk founded – and has since criticized – the company behind the buzzy new AI chatbot ChatGPT. Here's everything we know about OpenAI". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 12, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2022. https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-openai-company-chatgpt-elon-musk-founded-2022-12 ↩

  228. Hurst, Luke (March 30, 2023) [March 29, 2023]. "'Profound risk to humanity': Tech leaders call for 'pause' on advanced AI development". Euronews. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023. https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/29/profound-risk-to-humanity-elon-musk-and-steve-wozniak-join-calls-to-halt-ai-development ↩

  229. "Geoffrey Hinton tells us why he's now scared of the tech he helped build". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023. https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/02/1072528/geoffrey-hinton-google-why-scared-ai/ ↩

  230. "Video: Geoffrey Hinton talks about the "existential threat" of AI". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023. https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/03/1072589/video-geoffrey-hinton-google-ai-risk-ethics/ ↩

  231. Roose, Kevin (May 30, 2023). "A.I. Poses 'Risk of Extinction,' Industry Leaders Warn". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 31, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/30/technology/ai-threat-warning.html ↩

  232. Taylor, Josh (May 7, 2023). "Rise of artificial intelligence is inevitable but should not be feared, 'father of AI' says". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 23, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says ↩

  233. McMorrow, Ryan (December 19, 2023). "Andrew Ng: 'Do we think the world is better off with more or less intelligence?'". Financial Times. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved December 30, 2023. https://www.ft.com/content/2dc07f9e-d2a9-4d98-b746-b051f9352be3 ↩

  234. Levy, Steven (December 22, 2023). "How Not to Be Stupid About AI, With Yann LeCun". Wired. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024. Retrieved December 30, 2023. https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-meta-yann-lecun-interview/ ↩

  235. Ahmad, Ariba A; Gross, Andrew M. "Generative AI Systems Tee Up Fair Use Fight". www.natlawreview.com. Archived from the original on March 19, 2024. Retrieved March 19, 2024. https://www.natlawreview.com/article/generative-ai-systems-tee-fair-use-fight ↩

  236. Levine, Joshua; Belton, John. "Primer: Training AI Models with Copyrighted Work". AAF. Retrieved March 19, 2024. https://www.americanactionforum.org/insight/primer-training-ai-models-with-copyrighted-work/ ↩

  237. Singh, Ritu (May 12, 2025). "Experts Alarmed After Some ChatGPT Users Experience Bizarre Delusions: "Feels Like Black Mirror"". ndtv.com. Retrieved June 28, 2025. https://www.ndtv.com/feature/experts-alarmed-after-some-chatgpt-users-experience-bizarre-delusions-feels-like-black-mirror-8397443 ↩

  238. Rao, Devika (June 23, 2025). "AI chatbots are leading some to psychosis". The Week. Retrieved June 28, 2025. https://theweek.com/tech/ai-chatbots-psychosis-chatgpt-mental-health ↩

  239. Søren Dinesen Østergaard (August 25, 2023). "Will Generative Artificial Intelligence Chatbots Generate Delusions in Individuals Prone to Psychosis?". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 49 (6): 1418–1419. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbad128. PMC 10686326. PMID 37625027. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10686326 ↩

  240. Hill, Kashmir (June 13, 2025). "They Asked an A.I. Chatbot Questions. The Answers Sent Them Spiraling". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2025. Retrieved June 28, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250619235051/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/13/technology/chatgpt-ai-chatbots-conspiracies.html ↩

  241. "People Are Being Involuntarily Committed, Jailed After Spiraling Into "ChatGPT Psychosis"". Futurism. June 28, 2025. Retrieved July 4, 2025. https://futurism.com/commitment-jail-chatgpt-psychosis ↩

  242. Thomason, Krista K (June 14, 2025). "How Emotional Manipulation Causes ChatGPT Psychosis". Psychology Today. Retrieved June 28, 2025. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/dancing-with-the-devil/202506/how-emotional-manipulation-causes-chatgpt-psychosis ↩

  243. "Bringing the magic of AI to Mattel's iconic brands". OpenAI. June 12, 2025. Retrieved June 28, 2025. https://openai.com/index/mattels-iconic-brands/ ↩

  244. Bellan, Rebecca (June 12, 2025). "OpenAI and Barbie-maker Mattel team up to bring generative AI to toymaking, other products". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 28, 2025. https://techcrunch.com/2025/06/12/openai-and-barbie-maker-mattel-team-up-to-bring-generative-ai-to-toy-making-and-content-creation/ ↩

