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The Arab League, officially the League of Arab States, is a regional organization formed in Cairo in 1945, initially with seven members including Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. It now has 22 members aiming to strengthen cooperation in political, economic, and cultural fields. Institutions like the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization support this mission. The League has historically worked to coordinate policies, mediate disputes such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis, and promote economic integration via initiatives like the Joint Arab Economic Action Charter. In recent years, it established a voluntary Joint Arab Force in response to regional threats and conflicts.

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History

Following adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944, the Arab League was founded on 22 March 1945.6 The official headquarters of the League was the Boustan Palace in Cairo.7 It aimed to be a regional organisation of Arab states with a focus to developing the economy, resolving disputes and coordinating political aims.8 Other countries later joined the league.9 Each country was given one vote in the council. The first major action was joint intervention to keep Palestine from being divided into two states in keeping with the decision of the United Nations General Assembly. When Transjordan agreed to this proposal, Egypt intervened to prevent this from happening.10 It was followed by the creation of a mutual defence treaty two years later. A common market was established in 1965.11

The Arab League has not achieved much cooperation throughout its history. According to Michael Barnett and Etel Solingen, the design of the Arab League reflects Arab leaders' individual concerns for regime survival: "the politics of Arab nationalism and a shared identity led Arab states to embrace the rhetoric of Arab unity in order to legitimize their regimes, and to fear Arab unity in practice because it would impose greater restrictions on their sovereignty."12 The Arab League was "specifically designed to fail at producing the kind of greater collaboration and integration that might have weakened political leaders at home."13

Geography

Main article: Geography of the Arab world

The Arab League member states cover over 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq mi) and straddles two continents: Africa and Asia. The area largely consists of arid deserts, such as the Sahara. Nevertheless, it also contains several highly fertile lands like the Nile Valley, the Jubba Valley and Shebelle Valley in the Horn of Africa, the Atlas Mountains in the Maghreb, and the Fertile Crescent that stretches over Mesopotamia and the Levant. The area comprises deep forests in southern Arabia and parts of the world's longest river, the Nile.

Membership

Main article: Member states of the Arab League

The Charter of the Arab League, also known as the Pact of the League of Arab States, is the founding treaty of the Arab League. Adopted in 1945, it stipulates that "the League of Arab States shall be composed of the independent Arab States that have signed this Pact."14

In 1945, there were seven members,15 but the Arab League now has 22 members, including 8 African countries:

and 7 observer states (note: the observer states below have been invited to participate during select Arab League sessions but do not hold voting privileges):

Suspensions

Egypt was suspended from the Arab League on 26 March 1979 due to the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, with the League's headquarters moving from Cairo to Tunis, Tunisia. In 1987, Arab League states restored diplomatic relations with Egypt, the country was readmitted to the League in May 1989 and the League's headquarters were moved back to Cairo in September 1990.23

Libya was suspended on 22 February 2011, following the outbreak of the first Libyan civil war.24 The Arab League voted to restore Libya's membership on 27 August 2011 by accrediting a representative of the National Transitional Council, which was the partially recognised interim government of the country.25

Syria was suspended on 16 November 2011 in the aftermath of the outbreak of the Syrian civil war. On 6 March 2013, the Arab League gave Syria's seat in the Arab League to the Syrian National Coalition, the largest opposition group.26 On 9 March 2014, secretary general Nabil Elaraby stated that Syria's seat would remain vacant until the opposition completed the formation of its institutions.27 In 2021, the Arab League initiated a process of normalisation between the Syrian Ba'athist government and other Arab nations.28 On 7 May 2023, at the meeting of the Council of the Arab League in Cairo, it was agreed to reinstate Syria's membership.29

Politics and administration

Main articles: Charter of the Arab League, Council of the Arab League, Arab Parliament, Politics of the Arab League, and Foreign relations of the Arab League

The Arab League is a political organization which tries to help integrate its members economically, and solve conflicts involving member states without asking for foreign assistance. It possesses elements of a state representative parliament while foreign affairs are often conducted under UN supervision.30

The Charter of the Arab League31 endorsed the principle of an Arab nation-state while respecting the sovereignty of the individual member states. The internal regulations of the Council of the League32 and the committees33 were agreed in October 1951. Those of the Secretariat-General were agreed in May 1953.34

Since then, governance of the Arab League has been based on the duality of supra-national institutions and the sovereignty of the member states. Preservation of individual statehood derived its strengths from the natural preference of ruling elites to maintain their power and independence in decision making. Moreover, the fear of the richer that the poorer may share their wealth in the name of Arab nationalism, the feuds among Arab rulers, and the influence of external powers that might oppose Arab unity can be seen as obstacles towards a deeper integration of the league.

