Aether drag hypothesis

In the 19th century, the theory of the <a href="/facts/Luminiferous_aether/UzRf78a2">luminiferous aether</a> as the hypothetical <a href="/facts/Transmission_medium/yT1uXLmq">medium</a> for the propagation of light waves was widely discussed. The aether hypothesis arose because physicists of that era could not conceive of light waves propagating without a physical medium in which to do so. When experiments failed to detect the hypothesized luminiferous aether, physicists conceived explanations for the experiments' failure which preserved the hypothetical aether's existence.
The aether drag hypothesis proposed that the luminiferous aether is dragged by or entrained within moving matter. According to one version of this hypothesis, no relative motion exists between Earth and aether. According to another version, the Earth does move relative to the aether and the measured <a href="/facts/Speed_of_light/sKSQwdNx">speed of light</a> should depend on the speed of this motion ("aether wind"), which should be measurable by instruments at rest on Earth's surface. In 1818, <a href="/facts/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel/jb64tyGc">Augustin-Jean Fresnel</a> proposed that the aether is partially entrained by matter. In 1845, <a href="/facts/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet/7RHJJ5Lj">George Stokes</a> proposed that the aether is completely entrained within or in the vicinity of matter.
Although Fresnel's almost-stationary theory was apparently confirmed by the <a href="/facts/Fizeau_experiment/oEH0CgbE">Fizeau experiment</a> (1851), Stokes' theory was apparently confirmed by the <a href="/facts/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment/yyrNEgA4">Michelson–Morley experiment</a> (1881, 1887). <a href="/facts/Hendrik_Lorentz/JbBpKFyr">Hendrik Lorentz</a> resolved this contradictory situation in <a href="/facts/Lorentz_ether_theory/Toy5X23s">his own aether theory</a>, which banished any form of aether dragging. <a href="/facts/Albert_Einstein/CNTet8qu">Albert Einstein</a>'s <a href="/facts/Special_relativity/vsFFc63E">special theory of relativity</a> (1905) excludes aether as a mechanical medium.
In modern physics (which is based on the <a href="/facts/Theory_of_relativity/qGHj3eTC">theory of relativity</a> and <a href="/facts/Quantum_mechanics/BRc3Mzgr">quantum mechanics</a>), the aether as a "material substance" with a "state of motion" no longer plays any role. So questions concerning a possible "aether drag" are no longer considered meaningful by the scientific community. However, <a href="/facts/Frame-dragging/d3xrS909">frame-dragging</a> as predicted by <a href="/facts/General_relativity/jVsoIg8X">general relativity</a>, in which rotating masses distort the <a href="/facts/Metric_tensor_(general_relativity)/lJoCMdve">spacetime metric</a>, causing a <a href="/facts/Precession/44Sk1PMD">precession</a> of the orbit of nearby particles, does exist. But this effect is orders of magnitude weaker than any "aether drag" discussed in this article.

Aether drag hypothesis open-in-new

Aether drag hypothesis