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CORDIC
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<p>CORDIC, short for coordinate rotation digital computer, is a simple and efficient <a href="/facts/Algorithm/fnl5NmRt">algorithm</a> to calculate <a href="/facts/Trigonometric_function/czej7ur0">trigonometric functions</a>, <a href="/facts/Hyperbolic_function/Y4Cb5S35">hyperbolic functions</a>, <a href="/facts/Square_roots/AfrzfBdQ">square roots</a>, <a href="/facts/Multiplications/VtcUjpNv">multiplications</a>, <a href="/facts/Division_(mathematics)/FqLKNkmq">divisions</a>, and <a href="/facts/Exponentiation/pac6QY2g">exponentials</a> and <a href="/facts/Logarithms/QeXaV97q">logarithms</a> with arbitrary base, typically converging with one digit (or bit) per iteration. CORDIC is therefore also an example of digit-by-digit algorithms. The original system is sometimes referred to as Volder's algorithm. </p><p>CORDIC and closely related methods known as pseudo-multiplication and pseudo-division or factor combining are commonly used when no <a href="/facts/Hardware_multiplier/GfkwufDb">hardware multiplier</a> is available (e.g. in simple <a href="/facts/Microcontroller/MKrnAhnm">microcontrollers</a> and <a href="/facts/Field-programmable_gate_array/M8LSGcAU">field-programmable gate arrays</a> or FPGAs), as the only operations they require are <a href="/facts/Addition/apFWJBFB">addition</a>, <a href="/facts/Subtraction/dEUrp6k0">subtraction</a>, <a href="/facts/Bitshift/0gkqnUda">bitshift</a> and <a href="/facts/Lookup_table/ULPEAGTJ">lookup tables</a>. As such, they all belong to the class of <a href="/facts/Shift-and-add_algorithm/68xf6EdK">shift-and-add algorithms</a>. In computer science, CORDIC is often used to implement <a href="/facts/Floating-point_arithmetic/eIckahxe">floating-point arithmetic</a> when the target platform lacks hardware multiply for cost or space reasons. This was the case for most early <a href="/facts/Microcomputer/ETW22UTv">microcomputers</a> based on processors like the <a href="/facts/MOS_6502/q9YLwkzm">MOS 6502</a> and <a href="/facts/Zilog_Z80/Jeqe2h55">Zilog Z80</a>. </p><p>Over the years, a number of variations on the concept emerged, including Circular CORDIC (<a href="/facts/Jack_E._Volder/u4yuvWC8">Jack E. Volder</a>), Linear CORDIC, Hyperbolic CORDIC (John Stephen Walther), and Generalized Hyperbolic CORDIC (GH CORDIC) (Yuanyong Luo et al.), </p>