Mindful of their previous announcements in support of the Arabs of Palestine the framers of the Pact were determined to include them within the League from its inauguration.35 This was done by means of an annex that declared:36

Even though Palestine was not able to control her own destiny, it was on the basis of the recognition of her independence that the Covenant of the League of Nations determined a system of government for her. Her existence and her independence among the nations can, therefore, no more be questioned de jure than the independence of any of the other Arab States. [...] Therefore, the States signatory to the Pact of the Arab League consider that in view of Palestine's special circumstances, the Council of the League should designate an Arab delegate from Palestine to participate in its work until this country enjoys actual independence

At the Cairo Summit of 1964, the Arab League initiated the creation of an organisation representing the Palestinian people. The first Palestinian National Council convened in East Jerusalem on 29 May 1964. The Palestine Liberation Organization was founded during this meeting on 2 June 1964. Palestine was shortly admitted in to the Arab League, represented by the PLO. Today, State of Palestine is a full member of the Arab League.

At the Beirut Summit on 28 March 2002, the league adopted the Arab Peace Initiative,37 a Saudi-inspired peace plan for the Arab–Israeli conflict. The initiative offered full normalisation of the relations with Israel. In exchange, Israel was required to withdraw from all occupied territories, including the Golan Heights, to recognise Palestinian independence in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, with East Jerusalem as its capital, as well as a "just solution" for the Palestinian refugees. The Peace Initiative was again endorsed at 2007 in the Riyadh Summit. In July 2007, the Arab League sent a mission, consisting of the Jordanian and Egyptian foreign ministers, to Israel to promote the initiative. Following Venezuela's move to expel Israeli diplomats amid the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict, Kuwaiti member of parliament Waleed Al-Tabtabaie proposed moving Arab League headquarters to Caracas, Venezuela.38 On 13 June 2010, Amr Mohammed Moussa, Secretary-General of the Arab League, visited the Gaza Strip, the first visit by an official of the Arab League since Hamas' armed takeover in 2007.

The Arab League is a member of the China-Arab States Cooperation Forum (CASCF), which was formed in 2004. CASCF is the Arab League's earliest participation in a cooperation forum with another country or region.39 CASCF is the primarily multi-lateral coordination mechanism between the Arab states and China and within CASCF the Arab League represents its member states as a relatively unified force.40 The Arab League's coordination allows Arab states to negotiate actively for collective projects involving multiple states, such as railway projects, nuclear power projects, and Dead Sea initiatives.41

In 2015, the Arab League voiced support for Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was deposed in the 2011 uprising.42

On 15 April 2018, in response to the Turkish invasion of northern Syria aimed at ousting U.S.-backed Syrian Kurds from the enclave of Afrin, the Arab League passed a resolution calling on Turkish forces to withdraw from Afrin.43

In September 2019, the Arab League condemned Benjamin Netanyahu's plans to annex the eastern portion of the occupied West Bank known as the Jordan Valley.44

The Arab League met in Cairo on 12 October 2019 to discuss Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Upon meeting, its member states voted to condemn the Turkish offensive, dubbing it both an 'invasion' and an 'aggression' against an Arab state, adding that the organization saw it as a violation of international law.45

On 9 September 2020, the Arab League refused to condemn the UAE's decision to normalize ties with Israel. Nevertheless, "The goal all our Arab countries seek, without exception, is to end the occupation and establish an independent Palestinian state on the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital," Aboul Gheit said.46 In January 2024, the Arab League expressed support for South Africa's ICJ genocide case against Israel.47