  245. Cuthbertson, Anthony (June 26, 2026). "Mattel adding ChatGPT to toys would cause 'real damage' to children, experts warn". The Independent. Retrieved June 28, 2025. https://www.the-independent.com/tech/mattel-toy-chatgpt-child-welfare-b2777275.html ↩

  246. Belanger, Ashley (June 17, 2025). "Toy-maker Mattel accused of planning "reckless" AI social experiment on kids". ArsTechnica. Retrieved June 28, 2025. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/06/mattel-sparks-fear-that-planned-chatgpt-fueled-toys-will-warp-kids/ ↩

  247. Khondoker Tashya Kalam; Jannatul Mabia Rahman; Rabiul Islam; Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan (February 15, 2024). "ChatGPT and mental health: Friends or foes?". Health Science Reports. 7 (2): e1912. doi:10.1002/hsr2.1912. PMC 10867692. PMID 38361805. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10867692 ↩

  248. Gao, Catherine A.; Howard, Frederick M.; Markov, Nikolay S.; Dyer, Emma C.; Ramesh, Siddhi; Luo, Yuan; Pearson, Alexander T. (April 26, 2023). "Comparing scientific abstracts generated by ChatGPT to real abstracts with detectors and blinded human reviewers". npj Digital Medicine. 6 (1): 75. doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00819-6. ISSN 2398-6352. PMC 10133283. PMID 37100871. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133283 ↩

  249. Bushard, Brian (January 10, 2023). "Fake Scientific Abstracts Written By ChatGPT Fooled Scientists, Study Finds". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023. https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2023/01/10/fake-scientific-abstracts-written-by-chatgpt-fooled-scientists-study-finds/ ↩

  250. Stokel-Walker, Chris (January 18, 2023). "ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: many scientists disapprove". Nature. 613 (7945): 620–621. Bibcode:2023Natur.613..620S. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00107-z. PMID 36653617. S2CID 255969365. Archived from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00107-z ↩

  251. Almira Osmanovic Thunström and Steinn Steingrimsson of the Institut of Neuroscience and Physiology of the University of Gothenburg used GPT-3 in June 2022 to write an academic paper about itself. They found that using specific prompts the results were good if somewhat shallow and not self-critical enough. Also only few references were presented, some of them nonsensical. Can GPT-3 write an academic paper on itself, with minimal human input? Archived October 24, 2023, at the Wayback Machine. 2022. ffhal-03701250 /wiki/Neuroscience ↩

  252. Brainard, Jeffrey (February 22, 2023). "As scientists explore AI-written text, journals hammer out policies". Science. doi:10.1126/science.adh2937. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023. https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-explore-ai-written-text-journals-hammer-policies ↩

  253. Ansede, Manuel (April 2, 2023). "One of the world's most cited scientists, Rafael Luque, suspended without pay for 13 years". EL PAÍS English. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2023. https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2023-04-02/one-of-the-worlds-most-cited-scientists-rafael-luque-suspended-without-pay-for-13-years.html ↩

  254. Alkaissi, Hussam; McFarlane, Samy I.; Alkaissi, Hussam; McFarlane, Samy I. (February 19, 2023). "Artificial Hallucinations in ChatGPT: Implications in Scientific Writing". Cureus. 15 (2): e35179. doi:10.7759/cureus.35179. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 9939079. PMID 36811129. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9939079 ↩

  255. Vynck, Gerrit De (May 31, 2023). "ChatGPT 'hallucinates.' Some researchers worry it isn't fixable". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on June 17, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/30/ai-chatbots-chatgpt-bard-trustworthy/ ↩

  256. Azamfirei, Razvan; Kudchadkar, Sapna R.; Fackler, James (March 21, 2023). "Large language models and the perils of their hallucinations". Critical Care. 27 (1): 120. doi:10.1186/s13054-023-04393-x. ISSN 1364-8535. PMC 10032023. PMID 36945051. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10032023 ↩

  257. Grove, Jack (April 5, 2023). "'ChatGPT-generated reading list' sparks AI peer review debate". Times Higher Education. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/chatgpt-generated-reading-list-sparks-ai-peer-review-debate ↩

  258. Granatino, Chris (May 5, 2023). "ChatGPT and AI Hallucination". Lemieux Library at Seattle University. Archived from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved June 14, 2023. https://library.seattleu.edu/friendly.php?s=blog/ChatGPT-and-AI-Hallucination ↩

  259. Morrison, Ryan (August 8, 2023). "ChatGPT wrong over half the time on software questions". Tech Monitor. New Statesman Media Group. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2023. https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ai-and-automation/chatgpt-wrong-over-half-the-time-on-software-questions ↩

