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Lithium iron phosphate battery
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<p>The lithium iron phosphate battery (LiFePO4 battery) or LFP battery (<i>lithium ferrophosphate</i>) is a type of <a href="/facts/Lithium-ion_battery/3L22xFhB">lithium-ion battery</a> using <a href="/facts/Lithium_iron_phosphate/fVT7FLQx">lithium iron phosphate</a> (LiFePO4) as the <a href="/facts/Cathode/tqdlGayU">cathode</a> material, and a <a href="/facts/Graphitic/sSf3KMXr">graphitic</a> <a href="/facts/Carbon_electrode/sSf3KMXr">carbon electrode</a> with a metallic backing as the <a href="/facts/Anode/TjYt95zG">anode</a>. Because of their low cost, high safety, low toxicity, long cycle life and other factors, LFP batteries are finding a number of roles in <a href="/facts/Electric_vehicle_battery/txjgvF76">vehicle use</a>, utility-scale stationary applications, and <a href="/facts/Backup_power/xlHTYP01">backup power</a>. LFP batteries are cobalt-free. As of September 2022, LFP type battery market share for <a href="/facts/Electric_vehicle/jhCbx5ur">EVs</a> reached 31%, and of that, 68% were from EV makers <a href="/facts/Tesla_Motors/dSyLNM1D">Tesla</a> and <a href="/facts/BYD_Auto/mee3YKds">BYD</a> alone. <a href="/facts/Electric_vehicle_industry_in_China/gCES0Tg3">Chinese manufacturers</a> currently hold a near monopoly of LFP battery type production. With patents having started to expire in 2022 and the increased demand for cheaper EV batteries, LFP type production is expected to rise further and surpass <a href="/facts/Lithium_nickel_manganese_cobalt_oxides/IkSC3PKd">lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides</a> (NMC) type batteries in 2028. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Specific_energy/zVRhSxPh">specific energy</a> of LFP batteries is lower than that of other common lithium-ion battery types such as <a href="/facts/Lithium_nickel_manganese_cobalt_oxides/IkSC3PKd">nickel manganese cobalt (NMC)</a> and <a href="/facts/Lithium_nickel_cobalt_aluminium_oxides/sMGRsI69">nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA)</a>. As of 2024, the specific energy of <a href="/facts/CATL/m2ELhqXL">CATL</a>'s LFP battery is claimed to be 205 <a href="/facts/Watt-hours_per_kilogram/APKs6gUa">watt-hours per kilogram</a> (Wh/kg) on the cell level. <a href="/facts/BYD_Company/5AtQRCXI">BYD</a>'s LFP battery specific energy is 150 Wh/kg. The best NMC batteries exhibit specific energy values of over 300 Wh/kg. Notably, the specific energy of Panasonic’s “2170” NCA batteries used in <a href="/facts/Tesla_Model_3/cLFeRCvX">Tesla’s 2020 Model 3</a> mid-size sedan is around 260 Wh/kg, which is 70% of its "pure chemicals" value. LFP batteries also exhibit a lower operating <a href="/facts/Voltage/EN2po6N2">voltage</a> than other lithium-ion battery types. </p>