Spina bifida

Spina bifida (SB; /ˈspaɪnə ˈbɪfɪdə/; <a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a> for 'split spine') is a <a href="/facts/Birth_defect/ESfzQhTx">birth defect</a> in which there is incomplete closing of the <a href="/facts/Vertebral_column/Nuw1kV7o">spine</a> and the <a href="/facts/Meninges/IcxhShYH">membranes</a> around the <a href="/facts/Spinal_cord/XbWLr917">spinal cord</a> during <a href="/facts/Embryonic_development/1lFY4EoW">early development in pregnancy</a>. There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, meningocele and myelomeningocele. Meningocele and myelomeningocele may be grouped as spina bifida cystica. The most common location is the <a href="/facts/Lumbar_vertebrae/BytnlsNy">lower back</a>, but in rare cases it may be in the <a href="/facts/Thoracic_vertebrae/WXBWDkfM">middle back</a> or <a href="/facts/Cervical_vertebrae/M7Kf14h9">neck</a>.
Occulta has no or only mild signs, which may include a hairy patch, dimple, dark spot or swelling on the back at the site of the gap in the spine. Meningocele typically causes mild problems, with a sac of fluid present at the gap in the spine. Myelomeningocele, also known as open spina bifida, is the most severe form. Problems associated with this form include poor ability to walk, impaired <a href="/facts/Neurogenic_bladder_dysfunction/pUHhX940">bladder</a> or <a href="/facts/Neurogenic_bowel_dysfunction/1T87HEbK">bowel control</a>, <a href="/facts/Hydrocephalus/HF9jQqTq">accumulation of fluid in the brain</a>, a <a href="/facts/Tethered_spinal_cord/wkm3MtvH">tethered spinal cord</a> and <a href="/facts/Latex_allergy/kgVsNPcl">latex allergy</a>. Some experts believe such an allergy can be caused by frequent exposure to latex, which is common for people with spina bifida who have shunts and have had many surgeries. Learning problems are relatively uncommon.
Spina bifida is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. After having one child with the condition, or if one of the parents has the condition, there is a 4% chance that the next child will also be affected. <a href="/facts/Folate_deficiency/aqffhQzn">Not having enough folate</a> (<a href="/facts/Folate/8Eb7An6D">vitamin B9</a>) in the diet before and during <a href="/facts/Pregnancy/vEKYGpep">pregnancy</a> also plays a significant role. Other risk factors include certain <a href="/facts/Antiseizure_medications/uR8cxJbj">antiseizure medications</a>, <a href="/facts/Obesity/RBF9y5Vl">obesity</a> and poorly controlled <a href="/facts/Diabetes/2xeHXbsI">diabetes</a>. Diagnosis may occur either before or after a child is born. Before birth, if a blood test or <a href="/facts/Amniocentesis/yRAFThPd">amniocentesis</a> finds a high level of <a href="/facts/Alpha-fetoprotein/FRzKt0dw">alpha-fetoprotein</a> (AFP), there is a higher risk of spina bifida. <a href="/facts/Medical_ultrasound/Ju5BFuuV">Ultrasound</a> examination may also detect the problem. <a href="/facts/Medical_imaging/pL6JyJEp">Medical imaging</a> can confirm the diagnosis after birth. Spina bifida is a type of <a href="/facts/Neural_tube_defect/3bK6SC0W">neural tube defect</a> related to but distinct from other types such as <a href="/facts/Anencephaly/hMyjaHIw">anencephaly</a> and <a href="/facts/Encephalocele/qxfsJusv">encephalocele</a>.
Most cases of spina bifida can be prevented if the mother gets enough folate before and during pregnancy. Adding folic acid to <a href="/facts/Flour/dY1Lx5RQ">flour</a> has been found to be effective for most women. Open spina bifida can be surgically closed before or after birth. A <a href="/facts/Cerebral_shunt/0Se60HPA">shunt</a> may be needed in those with hydrocephalus, and a tethered spinal cord may be surgically repaired. Devices to help with movement such as crutches or wheelchairs may be useful. <a href="/facts/Urinary_catheterization/CPDeotjh">Urinary catheterization</a> may also be needed.
Rates of other types of spina bifida vary significantly by country, from 0.1 to 5 per 1,000 <a href="/facts/Birth/1SSk6gMD">births</a>. On average, in <a href="/facts/Developed_countries/sqwTSDHm">developed countries</a>, including the United States, it occurs in about 0.4 per 1,000 births. In India, it affects about 1.9 per 1,000 births. <a href="/facts/Europeans/VR7tb16t">Europeans</a> are at higher risk compared to <a href="/facts/Africans/fLz5xGc5">Africans</a>.

Spina bifida open-in-new

Spina bifida