  260. Kabir, Samia; Udo-Imeh, David N.; Kou, Bonan; Zhang, Tianyi (August 10, 2023). "Who Answers It Better? An In-Depth Analysis of ChatGPT and Stack Overflow Answers to Software Engineering Questions". arXiv:2308.02312v3 [cs.SE]. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  261. Chen, Lingjiao; Zaharia, Matei; Zou, James (October 31, 2023). "How is ChatGPT's behavior changing over time?". arXiv:2307.09009v3 [cs.CL]. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  262. Kashefi, Ali; Mukerji, Tapan (2023). "ChatGPT for Programming Numerical Methods". arXiv:2303.12093 [cs.LG]. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  263. Vincent, James (December 5, 2022). "AI-generated answers temporarily banned on coding Q&A site Stack Overflow". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2022. https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/5/23493932/chatgpt-ai-generated-answers-temporarily-banned-stack-overflow-llms-dangers ↩

  264. Vincent, James (January 5, 2023). "Top AI conference bans use of ChatGPT and AI language tools to write academic papers". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved January 6, 2023. https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/5/23540291/chatgpt-ai-writing-tool-banned-writing-academic-icml-paper ↩

  265. Curry, Rachel (June 13, 2023). "Samsung among companies starting to draft ChatGPT policies for workers". CNBC. Archived from the original on June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/13/samsung-among-companies-starting-to-draft-chatgpt-policies-.html ↩

  266. Shimony, Eran; Tsarfati, Omer (January 17, 2023). "Chatting Our Way Into Creating a Polymorphic Malware". CyberArk. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023. https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/chatting-our-way-into-creating-a-polymorphic-malware ↩

  267. Mascellino, Alessandro (January 18, 2023). "ChatGPT Creates Polymorphic Malware". Infosecurity Magazine. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023. https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/chatgpt-creates-polymorphic-malware/ ↩

  268. Violino, Bob (November 28, 2023). "AI tools such as ChatGPT are generating a mammoth increase in malicious phishing emails". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2023. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/28/ai-like-chatgpt-is-creating-huge-increase-in-malicious-phishing-email.html ↩

  269. Dupré, Maggie Harrison (July 1, 2024). "ChatGPT-4o Is Sending Users to a Scammy Website That Floods Your Screen With Fake Virus Warnings". Futurism. Archived from the original on July 1, 2024. Retrieved July 1, 2024. https://futurism.com/chatgpt-fake-virus-warnings ↩

  270. Gupta, Maanak; Akiri, Charankumar; Aryal, Kshitiz; Parker, Eli; Praharaj, Lopamudra (2023). "From ChatGPT to ThreatGPT: Impact of Generative AI in Cybersecurity and Privacy". IEEE Access. 11: 80218–80245. arXiv:2307.00691. Bibcode:2023IEEEA..1180218G. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3300381. S2CID 259316122. https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2023.3300381 ↩

  271. Shrikant, Aditi (July 17, 2023). "ChatGPT can match the top 1% of creative human thinkers, says new study". CNBC. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/17/study-chatgpt-can-match-the-top-1percent-of-creative-human-thinkers.html ↩

  272. Naprys, Ernestas (July 7, 2023). "AI already outscoring humans in creativity tests". cybernews. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024. https://cybernews.com/news/ai-already-outscoring-humans-creativity-tests/ ↩

  273. Nolan, Beatrice. "More than 200 books in Amazon's bookstore have ChatGPT listed as an author or coauthor". Business Insider. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023. https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-ai-write-author-200-books-amazon-2023-2 ↩

  274. Bensinger, Greg (February 21, 2023). "ChatGPT launches boom in AI-written e-books on Amazon". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-launches-boom-ai-written-e-books-amazon-2023-02-21/ ↩

  275. Samuel, Sigal (April 10, 2023). "What happens when ChatGPT starts to feed on its own writing?". Vox. Retrieved June 20, 2023. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23674696/chatgpt-ai-creativity-originality-homogenization ↩

