Peripheral Component Interconnect

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is a <a href="/facts/Local_bus/cQh3KUbz">local</a> computer <a href="/facts/Computer_bus/R45TKwS7">bus</a> for attaching <a href="/facts/Computer_hardware/8jSjsCNv">hardware</a> devices in a <a href="/facts/Computer/SQe1aK05">computer</a> and is part of the PCI Local Bus standard. The PCI bus supports the functions found on a <a href="/facts/System_bus/p1mxHpbb">processor bus</a> but in a standardized format that is independent of any given <a href="/facts/Processor_(computing)/z3wPljrI">processor</a>'s native bus. Devices connected to the PCI bus appear to a <a href="/facts/Bus_mastering/hg2LlCzk">bus master</a> to be connected directly to its own bus and are assigned addresses in the processor's <a href="/facts/Address_space/EscyYKkP">address space</a>. It is a <a href="/facts/Parallel_communication/9quqJd8G">parallel</a> bus, <a href="/facts/Synchronous_circuit/k3yddBIN">synchronous</a> to a single <a href="/facts/Clock_signal/9UfTzGHx">bus clock</a>.
Attached devices can take either the form of an <a href="/facts/Integrated_circuit/fjn6vg7C">integrated circuit</a> fitted onto the <a href="/facts/Motherboard/GXB10heG">motherboard</a> (called a planar device in the PCI specification) or an <a href="/facts/Expansion_card/QkWAPnxJ">expansion card</a> that fits into a slot. The PCI Local Bus was first implemented in <a href="/facts/IBM_PC_compatible/zGUpl7Sh">IBM PC compatibles</a>, where it displaced the combination of several slow <a href="/facts/Industry_Standard_Architecture/5Rk4bjqB">Industry Standard Architecture</a> (ISA) slots and one fast <a href="/facts/VESA_Local_Bus/IcI38QT9">VESA Local Bus</a> (VLB) slot as the bus configuration. It has subsequently been adopted for other computer types. Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: <a href="/facts/Network_card/wyf5FR29">network cards</a>, <a href="/facts/Sound_card/bxlF4YBa">sound cards</a>, <a href="/facts/Modem/9H0Xwtq0">modems</a>, extra ports such as Universal Serial Bus (<a href="/facts/USB/XcIKWLyg">USB</a>) or <a href="/facts/Serial_port/VpcrH530">serial</a>, <a href="/facts/TV_tuner_card/xDY4otBq">TV tuner cards</a> and <a href="/facts/Hard_disk_drive/kekLSGSE">hard disk drive</a> <a href="/facts/Host_adapter/nQbbDHF2">host adapters</a>. PCI <a href="/facts/Video_card/bcKfPyFt">video cards</a> replaced ISA and VLB cards until rising <a href="/facts/Bandwidth_(computing)/lY6Tb4gX">bandwidth</a> needs outgrew the abilities of PCI. The preferred interface for video cards then became <a href="/facts/Accelerated_Graphics_Port/kmrNmn8U">Accelerated Graphics Port</a> (AGP), a superset of PCI, before giving way to PCI Express.
The first version of PCI found in retail desktop computers was a <a href="/facts/32-bit_computing/TDMVce8s">32-bit</a> bus using a 33 <a href="/facts/Megahertz/6Wshj5qm">MHz</a> bus clock and 5 <a href="/facts/Volt/KF18MXP2">V</a> signaling, although the PCI 1.0 standard provided for a <a href="/facts/64-bit_computing/AgvkQHkM">64-bit</a> variant as well. These have one locating notch in the card. Version 2.0 of the PCI standard introduced 3.3 V slots, physically distinguished by a flipped physical connector to prevent accidental insertion of 5 V cards. Universal cards, which can operate on either voltage, have two notches. Version 2.1 of the PCI standard introduced optional 66 MHz operation. A server-oriented variant of PCI, PCI Extended (<a href="/facts/PCI-X/toN6KtKy">PCI-X</a>) operated at frequencies up to 133 MHz for PCI-X 1.0 and up to 533 MHz for PCI-X 2.0. An internal connector for laptop cards, called Mini PCI, was introduced in version 2.2 of the PCI specification. The PCI bus was also adopted for an external laptop connector standard – the <a href="/facts/CardBus/Dt0get4l">CardBus</a>. The first PCI specification was developed by <a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a>, but subsequent development of the standard became the responsibility of the PCI Special Interest Group (<a href="/facts/PCI-SIG/J8RzfTsQ">PCI-SIG</a>).
PCI and PCI-X sometimes are referred to as either Parallel PCI or Conventional PCI to distinguish them technologically from their more recent successor <a href="/facts/PCI_Express/ADhsLCUK">PCI Express</a>, which adopted a <a href="/facts/Serial_communication/r5xP7P1c">serial</a>, lane-based architecture. PCI's heyday in the desktop computer market was approximately 1995 to 2005. PCI and PCI-X have become obsolete for most purposes and has largely disappeared from many other modern motherboards since 2013; however they are still common on some modern desktops as of 2020 for the purposes of <a href="/facts/Backward_compatibility/FbHFBu5y">backward compatibility</a> and the relative low cost to produce. Another common modern application of parallel PCI is in <a href="/facts/Industrial_PC/KDgJ24B7">industrial PCs</a>, where many specialized expansion cards, used here, never transitioned to PCI Express, just as with some ISA cards. Many kinds of devices formerly available on PCI expansion cards are now commonly integrated onto motherboards or available in USB and PCI Express versions.

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Peripheral Component Interconnect