List of summits

No.DateHost CountryHost City
113–17 January 1964 United Arab RepublicCairo
25–11 September 1964 United Arab RepublicAlexandria
313–17 September 1965 MoroccoCasablanca
429 August 1967 SudanKhartoum
521–23 December 1969 MoroccoRabat
626–28 November 1973 AlgeriaAlgiers
729 October 1974 MoroccoRabat
825–26 October 1976 EgyptCairo
92–5 November 1978 IraqBaghdad
1020–22 November 1979 TunisiaTunis
1121–22 November 1980 JordanAmman
126–9 September 1982 MoroccoFes
131985 MoroccoCasablanca
141987 JordanAmman
15June 1988 AlgeriaAlgiers
161989 MoroccoCasablanca
171990 IraqBaghdad
181996 EgyptCairo
1927–28 March 2001 JordanAmman
2027–28 March 2002 LebanonBeirut
211 March 2003 EgyptSharm el-Sheikh
2222–23 May 2004 TunisiaTunis
2322–23 March 2005 AlgeriaAlgiers
2428–30 March 2006 SudanKhartoum
2527–28 March 2007 Saudi ArabiaRiyadh
2629–30 March 2008 SyriaDamascus
2728–30 March 2009 QatarDoha
2827–28 March 2010 LibyaSirte
2927–29 March 2012 IraqBaghdad
3021–27 March 2013 QatarDoha48
3125–26 March 2014 KuwaitKuwait City49
3228–29 March 2015 EgyptSharm El Sheikh50
3320 July 2016 MauritaniaNouakchott
3423–29 March 2017 JordanAmman51
3515 April 2018 Saudi ArabiaDhahran
3631 March 2019 TunisiaTunis52
371 November 2022 AlgeriaAlgiers
3819 May 2023 Saudi ArabiaJeddah
3916 May 2024 BahrainManama
4017 May 2025 IraqBaghdad

Emergency summits

No.DateHost CountryHost City
121–27 September 1970 United Arab RepublicCairo
217–28 October 1976 Saudi ArabiaRiyadh
37–9 September 1985 MoroccoCasablanca
48–12 November 1987 JordanAmman
57–9 June 1988 AlgeriaAlgiers
623–26 June 1989 MoroccoCasablanca
728–30 May 1990 IraqBaghdad
89–10 August 1990 EgyptCairo
922–23 June 1996 EgyptCairo
1021–22 October 2000 EgyptCairo
117 January 2016 Saudi ArabiaRiyadh
1211 November 2023 Saudi ArabiaRiyadh
134 March 2025 EgyptCairo
  • Two summits are not added to the system of Arab League summits:
    • Anshas, Egypt: 28–29 May 1946.
    • Beirut, Lebanon: 13 – 15 November 1958.
  • Summit 12 in Fes, Morocco, occurred in two stages:
    • On 25 November 1981: the 5-hour meeting ended without an agreement on document.
    • On 6–9 September 1982.

Military

Main article: Military of the Arab League

The Joint Defence Council of the Arab League is one of the Institutions of the Arab League.53 It was established under the terms of the Joint Defence and Economic Co-operation Treaty of 1950 to coordinate the joint defence of the Arab League member states.54

The Arab League as an organisation has no military Force, similar to the UN, but at the 2007 summit, the Leaders decided to reactivate their joint defence and establish a peacekeeping force to deploy in South Lebanon, Darfur, Iraq, and other hot spots.

At a 2015 summit in Egypt, member states agreed in principle to form a joint military force.55

Economic resources

Main article: Economy of the Arab League

See also: List of countries by GDP (PPP) and List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

The Arab League is rich in resources, such as enormous oil and natural gas resources in certain member states.

Economic achievements initiated by the League amongst member states have been less impressive than those achieved by smaller Arab organisations such as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).56 Among them is the Arab Gas Pipeline, that will transport Egyptian and Iraqi gas to Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey. As of 2013, a significant difference in economic conditions exist between the developed oil states of Algeria, Qatar, Kuwait and the UAE, and developing countries like the Comoros, Djibouti, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen.

The Arab League also includes great fertile lands in the southern part of Sudan. It is referred to as the food basket of the Arab World, the region's instability including the independence of South Sudan has not affected its tourism industry, that is considered the fastest growing industry in the region, with Egypt, UAE, Lebanon, Tunisia, and Jordan leading the way. Another industry that is growing steadily in the Arab League is telecommunications.

Economical achievements within members have been low in the league's history, other smaller Arab Organizations have achieved more than the league has, such as the GCC, but lately several major economic projects that are promising are to be completed, the Arab Gas Pipeline is to end by 2010, Connecting Egyptian and Iraqi Gas to Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, and then to Turkey thus Europe, a free trade Agreement (GAFTA) is to be completed by 1 January 2008, making 95% of all Arab products tax free of customs.

