Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics

Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics or CPMD refers to either a method used in molecular dynamics (also known as the Car–Parrinello method) or the <a href="/facts/Computational_chemistry/KyuCgRV3">computational chemistry</a> software package used to implement this method.
The CPMD method is one of the major methods for calculating ab-initio molecular dynamics (ab-initio MD or AIMD).
Ab initio molecular dynamics (ab initio MD) is a computational method that uses first principles, or fundamental laws of nature, to simulate the motion of atoms in a system. It is a type of <a href="/facts/Molecular_dynamics/yR3DNt6U">molecular dynamics (MD)</a> simulation that does not rely on empirical potentials or force fields to describe the interactions between atoms, but rather calculates these interactions directly from the electronic structure of the system using quantum mechanics.
In an ab initio MD simulation, the total energy of the system is calculated at each time step using <a href="/facts/Density_functional_theory/wwz4Gqdg">density functional theory (DFT)</a> or another method of quantum chemistry. The forces acting on each atom are then determined from the gradient of the energy with respect to the atomic coordinates, and the equations of motion are solved to predict the trajectory of the atoms.
AIMD permits chemical bond breaking and forming events to occur and accounts for electronic polarization effect. Therefore, Ab initio MD simulations can be used to study a wide range of phenomena, including the structural, thermodynamic, and dynamic properties of materials and chemical reactions. They are particularly useful for systems that are not well described by empirical potentials or force fields, such as systems with strong electronic correlation or systems with many degrees of freedom. However, ab initio MD simulations are computationally demanding and require significant computational resources.
The CPMD method is related to the more common <a href="/facts/Born%E2%80%93Oppenheimer_approximation/hxlUcBrX">Born–Oppenheimer</a> <a href="/facts/Molecular_dynamics/yR3DNt6U">molecular dynamics</a> (BOMD) method in that the <a href="/facts/Quantum_mechanical/BRc3Mzgr">quantum mechanical</a> effect of the <a href="/facts/Electron/L0KBo5cW">electrons</a> is included in the calculation of energy and forces for the <a href="/facts/Classical_mechanics/ykG8upsN">classical</a> motion of the <a href="/facts/Atomic_nucleus/orpIm5Xl">nuclei</a>. CPMD and BOMD are different types of AIMD. However, whereas BOMD treats the <a href="/facts/Electronic_structure/RuHwQWfp">electronic structure</a> problem within the time-independent <a href="/facts/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation/3csgSIWF">Schrödinger equation</a>, CPMD explicitly includes the <a href="/facts/Electrons/L0KBo5cW">electrons</a> as active degrees of freedom, via (fictitious) dynamical variables.
The software is a parallelized <a href="/facts/Plane_wave/0aDUbNhQ">plane wave</a> / <a href="/facts/Pseudopotential/2ckPRjIr">pseudopotential</a> implementation of <a href="/facts/Density_functional_theory/wwz4Gqdg">density functional theory</a>, particularly designed for <a href="/facts/Ab_initio_quantum_chemistry_methods/Rwuu2At1">ab initio</a> <a href="/facts/Molecular_dynamics/yR3DNt6U">molecular dynamics</a>.

Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics open-in-new

Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics