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Amplified fragment length polymorphism
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<p>Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP-PCR or AFLP) is a <a href="/facts/Polymerase_chain_reaction/G0jWzJy1">PCR-based</a> tool used in <a href="/facts/Genetics/bu8wne0A">genetics</a> research, <a href="/facts/DNA_fingerprint/NhYPDDH4">DNA fingerprinting</a>, and in the practice of <a href="/facts/Genetic_engineering/vwdlDR61">genetic engineering</a>. Developed in the early 1990s by Pieter Vos, AFLP uses <a href="/facts/Restriction_enzymes/Mg0VgkCX">restriction enzymes</a> to digest <a href="/facts/Genome/31Sm08JT">genomic DNA</a>, followed by <a href="/facts/DNA_ligase/gvgKYAJD">ligation</a> of <a href="/facts/Adapter_(genetics)/oSmFk1kq">adaptors</a> to the <a href="/facts/Sticky_ends/cKcexPfJ">sticky ends</a> of the <a href="/facts/Restriction_fragment/FptlrUJH">restriction fragments</a>. A subset of the restriction fragments is then selected to be amplified. This selection is achieved by using <a href="/facts/Primer_(molecular_biology)/I3fBfwte">primers</a> complementary to the adaptor sequence, the restriction site sequence and a few nucleotides inside the restriction site fragments (as described in detail below). The amplified fragments are separated and visualized on denaturing on <a href="/facts/Agarose_gel_electrophoresis/JxY5UUXv">agarose gel electrophoresis</a>, either through <a href="/facts/Autoradiography/6LD6PD83">autoradiography</a> or <a href="/facts/Fluorescence/qsJVT2qP">fluorescence</a> methodologies, or via automated capillary sequencing instruments. </p><p>Although AFLP should not be used as an acronym, it is commonly referred to as "Amplified fragment length polymorphism". However, the resulting data are not scored as length polymorphisms, but instead as presence-absence polymorphisms. </p><p>AFLP-PCR is a highly sensitive method for detecting <a href="/facts/Polymorphism_(biology)/lf32kgfV">polymorphisms</a> in <a href="/facts/DNA/nB89Iauz">DNA</a>. The technique was originally described by Vos and Zabeau in 1993. In detail, the procedure of this technique is divided into three steps: </p> <ol><li>Digestion of total cellular DNA with one or more <a href="/facts/Restriction_enzyme/Mg0VgkCX">restriction enzymes</a> and ligation of restriction half-site specific adaptors to all restriction fragments.</li> <li>Selective amplification of some of these fragments with two PCR primers that have corresponding adaptor and restriction site specific sequences.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gel_electrophoresis_of_nucleic_acids/czX8TbUg">Electrophoretic separation</a> of <a href="/facts/Amplicon/XEQBxwJX">amplicons</a> on a gel matrix, followed by visualisation of the band pattern.</li></ol>