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Carl Auer von Welsbach
Austrian scientist and inventor (1858–1929)

Carl Auer von Welsbach (1 September 1858 – 4 August 1929), who received the Austrian noble title of Freiherr Auer von Welsbach in 1901, was an Austrian scientist and inventor, who separated didymium into the elements neodymium and praseodymium in 1885. He was also one of three scientists to independently discover the element lutetium (which he named cassiopeium), separating it from ytterbium in 1907, setting off the longest priority dispute in the history of chemistry.

He had a talent not only for making scientific advances, but also for turning them into commercially successful products. His work on rare-earth elements led to the development of the ferrocerium "flints" used in modern lighters, the gas mantle that brought light to the streets of Europe in the late 19th century, and the metal-filament light bulb. He took the phrase plus lucis, meaning "more light", as his motto.

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Early life

Carl Auer was born in Vienna on 1 September 1858 to Alois Auer and his wife, Therese Neuditschka.8 He was the youngest of four children, his elder siblings being Leopoldine, Alois and Amalie. His father, ennobled in 1860 (as Alois Ritter Auer von Welsbach),9 was director of the Imperial printing office (K.-k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei) in the days of the Austrian Empire.10: 1–3, 6 

Carl went to high schools in Mariahilf and Josefstadt. He attended the Realschule Josefstadt from 1873 to 1877, matriculating on July 16, 1877.1112

Next, he joined the Austro-Hungarian Army for one year of voluntary military service.13: 132  He was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant. He joined on October 1, 1877, and received his patent as a lieutenant on December 15, 1878.14

In 1878, Auer entered the University of Vienna, studying mathematics, general chemistry, engineering physics, and thermodynamics. He then moved to the University of Heidelberg in 1880, where he continued his studies in spectroscopy under the direction of Robert Bunsen, (inventor of the Bunsen burner).1516 In 1882, he received his Ph.D. degree and returned to Vienna to work as an unpaid assistant in Professor Adolf Lieben's laboratory, working with chemical separation methods for investigations on rare-earth elements.17: 132 18

Rare earths

Neodymium and praseodymium

In 1885, Auer von Welsbach used a method of fractional crystallization that he had developed himself to separate the alloy didymium into its two parts, for the first time. It had previously been believed to be an element. After 167 crystallizations, Auer von Welsbach differentiated it into two colored salts: he named the green colored salt "praseodymium" and the pink one "neodidymium". He announced his achievement to the Vienna Academy of Sciences on 18 June 1885. His achievement was approved by Bunsen, but met with considerable skepticism from others.192021: 36–40 22

The name "neodidymium" is derived from the Greek words neos (νέος), new, and didymos (διδύμος), twin. The name praseodymium comes from the Greek prasinos (πράσινος), meaning "green".2324 In naming both elements, and not leaving the original name didymium to the more-abundant component, Auer von Welsbach diverged from established practice, which was to give a new name only to the less-abundant component. Nonetheless, his name for the major fraction, neodidymium, after some modification, became the name of the element neodymium. Praseodymium was also accepted as the name of the minor fraction.25

Lutetium and ytterbium

The rare earth element lutetium was independently discovered by three scientists at around the same time in 1907: French scientist Georges Urbain, Austrian Auer von Welsbach, and American Charles James.2627 All three were successful in separating the substance then known as ytterbium into two new fractions. To name the newly discovered fraction, Urbain suggested the name "lutecium", for the Roman city of Lutetia that preceded Paris. Auer von Welsbach suggested the name "cassiopeium". James' work was not yet published when the other's work appeared, and he did not involve himself in subsequent disputes. Lutetium, a slight modification of Urbain's name, was eventually accepted after a long battle between Urbain and Welsbach.28: 47–55 2930

Lighting innovations

Gas mantle

On 23 September 1885, Auer von Welsbach received a patent on his development of the gas mantle, which he called Auerlicht, using a chemical mixture of 60% magnesium oxide, 20% lanthanum oxide and 20% yttrium oxide, which he called Actinophor.31: 64–67  To produce a mantle, guncotton is impregnated with a mixture of Actinophor and then heated, the cotton eventually burns away, leaving a solid (albeit fragile) ash, which glows brightly when heated.3233 These original mantles gave off a green-tinted light and were not very successful, and his first company formed to sell them failed in 1889.34: 69 

In 1890 he introduced a new form of the mantle based on a mixture of 99% thorium dioxide and 1% cerium(IV) oxide, which he developed in collaboration with his colleague Ludwig Haitinger.35: 72 36373839 These proved both more robust and having a much "whiter" light. Another company founded to produce the newer design was formed in 1891, working with fellow student from the university Ignaz Kreidl, and the device quickly spread throughout Europe.4041 42