  276. Multiple Sources: "Sfida per Siri e Alexa" [A challenge for Siri and Alexa]. Il Foglio (in Italian). March 17, 2023. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023. "ChatGPT sul Foglio: per 30 giorni piccoli testi scritti dall'IA sul nostro giornale" [ChatGPT on Il Foglio: for 30 days, brief texts written by the AI on our newspaper]. Il Foglio (in Italian). March 7, 2023. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023. Moretti, Marco (March 8, 2023). "Articoli artificiali? No" [Artificial articles? No]. Il Foglio (in Italian). Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023. A.D.A. (March 9, 2023). "Più umani, grazie" [Be more human, thanks]. Il Foglio (in Italian). Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023. "Le colpe farlocche dell'"invasione"" [The fake faults of the "invasion"]. Il Foglio (in Italian). March 14, 2023. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023. https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/17/news/sfida-per-siri-e-alexa-5068811/ ↩

  277. Edwards, Benj (June 12, 2023). "AI-powered church service in Germany draws a large crowd". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/06/chatgpt-takes-the-pulpit-ai-leads-experimental-church-service-in-germany/ ↩

  278. "Hundreds of Protestants attended a sermon in Nuremberg given by ChatGPT, which told them not to fear death". Business Insider. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023. https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-sermon-protestant-congregation-nuremberg-germany-not-to-fear-death-2023-6 ↩

  279. "Hundreds attend AI church service in Germany". TheJournal.ie. June 10, 2023. Archived from the original on June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023. https://www.thejournal.ie/ai-chruch-germany-6090108-Jun2023/ ↩

  280. Kelly, James W (June 19, 2024). "Prince Charles Cinema drops AI-written film following backlash". BBC News. Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjll3w15j0yo ↩

  281. "The Guardian view on ChatGPT: an eerily good human impersonator". The Guardian. December 8, 2022. Archived from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/dec/08/the-guardian-view-on-chatgpt-an-eerily-good-human-impersonator ↩

  282. Fox, Matthew (January 31, 2023). "C3ai has soared 86% year-to-date as investor frenzy for artificial intelligence builds amid ChatGPT success". Markets Insider (Business Insider). Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023. https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/c3ai-stock-price-chatgpt-investor-frenzy-openai-success-artificial-intelligence-2023-1 ↩

  283. Diaz, Alicia; Smith, Gerry (January 26, 2023). "BuzzFeed Shares Surge 120% on Plans to Embrace OpenAI". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved May 22, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-26/buzzfeed-bzfd-triples-on-plans-to-embrace-openai-for-content ↩

  284. Singh, Medha; Biswas, Ankika (February 6, 2023). "AI stocks rally in latest Wall Street craze sparked by ChatGPT". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 29, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025014/https://www.reuters.com/technology/ai-stocks-rally-latest-wall-street-craze-sparked-by-chatgpt-2023-02-06/ ↩

  285. Singh, Medha; Biswas, Ankika (February 6, 2023). "AI stocks rally in latest Wall Street craze sparked by ChatGPT". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 29, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025014/https://www.reuters.com/technology/ai-stocks-rally-latest-wall-street-craze-sparked-by-chatgpt-2023-02-06/ ↩

  286. Saggu, Aman; Ante, Lennart (May 8, 2023). "The influence of ChatGPT on artificial intelligence-related crypto assets: Evidence from a synthetic control analysis". Finance Research Letters. 55 103993. arXiv:2305.12739. doi:10.1016/j.frl.2023.103993. ISSN 1544-6123. S2CID 258573881. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1544612323003653 ↩

  287. Hajric, Vildana; Shen, Muyao (February 9, 2023). "ChatGPT Mania Spurs Crypto Fans' Stampede to 'Faddish' AI Tokens". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-09/crypto-fans-pile-into-faddish-ai-tokens-as-chatgpt-mania-grows ↩

  288. Cooban, Anna (May 5, 2023). "ChatGPT can pick stocks better than your fund manager". CNN. Archived from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/05/investing/chatgpt-outperforms-investment-funds/index.html ↩

  289. Zuckerman, Gregory (April 12, 2023). "AI Can Write a Song, but It Can't Beat the Market". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Archived from the original on May 30, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/articles/ai-can-write-a-song-but-it-cant-beat-the-market-6df50efd ↩

  290. Leswing, Kif (December 19, 2023). "GPT and other AI models can't analyze an SEC filing, researchers find". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/19/gpt-and-other-ai-models-cant-analyze-an-sec-filing-researchers-find.html ↩

  291. "Patronus AI Launches Industry-first LLM Benchmark for Finance to Address Hallucinations" (Press release). PR Newswire. November 16, 2023. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/patronus-ai-launches-industry-first-llm-benchmark-for-finance-to-address-hallucinations-301990858.html ↩

  292. The Lancet Digital Health (March 3, 2023). "ChatGPT: friend or foe?". The Lancet Digital Health. 5 (3): e102. doi:10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00023-7. PMID 36754723. S2CID 256659547. https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2589-7500%2823%2900023-7 ↩

