Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf

Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf ash-Shami al-Asadi was an <a href="/facts/Ottoman_Empire/6QvfTRsg">Ottoman</a> <a href="/facts/Polymath/eqIfjQRu">polymath</a> active in <a href="/facts/Cairo/dXjj60ar">Cairo</a> and <a href="/facts/Istanbul/Xo1hzGWH">Istanbul</a>. He was the author of more than ninety books on a wide variety of subjects, including <a href="/facts/Astronomy/0ArJVM1p">astronomy</a>, <a href="/facts/Clock/MYolzNkw">clocks</a>, <a href="/facts/Engineering/RFVg8H3I">engineering</a>, <a href="/facts/Mathematics/pxTouaz4">mathematics</a>, <a href="/facts/Mechanics/A3yHLQA5">mechanics</a>, <a href="/facts/Optics/p0vq4S1T">optics</a>, and <a href="/facts/Natural_philosophy/CUAsDWdk">natural philosophy</a>.
In 1574 the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/facts/Murad_III/t8KPB7xt">Murad III</a> invited Taqi ad-Din to build an <a href="/facts/Constantinople_observatory_of_Taqi_ad-Din/NQRMpQWz">observatory</a> in the Ottoman capital, Istanbul. Taqi ad-Din constructed instruments such as an <a href="/facts/Armillary_sphere/0H2dIBdu">armillary sphere</a> and mechanical clocks that he used to observe the <a href="/facts/Great_Comet_of_1577/1VXmg8ef">Great Comet of 1577</a>. He also used European celestial and terrestrial globes that were delivered to Istanbul in gift exchanges.
His major work from the use of his observatory is titled "The tree of ultimate knowledge [in the end of time or the world] in the Kingdom of the Revolving Spheres: The astronomical tables of the King of Kings [Murad III]" (Sidrat al-muntah al-afkar fi malkūt al-falak al-dawār– al-zij al-Shāhinshāhi). The work was prepared according to the results of the observations carried out in Egypt and Istanbul in order to correct and complete <a href="/facts/Ulugh_Beg/daFnvQn4">Ulugh Beg</a>'s 15th century work, the <a href="/facts/Zij-i_Sultani/mEvge9Eg">Zij-i Sultani</a>. The first 40 pages of the work dealt with calculations, followed by discussions of astronomical clocks, heavenly circles, and information on three eclipses which he observed in Cairo and Istanbul.
As a polymath, Taqi al-Din wrote numerous books on astronomy, mathematics, mechanics, and theology. His method of finding <a href="/facts/Celestial_coordinate_system/23HhqvHj">coordinates of stars</a> were reportedly so precise that he got better measurements than his contemporaries, <a href="/facts/Tycho_Brahe/HroPxnCq">Tycho Brahe</a> and <a href="/facts/Nicolas_Copernicus/RvzhHNQR">Nicolas Copernicus</a>. Brahe is also thought to have been aware of Taqi al-Din's work.
Taqi ad-Din also described a <a href="/facts/Steam_turbine/scacVXsB">steam turbine</a> with the practical application of rotating a <a href="/facts/Spit_(cooking_aide)/mmPV9su3">spit</a> in 1551. He worked on and created <a href="/facts/Astronomical_clock/8yaTPexw">astronomical clocks</a> for his observatory. Taqi ad-Din also wrote a book on optics, in which he determined the light emitted from objects, proved the <a href="/facts/Specular_reflection/dwVIqLVb">Law of Reflection</a> observationally, and worked on refraction.

Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf open-in-new

Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf