Q–Q plot

In statistics, a Q–Q plot (quantile–quantile plot) is a probability plot, a <a href="/facts/List_of_graphical_methods/LFHnfBg0">graphical method</a> for comparing two <a href="/facts/Probability_distribution/EpsKKVRu">probability distributions</a> by plotting their <a href="/facts/Quantile/oWr1MC3s">quantiles</a> against each other. A point (x, y) on the plot corresponds to one of the quantiles of the second distribution (y-coordinate) plotted against the same quantile of the first distribution (x-coordinate). This defines a <a href="/facts/Parametric_plot/5Uvrlgqf">parametric curve</a> where the parameter is the index of the quantile interval.
If the two distributions being compared are similar, the points in the Q–Q plot will approximately lie on the <a href="/facts/Identity_line/60qqFEM8">identity line</a> y = x. If the distributions are linearly related, the points in the Q–Q plot will approximately lie on a line, but not necessarily on the line y = x. Q–Q plots can also be used as a graphical means of estimating parameters in a <a href="/facts/Location-scale_family/8o5sgzfC">location-scale family</a> of distributions.
A Q–Q plot is used to compare the shapes of distributions, providing a graphical view of how properties such as <a href="/facts/Central_tendency/9yhcQ6me">location</a>, <a href="/facts/Statistical_dispersion/xqevRHmz">scale</a>, and <a href="/facts/Skewness/rdS8luFa">skewness</a> are similar or different in the two distributions. Q–Q plots can be used to compare collections of data, or <a href="/facts/Statistical_population/KAILs8E3">theoretical distributions</a>. The use of Q–Q plots to compare two samples of data can be viewed as a <a href="/facts/Non-parametric_statistics/svTDJHTb">non-parametric</a> approach to comparing their underlying distributions. A Q–Q plot is generally more diagnostic than comparing the samples' <a href="/facts/Histogram/oMmvqGEA">histograms</a>, but is less widely known. Q–Q plots are commonly used to compare a data set to a theoretical model. This can provide an assessment of <a href="/facts/Goodness_of_fit/qlTfUIfS">goodness of fit</a> that is graphical, rather than reducing to a numerical <a href="/facts/Summary_statistic/o213eGso">summary statistic</a>. Q–Q plots are also used to compare two theoretical distributions to each other. Since Q–Q plots compare distributions, there is no need for the values to be observed as pairs, as in a <a href="/facts/Scatter_plot/n03xBtBL">scatter plot</a>, or even for the numbers of values in the two groups being compared to be equal.
The term "probability plot" sometimes refers specifically to a Q–Q plot, sometimes to a more general class of plots, and sometimes to the less commonly used <a href="/facts/P%25E2%2580%2593P_plot/85YbDSMd">P–P plot</a>. The <a href="/facts/Probability_plot_correlation_coefficient_plot/CmumPPza">probability plot correlation coefficient plot</a> (PPCC plot) is a quantity derived from the idea of Q–Q plots, which measures the agreement of a fitted distribution with observed data and which is sometimes used as a means of fitting a distribution to data.

Q–Q plot open-in-new

Q–Q plot