Batesian mimicry

Batesian mimicry is a form of <a href="/facts/Mimicry/ve3GVt7o">mimicry</a> where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a <a href="/facts/Predator/JEGdrX3f">predator</a> of them both. It is named after the English naturalist <a href="/facts/Henry_Walter_Bates/7ALVwt9I">Henry Walter Bates</a>, who worked on <a href="/facts/Butterflies/qlSgwlRx">butterflies</a> in the <a href="/facts/Rainforests/IEY5TMEc">rainforests</a> of Brazil.
Batesian mimicry is the most commonly known and widely studied of mimicry complexes, such that the word mimicry is often treated as synonymous with Batesian mimicry. There are many other forms however, some very similar in principle, others far separated. It is often contrasted with <a href="/facts/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry/eKf9Q4s5">Müllerian mimicry</a>, a form of mutually beneficial convergence between two or more harmful species. However, because the mimic may have a degree of protection itself, the distinction is not absolute. It can also be contrasted with functionally different forms of mimicry. Perhaps the sharpest contrast here is with <a href="/facts/Aggressive_mimicry/qzV3qeab">aggressive mimicry</a> where a predator or parasite mimics a harmless species, avoiding detection and improving its <a href="/facts/Foraging/o2u7xmHD">foraging</a> success.
The imitating species is called the mimic, while the imitated species (protected by its toxicity, foul taste or other defenses) is known as the model. The predatory species mediating indirect interactions between the mimic and the model is variously known as the [signal] receiver, dupe or operator. By parasitising the <a href="/facts/Signalling_theory/mfkQtxBo">honest warning signal</a> of the model, the Batesian mimic gains an advantage, without having to go to the expense of arming itself. The model, on the other hand, is disadvantaged, along with the dupe. If impostors appear in high numbers, positive experiences with the mimic may result in the model being treated as harmless. At higher frequency there is also a stronger selective advantage for the predator to distinguish mimic from model. For this reason, mimics are usually less numerous than models, an instance of <a href="/facts/Frequency-dependent_selection/lWo8xkbz">frequency-dependent selection</a>. Some mimetic populations have evolved multiple forms (<a href="/facts/Polymorphism_(biology)/lf32kgfV">polymorphism</a>), enabling them to mimic several different models and thereby to gain greater protection. Batesian mimicry is not always perfect. A variety of explanations have been proposed for this, including limitations in predators' <a href="/facts/Animal_cognition/LpP3H18I">cognition</a>.
While visual signals have attracted most study, Batesian mimicry can employ <a href="/facts/Deception_in_animals/XL4aLDjS">deception</a> of any of the <a href="/facts/Sense/n9kYQ3rf">senses</a>; some moths mimic the <a href="/facts/Ultrasound/31Pa5IH9">ultrasound</a> warning signals sent by unpalatable moths to <a href="/facts/Bat/CJudzNt1">bat</a> predators, constituting auditory Batesian mimicry, while some weakly <a href="/facts/Electric_fish/nUoAsvqm">electric fish</a> appear to mimic the <a href="/facts/Electrolocation/W19Jo0ay">electrolocation</a> signals of strongly electric fish, probably constituting electrical mimicry.

Batesian mimicry open-in-new

Batesian mimicry