Calvin Coolidge

Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr.; /ˈkuːlɪdʒ/ KOOL-ij; July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th <a href="/facts/President_of_the_United_States/oMsfmLb1">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1923 to 1929. A <a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republican</a> lawyer from <a href="/facts/Massachusetts/9uumCbFI">Massachusetts</a>, he previously served as the 29th <a href="/facts/Vice_President_of_the_United_States/tYWUGv0A">vice president</a> from 1921 to 1923 under President <a href="/facts/Warren_G._Harding/v9zaPPvS">Warren G. Harding</a>, and as the 48th <a href="/facts/Governor_of_Massachusetts/KvMAgzLs">governor of Massachusetts</a> from 1919 to 1921. Coolidge gained a reputation as a <a href="/facts/Libertarian_conservatism/8pchqQ1P">small-government conservative</a> with a taciturn personality and dry sense of humor that earned him the nickname "Silent Cal".
Coolidge began his career as a member of the <a href="/facts/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives/17RaeKg5">Massachusetts State House</a>. He rose up the ranks of Massachusetts politics and was elected governor <a href="/facts/1918_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election/ACMBuPgA">in 1918</a>. As governor, Coolidge ran on the record of <a href="/facts/Fiscal_conservatism/YyGNlcRd">fiscal conservatism</a>, strong support for <a href="/facts/Women%2527s_suffrage/4sRR3ad7">women's suffrage</a>, and vague opposition to <a href="/facts/Prohibition_in_the_United_States/53aVxXXb">Prohibition</a>. His prompt and effective response to the <a href="/facts/Boston_police_strike/p6aEwP3a">Boston police strike</a> of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight as a man of decisive action. The following year, the Republican Party nominated Coolidge as the running mate to Senator <a href="/facts/Warren_G._Harding/v9zaPPvS">Warren G. Harding</a> in the <a href="/facts/1920_United_States_presidential_election/F4BVuWa5">1920 presidential election</a>, which they won in a <a href="/facts/Landslide_victory/tSHmFN9S">landslide</a>. Coolidge served as vice president until Harding's death in 1923, after which he assumed the presidency. 
During his presidency, Coolidge restored public confidence in the <a href="/facts/White_House/CJQc7dKF">White House</a> after the <a href="/facts/Harding_administration/B7JTNxHN">Harding administration</a>'s many <a href="/facts/Warren_G._Harding/v9zaPPvS">scandals</a>. He signed into law the <a href="/facts/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924/6u5xYdhK">Indian Citizenship Act of 1924</a>, which granted <a href="/facts/U.S._citizenship/w7SyTv8P">U.S. citizenship</a> to all Native Americans, and oversaw a period of rapid and expansive economic growth known as the "<a href="/facts/Roaring_Twenties/jA146cbn">Roaring Twenties</a>", leaving office with considerable popularity. Coolidge was known for his hands-off governing approach and pro-business stance; biographer <a href="/facts/Claude_Fuess/Fza3Yb7d">Claude Fuess</a> wrote: "He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength." Coolidge <a href="/facts/I_do_not_choose_to_run/r0MABkYP">chose not to run</a> again in <a href="/facts/1928_United_States_presidential_election/V8Ix43B0">1928</a>, remarking that ten years as president would be "longer than any other man has had it—too long!"
Coolidge is widely admired for his stalwart support of <a href="/facts/Racial_equality/5nqgMucQ">racial equality</a> during a period of heightened racial tension, and is highly regarded by advocates of smaller government and <a href="/facts/Laissez-faire/euKoqFk7">laissez-faire</a> economics; supporters of an active central government generally view him far less favorably. His critics argue that he failed to use the country's economic boom to help struggling farmers and workers in other flailing industries, and there is still <a href="/facts/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression/bazB4wQ1">much debate</a> among historians about the extent to which Coolidge's economic policies contributed to the onset of the <a href="/facts/Great_Depression/5K13wcg0">Great Depression</a>, which began shortly after he left office. Scholars <a href="/facts/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States/SzRz5GwT">have ranked</a> Coolidge in the lower half of U.S. presidents.

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Calvin Coolidge