In the United States this technique was adopted by The Coleman Company and became their logo for the company. In the 1980s it was reported that Thorium's radio-daughters (Decay products) could be volatilized and released into the air upon incandescence of the mantle.4344 A lawsuit (Wagner v. Coleman) was brought against Coleman. The company changed its formulation to use non-radioactive materials, which apparently cost less and last longer.4546

Metal-filament light bulb

Auer von Welsbach then started work on development of metal-filament mantles, first with platinum wiring, and then osmium. Osmium is very difficult to work with, but he developed a new method, which mixed osmium oxide powder with rubber or sugar into a paste, which is then squeezed through a nozzle and fired. The paste burns away, leaving a fine wire of osmium.47: 105–111 48

Although originally intended to be a new mantle, it was during this period that electricity was being introduced into the market, and he started experimenting with ways to use the filaments as a replacement for the electric arc light. He worked on this until finally developing a workable technique in 1898 and started a new factory to produce his Auer-Oslight, which he introduced commercially in 1902. The metal-filament light bulb was a huge improvement on the existing carbon-filament designs, lasting much longer, using about half the electricity for the same amount of light, and being much more robust.49: 105–111 50

Lighting flint

In 1903 Auer von Welsbach won another patent for a fire striker ("flint") composition named ferrocerium. It takes its name from its two primary components: iron (from Latin: ferrum), and the rare-earth element cerium. It is also known in Europe as "Auermetall" after its inventor. Three different Auermetalls were developed: the first was iron and cerium, the second also included lanthanum to produce brighter sparks, and the third added other heavy metals. In Auer von Welsbach's first alloy, 30% iron (ferrum) was added to purified cerium, hence the name "ferro-cerium". 51

Welsbach's flints consisted of pyrophoric alloys, 70% cerium and 30% iron, which when scratched or struck would give off sparks. This system remains in wide use in cigarette lighters today. In 1907 he formed Treibacher Chemische Werke GesmbH to build and market the devices.52: 92–98 

Radium research

For the rest of his life Auer von Welsbach turned again to "pure" chemistry. He worked largely on his estate at Welsbach Castle (Schloß Welsbach) near Treibach near Althofen.53 In addition to his work on elements and minerals, he made advances in the development of photographic techniques. He was also a devoted gardener, carefully supporting rare and difficult-to-grow plants in his garden, and breeding new varieties of roses and apple trees.5455

He published a number of papers on chemical separation and spectroscopy, working on radioactive elements as early as 1904.56: 190  In 1910, one of his companies helped to establish Vienna as a center of radiation research by producing the first major quantity of radium chloride (3-4 grams) in Europe.57: 218–219 

In 1910, Auer von Welsbach reported a "mysterious observation", the induction of radioactivity in an inactive substance when exposed to a radioactive substance. Based on his report, it is possible that he may have been the first to observe neutron activation.58

Between 1907 and 1918, Auer von Welsbach focused on isolating preparations of actinium and thorium as by-products of radium extraction.59: 218–219  He kept up an active correspondence with physicist Stefan Meyer, managing director of the Institute for Radium Research, Vienna, to discuss the extraction of actinium. Meyer and his staff do not appear to have had the chemical knowledge to understand Auer von Welsbach's methods, and Auer von Welsbach resigned around 1917.60

During World War I, he had difficulty finding staff to carry out research. After the war, he was active in supporting the work of the institute, and other scientists.61 He presented a major paper on his spectroscopic work and the separation of radioactive elements in 1922.6263 The following photographs show scientific equipment from Auer von Welsbach's laboratory, from "Spektroskopische Methoden der analytischen Chemie" (1922).64

Commemoration

In 2008 (150 years after his birth), Auer von Welsbach was selected as a main motif for a high-value collectors' coin: the Austrian €25 Fascination Light.65 The reverse has a partial portrait of Auer on the left-hand side. The sun shines in the middle of the green niobium pill, while several methods of illumination from the gas light from incandescent light bulbs and neon lamps to modern light-emitting diodes spread out around the silver ring.6667

He was also depicted on postage stamps of 1936,68 195469 and 2012.70

Awards and honors

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carl Auer von Welsbach.