  293. Asch, David A. (April 4, 2023). "An Interview with ChatGPT About Health Care". NEJM Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery. 4 (2). doi:10.1056/CAT.23.0043 (inactive June 1, 2025). Archived from the original on June 29, 2023. Retrieved June 29, 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2025 (link) https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.23.0043 ↩

  294. DePeau-Wilson, Michael (January 19, 2023). "AI Passes U.S. Medical Licensing Exam". MedPage Today. Archived from the original on April 9, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023. https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/102705 ↩

  295. DePeau-Wilson, Michael (January 19, 2023). "AI Passes U.S. Medical Licensing Exam". MedPage Today. Archived from the original on April 9, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023. https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/102705 ↩

  296. Kung, Tiffany H.; Cheatham, Morgan; Medenilla, Arielle; Sillos, Czarina; Leon, Lorie De; Elepaño, Camille; Madriaga, Maria; Aggabao, Rimel; Diaz-Candido, Giezel; Maningo, James; Tseng, Victor (February 9, 2023). "Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models". PLOS Digital Health. 2 (2): e0000198. doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000198. ISSN 2767-3170. PMC 9931230. PMID 36812645. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9931230 ↩

  297. "Expert reaction to study on ChatGPT almost passing the US Medical Licensing Exam". Science Media Centre. February 9, 2023. Archived from the original on April 24, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023. https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-study-on-chatgpt-almost-passing-the-us-medical-licensing-exam/ ↩

  298. Gilson, Aidan; Safranek, Conrad W.; Huang, Thomas; Socrates, Vimig; Chi, Ling; Taylor, Richard Andrew; Chartash, David (February 8, 2023). "How Does ChatGPT Perform on the United States Medical Licensing Examination? The Implications of Large Language Models for Medical Education and Knowledge Assessment". JMIR Medical Education. 9 (1): e45312. doi:10.2196/45312. PMC 9947764. PMID 36753318. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9947764 ↩

  299. Gilson, Aidan; Safranek, Conrad W.; Huang, Thomas; Socrates, Vimig; Chi, Ling; Taylor, Richard Andrew; Chartash, David (February 8, 2023). "How Does ChatGPT Perform on the United States Medical Licensing Examination? The Implications of Large Language Models for Medical Education and Knowledge Assessment". JMIR Medical Education. 9 (1): e45312. doi:10.2196/45312. PMC 9947764. PMID 36753318. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9947764 ↩

  300. Gilson, Aidan; Safranek, Conrad W.; Huang, Thomas; Socrates, Vimig; Chi, Ling; Taylor, Richard Andrew; Chartash, David (February 8, 2023). "How Does ChatGPT Perform on the United States Medical Licensing Examination? The Implications of Large Language Models for Medical Education and Knowledge Assessment". JMIR Medical Education. 9 (1): e45312. doi:10.2196/45312. PMC 9947764. PMID 36753318. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9947764 ↩

  301. Brueck, Hilary. "The newest version of ChatGPT passed the US medical licensing exam with flying colors — and diagnosed a 1 in 100,000 condition in seconds". Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2024. https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-passes-medical-exam-diagnoses-rare-condition-2023-4 ↩

  302. Pressman, Aaron (November 8, 2023). "The AI boom is shaking up the tech industry and moving markets. But is it all a mirage?". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2023. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/11/08/business/ai-boom-hype-tech-markets/ ↩

  303. Chen, Lingjiao; Zaharia, Matei; Zou, James (October 31, 2023). "How is ChatGPT's behavior changing over time?". arXiv:2307.09009v3 [cs.CL]. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  304. Abdel-Messih, Mary Sabry; Boulos, Maged N. Kamel (March 8, 2023). "ChatGPT in Clinical Toxicology". JMIR Medical Education. 9 (1): e46876. doi:10.2196/46876. PMC 10034604. PMID 36867743. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10034604 ↩

  305. Abdel-Messih, Mary Sabry; Boulos, Maged N. Kamel (March 8, 2023). "ChatGPT in Clinical Toxicology". JMIR Medical Education. 9 (1): e46876. doi:10.2196/46876. PMC 10034604. PMID 36867743. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10034604 ↩

  306. Abdel-Messih, Mary Sabry; Boulos, Maged N. Kamel (March 8, 2023). "ChatGPT in Clinical Toxicology". JMIR Medical Education. 9 (1): e46876. doi:10.2196/46876. PMC 10034604. PMID 36867743. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10034604 ↩

