Multivibrator

A multivibrator is an <a href="/facts/Electronic_circuit/IRfQ6Cc2">electronic circuit</a> used to implement a variety of simple two-state devices such as <a href="/facts/Relaxation_oscillator/VrHr9PXS">relaxation oscillators</a>, <a href="/facts/Timer/ayv4L3D7">timers</a>, <a href="/facts/Flip-flop_(electronics)/vA99xjM7">latches and flip-flops</a>. The first multivibrator circuit, the astable multivibrator <a href="/facts/Electronic_oscillator/6NaXsSzJ">oscillator</a>, was invented by <a href="/facts/Henri_Abraham/UPlencJS">Henri Abraham</a> and <a href="/facts/Eugene_Bloch/ag0a3Rng">Eugene Bloch</a> during <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">World War I</a>. It consisted of two vacuum tube amplifiers cross-coupled by a resistor-capacitor network. They called their circuit a "multivibrator" because its output waveform was rich in <a href="/facts/Harmonic/9U9REzeR">harmonics</a>. A variety of active devices can be used to implement multivibrators that produce similar harmonic-rich wave forms; these include transistors, neon lamps, tunnel diodes and others. Although cross-coupled devices are a common form, single-element multivibrator oscillators are also common.
The three types of multivibrator circuits are:

<ol><li>Astable multivibrator, in which the circuit is not stable in either <a href="/facts/State_(computer_science)/4Yu8xXHS">state</a> —it continually switches from one state to the other. It functions as a <a href="/facts/Relaxation_oscillator/VrHr9PXS">relaxation oscillator</a>.</li>
<li>Monostable multivibrator, in which one of the states is stable, but the other state is unstable (transient). A trigger pulse causes the circuit to enter the unstable state. After entering the unstable state, the circuit will return to the stable state after a set time. Such a circuit is useful for creating a timing period of fixed duration in response to some external event. This circuit is also known as a one shot.</li>
<li>Bistable multivibrator, in which the circuit is stable in either state. It can be flipped from one state to the other by an external trigger pulse. This circuit is also known as a <a href="/facts/Flip-flop_(electronics)/vA99xjM7">flip-flop</a> or latch. It can store one <a href="/facts/Bit/S972NSaD">bit</a> of information, and is widely used in digital logic and <a href="/facts/Computer_memory/hQKVQ51J">computer memory</a>.</li></ol>
Multivibrators find applications in a variety of systems where square waves or timed intervals are required. For example, before the advent of low-cost integrated circuits, chains of multivibrators found use as <a href="/facts/Frequency_divider/hf2DDqrp">frequency dividers</a>. A free-running multivibrator with a frequency of one-half to one-tenth of the reference frequency would accurately lock to the reference frequency. This technique was used in early electronic organs, to keep notes of different <a href="/facts/Octave/RA4gWvkV">octaves</a> accurately in tune. Other applications included early <a href="/facts/Television/X4YG5nT1">television</a> systems, where the various line and frame frequencies were kept synchronized by pulses included in the video signal.

Multivibrator open-in-new

Multivibrator