References

  1. "Karl Auer Dead. Noted Lamp Inventor; Welsbach Incandescent Gas Mantel Made Him Wealthy. A Leading Chemist". The New York Times. August 6, 1929. Retrieved 2010-10-08. https://www.nytimes.com/1929/08/06/archives/karl-auer-dead-noted-lamp-inventor-welsbach-incandescent-gas-mantel.html ↩

  2. Die Umschau (in German). H. Bechhold verlagsbuchhandlung. 1910. p. 177. https://books.google.com/books?id=757mAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA177 ↩

  3. Daniel Wolter; Egon Reuter (25 October 2005). Preis- und Handelskonzepte in der Stromwirtschaft (in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 37. ISBN 978-3-8244-0765-1. 978-3-8244-0765-1 ↩

  4. Adunka, Roland (2000). "Carl Auer von Welsbach - Das Lebenswerk eines österreichischen Genies" (PDF). Plus Lucis (January): 24–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20170811212710/http://pluslucis.univie.ac.at/PlusLucis/001/welsbach.pdf ↩

  5. "Carl Auer von Welsbach". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Retrieved 19 December 2019. https://www.invent.org/inductees/carl-auer-von-welsbach ↩

  6. Iles, George (1906). Inventors at Work: With Chapters on Discovery. New York: Doubleday, Page. pp. 155–. https://archive.org/details/inventorsatwork02ilesgoog ↩

  7. Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (2002). "Rediscovery of the Elements: Althofen, Austria and Auer von Welsbach" (PDF). The Hexagon (Spring): 8–10. Retrieved 18 December 2019. http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/Hexagon%20Articles/welsbach.pdf ↩

  8. Alfred Anthony von Siegenfeld. Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Adeligen Haeuser Oesterreichs (in German). p. 55. ISBN 978-5-88073-613-3. 978-5-88073-613-3 ↩

  9. Gravestone of the Auer von Welsbach family in Vienna, Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Auer_von_Welsbach_family_grave,_Vienna,_2017.jpg ↩

  10. Adunka, Roland; Orna, Mary Virginia (May 12, 2018). Carl Auer von Welsbach: Chemist, Inventor, Entrepreneur. Springer. ISBN 9783319779058. Retrieved 19 December 2019. 9783319779058 ↩

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  14. "Dr. Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858 - 1929)". Borg Althofen. Retrieved 19 December 2019. https://borg-althofen.at/schule/geschichte/dr-c-auer-v-welsbach.html ↩

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  19. Weeks, Mary Elvira (1956). The discovery of the elements (6th ed.). Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. https://archive.org/details/discoveryoftheel002045mbp ↩

  20. Weeks, Mary Elvira (October 1932). "The discovery of the elements. XVI. The rare earth elements". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (10): 1751. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1751W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1751. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  21. Adunka, Roland; Orna, Mary Virginia (May 12, 2018). Carl Auer von Welsbach: Chemist, Inventor, Entrepreneur. Springer. ISBN 9783319779058. Retrieved 19 December 2019. 9783319779058 ↩

  22. v. Welsbach, Carl Auer (1885). "Die Zerlegung des Didyms in seine Elemente" [Breaking down the didymic into its elements]. Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften (in German). 6 (1): 477–491. doi:10.1007/BF01554643. S2CID 95838770. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  23. Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). "Neodymium. Elements". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 4.23. ISBN 9781498754293. 9781498754293 ↩

  24. Emsley, John (2003). Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 268–270. ISBN 0-19-850340-7. 0-19-850340-7 ↩

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  28. Adunka, Roland; Orna, Mary Virginia (May 12, 2018). Carl Auer von Welsbach: Chemist, Inventor, Entrepreneur. Springer. ISBN 9783319779058. Retrieved 19 December 2019. 9783319779058 ↩

  29. "Separation of Rare Earth Elements by Charles James". National Historic Chemical Landmarks. American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2014-02-21. http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/earthelements.html ↩

  30. Adunka, Roland (2000). "Carl Auer von Welsbach - Das Lebenswerk eines österreichischen Genies" (PDF). Plus Lucis (January): 24–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20170811212710/http://pluslucis.univie.ac.at/PlusLucis/001/welsbach.pdf ↩

  31. Adunka, Roland; Orna, Mary Virginia (May 12, 2018). Carl Auer von Welsbach: Chemist, Inventor, Entrepreneur. Springer. ISBN 9783319779058. Retrieved 19 December 2019. 9783319779058 ↩

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  36. Bunzli, Jean-Claude; Pecharsky, Vitalij (2016). Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths: Including Actinides. North Holland. p. 24. ISBN 9780444638526. 9780444638526 ↩