  307. Haver, Hana L; Ambinder, Emily B; Bahl, Manisha; Oluyemi, Eniola T; Jeudy, Jean; Yi, Paul H (April 4, 2023). "Appropriateness of Breast Cancer Prevention and Screening Recommendations Provided by ChatGPT". Radiology. 307 (4): 230424. doi:10.1148/radiol.230424. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 37014239. S2CID 257923990. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023. https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.230424 ↩

  308. Kotz, Deborah (April 4, 2023). "UM School of Medicine Study Finds ChatGPT Helpful for Breast Cancer Screening Advice, With Certain Caveats". University of Maryland School of Medicine. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023. https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/news/2023/UM-School-of-Medicine-Study-Finds-ChatGPT-Helpful-for-Breast-Cancer-Screening-Advice-With-Certain-Caveats-.html ↩

  309. Ayers, John W.; Poliak, Adam; Dredze, Mark; Leas, Eric C.; Zhu, Zechariah; Kelley, Jessica B.; Faix, Dennis J.; Goodman, Aaron M.; Longhurst, Christopher A.; Hogarth, Michael; Smith, Davey M. (April 28, 2023). "Comparing Physician and Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Responses to Patient Questions Posted to a Public Social Media Forum". JAMA Internal Medicine. 183 (6): 589–596. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.1838. ISSN 2168-6106. PMC 10148230. PMID 37115527. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10148230 ↩

  310. Fox, Andrea (May 4, 2023). "Does ChatGPT really outshine doctors? Or just on social media?". Healthcare IT News. HIMSS Media. Archived from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023. https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/does-chatgpt-really-outshine-doctors-or-just-social-media ↩

  311. "The doctor is out, but it's OK. ChatGPT can answer your questions". Hub. Johns Hopkins University. April 28, 2023. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023. https://hub.jhu.edu/2023/04/28/study-chatgpt-outperforms-human-physicians/ ↩

  312. Ono, Mika (April 28, 2023). "Study Finds ChatGPT Outperforms Physicians in High-Quality, Empathetic Answers to Patient Questions". UC San Diego Today. Archived from the original on April 28, 2023. Retrieved April 28, 2023. https://today.ucsd.edu/story/study-finds-chatgpt-outperforms-physicians-in-high-quality-empathetic-answers-to-patient-questions ↩

  313. "ChatGPT Beats Doctors in Compassion and Quality of Advice to Patients". Neuroscience News. April 28, 2023. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023. https://neurosciencenews.com/chatgpt-doctor-compassion-23133/ ↩

  314. Howard, Alex; Hope, William; Gerada, Alessandro (April 2023). "ChatGPT and antimicrobial advice: the end of the consulting infection doctor?". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 23 (4): 405–406. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00113-5. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 36822213. S2CID 257072872. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(23)00113-5/fulltext#back-bib1 ↩

  315. "Is There a Role for ChatGPT in Healthcare?". Physician's Weekly. April 27, 2023. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023. https://www.physiciansweekly.com/is-there-a-role-for-chatgpt-in-healthcare/ ↩

  316. Drake, Kimberly (April 6, 2023). "Rely on a Doctor, Not ChatGPT, for Medical Advice". HealthNews. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023. https://healthnews.com/news/dont-rely-on-chatgpt-for-medical-advice/ ↩

  317. Gravel, Jocelyn; D'Amours-Gravel, Madeleine; Osmanlliu, Esli (September 1, 2023). "Learning to Fake It: Limited Responses and Fabricated References Provided by ChatGPT for Medical Questions". Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Digital Health. 1 (3): 226–234. doi:10.1016/j.mcpdig.2023.05.004. ISSN 2949-7612. PMC 11975740. PMID 40206627. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11975740 ↩

  318. Hughes, Stephen (April 27, 2023). "How good is ChatGPT at diagnosing disease? A doctor puts it through its paces". The Conversation. Archived from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023. https://theconversation.com/how-good-is-chatgpt-at-diagnosing-disease-a-doctor-puts-it-through-its-paces-203281 ↩

  319. Patnaik, Sourav S.; Hoffmann, Ulrike (November 7, 2023). "Quantitative evaluation of ChatGPT versus Bard responses to anaesthesia-related queries". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 132 (1): S0007–0912(23)00550–0. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2023.09.030. ISSN 1471-6771. PMC 11837762. PMID 37945414. S2CID 265078930. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11837762 ↩

