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Conference matrix
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<p>In <a href="/facts/Mathematics/pxTouaz4">mathematics</a>, a conference matrix (also called a C-matrix) is a <a href="/facts/Square_matrix/5TP9mNNn">square matrix</a> <i>C</i> with 0 on the diagonal and +1 and −1 off the diagonal, such that <i>C</i>T<i>C</i> is a multiple of the <a href="/facts/Identity_matrix/Glbcf6ol">identity matrix</a> <i>I</i>. Thus, if the <a href="/facts/Matrix_(mathematics)/qa8FI4ko">matrix</a> has order <i>n</i>, <i>C</i>T<i>C</i> = (<i>n</i>−1)<i>I</i>. Some authors use a more general definition, which requires there to be a single 0 in each row and column but not necessarily on the diagonal. </p><p>Conference matrices first arose in connection with a problem in <a href="/facts/Telephony/2GwTTepw">telephony</a>. They were first described by <a href="/facts/Vitold_Belevitch/JmGMcCU9">Vitold Belevitch</a>, who also gave them their name. Belevitch was interested in constructing ideal <a href="/facts/Telephone_conference/fk2BI3Se">telephone conference</a> networks from ideal <a href="/facts/Transformer/EYYfXWrF">transformers</a> and discovered that such networks were represented by conference matrices, hence the name. Other applications are in <a href="/facts/Statistics/DNPsKGYU">statistics</a>, and another is in <a href="/facts/Elliptic_geometry/oMnFAoVb">elliptic geometry</a>. </p><p>For <i>n</i> > 1, there are two kinds of conference matrix. Let us normalize <i>C</i> by, first (if the more general definition is used), rearranging the rows so that all the zeros are on the diagonal, and then negating any row or column whose first entry is negative. (These operations do not change whether a matrix is a conference matrix.) Thus, a normalized conference matrix has all 1's in its first row and column, except for a 0 in the top left corner, and is 0 on the diagonal. Let <i>S</i> be the matrix that remains when the first row and column of <i>C</i> are removed. Then either <i>n</i> is <a href="/facts/Singly_and_doubly_even/fjMzIjxV">evenly even</a> (a multiple of 4) and <i>S</i> is <a href="/facts/Skew-symmetric_matrix/nw5CQeLN">skew-symmetric</a> (as is the normalized <i>C</i> if its first row is negated), or <i>n</i> is <a href="/facts/Singly_and_doubly_even/fjMzIjxV">oddly even</a> (<a href="/facts/Modular_arithmetic/0wtRa5dU">congruent</a> to 2 modulo 4) and <i>S</i> is <a href="/facts/Symmetric_matrix/08CGwjNl">symmetric</a> (as is the normalized <i>C</i>). </p>