Transport

The Arab League is divided into five parts when it comes to transport, with the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East being entirely connected by air, sea, roads and railways. Another part of the League is the Nile Valley, made up of Egypt and Sudan. These two member states have started to improve the River Nile's navigation system to improve accessibility and thus foster trading. A new railway system is also set to connect the southern Egyptian city of Abu Simbel with the northern Sudanese city of Wadi Halfa and then to Khartoum and Port Sudan. The third division of the League is the Maghreb, where a 3,000 km stretch of railway runs from the southern cities of Morocco to Tripoli in Western Libya. The fourth division of the League is the Horn of Africa, whose member states include Djibouti and Somalia. These two Arab League states are separated by only ten nautical miles from the Arabian Peninsula by the Bab el Mandeb and this is quickly changing as Tarik bin Laden, the brother of Osama bin Laden, has initiated the construction of the ambitious Bridge of the Horns project, which ultimately aims to connect the Horn of Africa with the Arabian Peninsula via a massive bridge. The project is intended to facilitate and accelerate the already centuries-old trade and commerce between the two regions. The last division of the League is the isolated archipelago of the Comoros located off the coast of East Africa, which is not physically connected to any other Arab state, but still trades with other Arab League members.

Literacy

Main article: List of countries by literacy rate

In collecting literacy data, many countries estimate the number of literate people based on self-reported data. Some use educational attainment data as a proxy, but measures of school attendance or grade completion may differ. Because definitions and data collection methods vary across countries, literacy estimates should be used with caution. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2010. The Persian Gulf region has had an oil boom, enabling more schools and universities to be set up.

RankCountryLiteracy rate
1 Qatar97.357
2 Palestine96.558
3 Kuwait96.359
4 Bahrain95.760
5 Jordan95.461
6 Saudi Arabia94.462
7 Lebanon93.963
8 United Arab Emirates93.864
9 Oman91.165
10 Libya9166
11 Syria86.467
12 Iraq85.768
13 Tunisia81.869
14 Comoros81.870
15 Algeria80.271
16 Sudan75.972
17 Egypt73.873
18 Yemen70.174
19 Djibouti70.075
20 Morocco68.576
21 Mauritania52.177
22 Somalia44–7278

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the Arab world

While Arabs constitute the largest ethnic group in the Arab League, there are several other ethnic groups that also reside in the region, including Berbers, Kurds, Somalis, Assyrians, Armenians, Nubians, Mandaeans, and Circassians. Each of these groups have their own distinct cultures, languages, and traditions. As of 1 July 2013, about 359 million people live in the states of the Arab League. Its population grows faster than in most other global regions. The most populous member state is Egypt, with a population of over 100 million.79 The least populated is the Comoros, with approximately 850,000 inhabitants.

RankCountryPopulationDensity (/km2)Density (sq mi)Notes
1 Egypt104,635,98311028580
2 Sudan49,197,555164181
3 Iraq45,318,0118522082
4 Algeria44,700,000164183
5 Morocco37,984,6557118484
6 Yemen34,277,6124511785
7 Saudi Arabia32,175,224123186
8 Syria22,125,24911830687
9 Somalia17,066,000184788
10 Tunisia11,708,3706516889
11 Jordan11,180,5687118490
12 United Arab Emirates9,269,6129925691
13 Libya7,054,4933.89.89293
14 Lebanon5,296,8144041,04694
15 Palestine5,227,1937561,95895
16 Mauritania4,614,9743.28.396
17 Oman4,520,4719.22497
18 Kuwait4,294,62120051898
19 Qatar2,795,48415439999
20 Bahrain1,463,2651,6464,263100
21 Djibouti957,2733796101
22 Comoros850,886309800102
Total Arab League 462,940,089 30.478.7

Religion

The majority of the Arab League's citizens adhere to Islam, with Christianity being the second largest religion. At least 15 million Christians combined live in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Sudan and Syria. In addition, there are smaller but significant numbers of Druze, Yazidis, Shabaks and Mandaeans. Numbers for nonreligious Arabs are generally not available, but research by the Pew Forum suggests around 1% of people in the MENA region are "unaffiliated".103

Languages

The official language of the Arab League is Literary Arabic, based on Classical Arabic. However, several Arab League member states have other co-official or national languages, such as Somali, Afar, Comorian, French, English, Berber and Kurdish. In most countries, there is a dominant non-codified spoken Arabic dialect.

Culture

Sports

Main article: Sport policies of the Arab League

The Pan-Arab Games are considered the biggest Arab sporting event, which brings together athletes from all the Arab countries to participate in a variety of different sports.

The Union of Arab Football Associations organises the Arab Cup (for national teams) and the Arab Club Champions Cup (for clubs). Arab sport federations also exist for several games, include basketball, volleyball, handball, table tennis, tennis, squash and swimming.

See also

Notes

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Arab League Pact Wikimedia Commons has media related to League of Arab States.

References

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