  320. Constantino, Annika Kim (December 5, 2023). "Free ChatGPT may incorrectly answer drug questions, study says". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2023. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/05/free-chatgpt-may-incorrectly-answer-drug-questions-study-says.html ↩

  321. "Study Finds ChatGPT Provides Inaccurate Responses to Drug Questions" (Press release). PR Newswire. December 5, 2023. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2023. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/study-finds-chatgpt-provides-inaccurate-responses-to-drug-questions-302005250.html ↩

  322. Barile, Joseph; Margolis, Alex; Cason, Grace; Kim, Rachel; Kalash, Saia; Tchaconas, Alexis; Milanaik, Ruth (January 2, 2024). "Diagnostic Accuracy of a Large Language Model in Pediatric Case Studies". JAMA Pediatrics. 178 (3): 313–315. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.5750. ISSN 2168-6203. PMC 10762631. PMID 38165685. Archived from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved February 18, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.5750 ↩

  323. Mole, Beth (January 3, 2024). "ChatGPT bombs test on diagnosing kids' medical cases with 83% error rate". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024. Retrieved January 5, 2024. https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/01/dont-use-chatgpt-to-diagnose-your-kids-illness-study-finds-83-error-rate/ ↩

  324. Kolata, Gina (November 17, 2024). "A.I. Chatbots Defeated Doctors at Diagnosing Illness". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 17, 2025. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/17/health/chatgpt-ai-doctors-diagnosis.html ↩

  325. "Bill S.31". malegislature.gov. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. https://malegislature.gov/Bills/193/S31/BillHistory ↩

  326. Annear, Steve (January 24, 2023). "Two elected officials drafted legislation to regulate artificial intelligence technology — with some help from ChatGPT". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/01/24/metro/this-state-senator-drafted-legislation-regulate-artificial-intelligence-technology-with-some-help-chatgpt/ ↩

  327. Garrity, Kelly; Kashinsky, Lisa (July 13, 2023). "ChatGPT enters the legislative chat". POLITICO. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. https://www.politico.com/newsletters/massachusetts-playbook/2023/07/13/chatgpt-enters-the-legislative-chat-00106066 ↩

  328. Annear, Steve (January 24, 2023). "Two elected officials drafted legislation to regulate artificial intelligence technology — with some help from ChatGPT". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/01/24/metro/this-state-senator-drafted-legislation-regulate-artificial-intelligence-technology-with-some-help-chatgpt/ ↩

  329. Garrity, Kelly; Kashinsky, Lisa (July 13, 2023). "ChatGPT enters the legislative chat". POLITICO. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. https://www.politico.com/newsletters/massachusetts-playbook/2023/07/13/chatgpt-enters-the-legislative-chat-00106066 ↩

  330. Quach, Katyanna (December 2, 2023). "Local council in Brazil passes ChatGPT-written proposal". The Register. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. https://www.theregister.com/2023/12/02/chatgpt_law_brazil/ ↩

  331. "Bill S.2539". malegislature.gov. Retrieved June 12, 2025. https://malegislature.gov/Bills/193/S2539 ↩

  332. "Pakistani judge uses ChatGPT to make court decision". Gulf News. April 13, 2023. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023. https://www.gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistani-judge-uses-chatgpt-to-make-court-decision-1.95104528 ↩

  333. "AI revolution is here': Pakistani court takes help from ChatGPT to grant bail in rape case". Pakistan Observer. April 11, 2023. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2023. https://pakobserver.net/ai-revolution-is-here-pakistani-court-takes-help-from-chatgpt-to-grant-bail-in-rape-case ↩

  334. Maruf, Ramishah (May 27, 2023). "Lawyer apologizes for fake court citations from ChatGPT | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved April 25, 2025. https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/27/business/chat-gpt-avianca-mata-lawyers/index.html ↩

  335. Davis, Wes (May 27, 2023). "A lawyer used ChatGPT and now has to answer for its 'bogus' citations". The Verge. Retrieved April 25, 2025. https://www.theverge.com/2023/5/27/23739913/chatgpt-ai-lawsuit-avianca-airlines-chatbot-research ↩

  336. Brodkin, Jon (June 23, 2023). "Lawyers have real bad day in court after citing fake cases made up by ChatGPT". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on January 26, 2024. Retrieved February 18, 2024. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/06/lawyers-have-real-bad-day-in-court-after-citing-fake-cases-made-up-by-chatgpt/ ↩

  337. Goswami, Rohan (May 30, 2023). "ChatGPT cited 'bogus' cases for a New York federal court filing. The attorneys involved may face sanctions". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 30, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/30/chatgpt-cited-bogus-cases-for-a-new-york-federal-court-filing.html ↩

