Language processing in the brain

In <a href="/facts/Psycholinguistics/6fGeNXHU">psycholinguistics</a>, language processing refers to the way humans use <a href="/facts/Word/sD4KyoLF">words</a> to <a href="/facts/Human_communication/6qo5gpGd">communicate</a> ideas and feelings, and how such communications are <a href="/facts/Cognition/ga0tSBul">processed</a> and understood. Language processing is considered to be a uniquely human ability that is not produced with the same <a href="/facts/Grammar/vprQsHIR">grammatical</a> understanding or systematicity in even human's <a href="/facts/Evolution_of_primates/coD9L8FT">closest primate relatives</a>.
Throughout the 20th century the dominant model for language processing in the brain was the <a href="/facts/Wernicke%E2%80%93Geschwind_model/H7PNYsDE">Geschwind–Lichteim–Wernicke model</a>, which is based primarily on the analysis of <a href="/facts/Brain-damaged/70hWCEhs">brain-damaged</a> patients. However, due to improvements in intra-cortical <a href="/facts/Electrophysiological/VPd5VYzm">electrophysiological</a> recordings of monkey and <a href="/facts/Human_brain/qfSwSB8K">human brains</a>, as well non-invasive techniques such as <a href="/facts/FMRI/GIayRTAL">fMRI</a>, <a href="/facts/Positron_emission_tomography/5SmcW6qz">PET</a>, <a href="/facts/Magnetoencephalography/epvUfx7A">MEG</a> and <a href="/facts/EEG/XGvpcBl5">EEG</a>, a dual <a href="/facts/Auditory_pathway/fJYTKjje">auditory pathway</a> has been revealed and a <a href="/facts/Two-streams_hypothesis/rrlVjuLm">two-streams model</a> has been developed. In accordance with this model, there are two pathways that connect the <a href="/facts/Auditory_cortex/uBWXKnyn">auditory cortex</a> to the <a href="/facts/Frontal_lobe/RvokInmf">frontal lobe</a>, each pathway accounting for different linguistic roles. The auditory ventral stream pathway is responsible for sound recognition, and is accordingly known as the auditory 'what' pathway. The auditory dorsal stream in both humans and non-human primates is responsible for <a href="/facts/Sound_localization/PQTFmt1w">sound localization</a>, and is accordingly known as the auditory 'where' pathway. In humans, this pathway (especially in the <a href="/facts/Left_hemisphere/RV7YepQu">left hemisphere</a>) is also responsible for <a href="/facts/Speech_production/dC3DPqv3">speech production</a>, speech repetition, <a href="/facts/Lip-reading/8IVVyCnj">lip-reading</a>, and phonological <a href="/facts/Working_memory/kzeDD3KQ">working memory</a> and <a href="/facts/Long-term_memory/NvxgXP2y">long-term memory</a>. In accordance with the 'from where to what' model of language evolution, the reason the ADS is characterized with such a broad range of functions is that each indicates a different stage in language evolution.
The division of the two streams first occurs in the <a href="/facts/Auditory_nerve/KBVhJMnL">auditory nerve</a> where the anterior branch enters the anterior <a href="/facts/Cochlear_nucleus/vN52bqU4">cochlear nucleus</a> in the brainstem which gives rise to the auditory ventral stream. The posterior branch enters the dorsal and posteroventral cochlear nucleus to give rise to the auditory dorsal stream.: 8 
Language processing can also occur in relation to <a href="/facts/Sign_language/Wjfl9Db6">signed languages</a> or <a href="/facts/Writing/ke1HYEU8">written content</a>.

Language processing in the brain open-in-new

Language processing in the brain