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  38. Barrows, Geo. S. (1909). "The work of Dr. Carl Auer von Welsbach in the field of artificial illuminants". Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society. IV. Illuminating Engineering Society: 575–576. Retrieved 20 December 2019. https://books.google.com/books?id=DGk1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA575 ↩

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  42. Birkinbine, John (1900). "The Welsbach Light". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 150 (December): 406–415. Bibcode:1900Sci....12..951.. doi:10.1016/S0016-0032(00)90042-5. Retrieved 19 December 2019. https://books.google.com/books?id=n18LF_wTtukC&pg=PA414 ↩

  43. Luetzelschwab, John W.; Googins, Shawn W. (April 1984). "Radioactivity Released from Burning Gas Lantern Mantles". Health Physics. 46 (4): 873–881. doi:10.1097/00004032-198404000-00013. PMID 6706595. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  44. Anderson, Mary (1982). "The Hidden Radioactive Danger of Mantle Lamps". Mother Earth News. Retrieved 20 December 2019. https://www.motherearthnews.com/natural-health/radioactive-danger-of-mantle-lamps-zmaz82ndzgoe ↩

  45. Veronese, Keith (2012). "The Thorium Lantern: Your Opportunity for Retail Radiation Exposure". Gizmodo. https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-thorium-lantern-your-opportunity-for-retail-radiat-5889732 ↩

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  55. Löffler, Gerd (2017). "Carl Auer von Welsbach und sein Beitrag zur frühen Radioaktivitätsforschung" [Carl Auer von Welsbach and his contribution to early radioactivity research] (PDF). Mitteilungen, Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker / Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie (Frankfurt/Main) (in German). 25: 190–226. Retrieved 21 December 2019. https://www.gdch.de/fileadmin/downloads/Netzwerk_und_Strukturen/Fachgruppen/Geschichte_der_Chemie/Mitteilungen_Band_25/2017-25-09.pdf ↩

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  57. Löffler, Gerd (2017). "Carl Auer von Welsbach und sein Beitrag zur frühen Radioaktivitätsforschung" [Carl Auer von Welsbach and his contribution to early radioactivity research] (PDF). Mitteilungen, Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker / Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie (Frankfurt/Main) (in German). 25: 190–226. Retrieved 21 December 2019. https://www.gdch.de/fileadmin/downloads/Netzwerk_und_Strukturen/Fachgruppen/Geschichte_der_Chemie/Mitteilungen_Band_25/2017-25-09.pdf ↩

  58. Steinhauser, Georg; Adunka, Roland; Hainz, Dieter; Löffler, Gerd; Musilek, Andreas (9 January 2017). "New Forensic Insight into Carl Auer von Welsbach's 1910 Observation of Induced Radioactivity: Theoretical, Experimental and Historical Approaches". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 41 (4): 297–318. doi:10.1080/03080188.2016.1251731. S2CID 151854505. http://www.repo.uni-hannover.de/handle/123456789/1240 ↩

  59. Löffler, Gerd (2017). "Carl Auer von Welsbach und sein Beitrag zur frühen Radioaktivitätsforschung" [Carl Auer von Welsbach and his contribution to early radioactivity research] (PDF). Mitteilungen, Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker / Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie (Frankfurt/Main) (in German). 25: 190–226. Retrieved 21 December 2019. https://www.gdch.de/fileadmin/downloads/Netzwerk_und_Strukturen/Fachgruppen/Geschichte_der_Chemie/Mitteilungen_Band_25/2017-25-09.pdf ↩

  60. Löffler, Gerd (2017). "Carl Auer von Welsbach und sein Beitrag zur frühen Radioaktivitätsforschung" [Carl Auer von Welsbach and his contribution to early radioactivity research] (PDF). Mitteilungen, Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker / Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie (Frankfurt/Main) (in German). 25: 190–226. Retrieved 21 December 2019. https://www.gdch.de/fileadmin/downloads/Netzwerk_und_Strukturen/Fachgruppen/Geschichte_der_Chemie/Mitteilungen_Band_25/2017-25-09.pdf ↩

  61. Löffler, Gerd (2017). "Carl Auer von Welsbach und sein Beitrag zur frühen Radioaktivitätsforschung" [Carl Auer von Welsbach and his contribution to early radioactivity research] (PDF). Mitteilungen, Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker / Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie (Frankfurt/Main) (in German). 25: 190–226. Retrieved 21 December 2019. https://www.gdch.de/fileadmin/downloads/Netzwerk_und_Strukturen/Fachgruppen/Geschichte_der_Chemie/Mitteilungen_Band_25/2017-25-09.pdf ↩

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