  338. Neumeister, Larry (June 8, 2023). "Lawyers blame ChatGPT for tricking them into citing bogus case law". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-courts-e15023d7e6fdf4f099aa122437dbb59b ↩

  339. "Mata v. Avianca, Inc". Casetext. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024. https://casetext.com/case/mata-v-avianca-inc-2 ↩

  340. "'Use with caution': How ChatGPT landed this US lawyer and his firm in hot water". ABC News. June 24, 2023. Archived from the original on November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-24/us-lawyer-uses-chatgpt-to-research-case-with-embarrassing-result/102490068 ↩

  341. "New York lawyers sanctioned for using fake ChatGPT cases in legal brief". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 16, 2025. Retrieved April 25, 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20250316161634/https://www.reuters.com/legal/new-york-lawyers-sanctioned-using-fake-chatgpt-cases-legal-brief-2023-06-22/ ↩

  342. Merken, Sara (July 29, 2024). "Lawyers using AI must heed ethics rules, ABA says in first formal guidance". Reuters. Retrieved April 24, 2025. https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/lawyers-using-ai-must-heed-ethics-rules-aba-says-first-formal-guidance-2024-07-29/ ↩

  343. Quach, Katyanna (December 2, 2023). "Local council in Brazil passes ChatGPT-written proposal". The Register. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. https://www.theregister.com/2023/12/02/chatgpt_law_brazil/ ↩

  344. Jeantet, Diane; Savarese, Mauricio; LeBlanc, Steve; O'Brien, Matt (November 30, 2023). "Brazilian city enacts an ordinance that was secretly written by ChatGPT". AP News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/brazil-artificial-intelligence-porto-alegre-5afd1240afe7b6ac202bb0bbc45e08d4 ↩

  345. Paúl, María Luisa (December 4, 2023). "A Brazilian city passed a law about water meters. ChatGPT wrote it". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/12/04/ai-written-law-porto-alegre-brazil/ ↩

  346. Paúl, María Luisa (December 4, 2023). "A Brazilian city passed a law about water meters. ChatGPT wrote it". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/12/04/ai-written-law-porto-alegre-brazil/ ↩

  347. Foster, Gustavo (November 29, 2023). "Lei escrita por inteligência artificial é aprovada por vereadores em Porto Alegre; 'precedente perigoso', diz presidente da Câmara". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2023/11/29/lei-escrita-por-inteligencia-artificial-e-aprovada-por-vereadores-em-porto-alegre-precedente-perigoso-diz-presidente-da-camara.ghtml ↩

  348. Quach, Katyanna (December 2, 2023). "Local council in Brazil passes ChatGPT-written proposal". The Register. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. https://www.theregister.com/2023/12/02/chatgpt_law_brazil/ ↩

  349. Jeantet, Diane; Savarese, Mauricio; LeBlanc, Steve; O'Brien, Matt (November 30, 2023). "Brazilian city enacts an ordinance that was secretly written by ChatGPT". AP News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/brazil-artificial-intelligence-porto-alegre-5afd1240afe7b6ac202bb0bbc45e08d4 ↩

  350. Rose, Neil (December 7, 2023). "Litigant unwittingly put fake cases generated by AI before tribunal". Legal Futures. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024. https://www.legalfutures.co.uk/latest-news/litigant-unwittingly-put-fake-cases-generated-by-ai-before-tribunal ↩

  351. Cross, Michael (December 11, 2023). "AI hallucinates nine 'helpful' case authorities". Law Society Gazette. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024. https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/ai-hallucinates-nine-helpful-case-authorities/5118179.article ↩

  352. "Harber v Commissioners for His Majesty's Revenue and Customs [2023] UKFTT 1007 (TC)". BAILII. December 4, 2023. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024. https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKFTT/TC/2023/TC09010.html ↩

  353. Wilkins, Stephanie (June 4, 2024). "11th Circuit Judge Uses ChatGPT in Deciding Appeal, Encourages Others to Consider It". Law.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved June 5, 2024. https://www.law.com/2024/06/04/11th-circuit-judge-uses-chatgpt-in-deciding-appeal-encourages-others-to-consider-it/ ↩

  354. Weiss, Debra Cassens (June 6, 2024). "In concurrence confession, appeals judge says ChatGPT research 'less nutty' than feared". ABA Journal. Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024. https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/appeals-judge-makes-a-confession-he-consulted-chatgpt-and-found-the-results-less-nutty-than-i-feared ↩