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Issue-based information system
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<p>The issue-based information system (IBIS) is an <a href="/facts/Argumentation/9oaSBJSo">argumentation</a>-based approach to clarifying <a href="/facts/Wicked_problem/9olMQpQ8">wicked problems</a>—complex, ill-defined problems that involve multiple <a href="/facts/Stakeholder_(corporate)/yN9L44ac">stakeholders</a>. <a href="/facts/Diagrammatic/H0PKEUrI">Diagrammatic</a> visualization using IBIS notation is often called issue mapping.: ix </p><p>IBIS was invented by Werner Kunz and <a href="/facts/Horst_Rittel/dbvYNtbq">Horst Rittel</a> in the 1960s. According to Kunz and Rittel, "Issue-Based Information Systems (IBIS) are meant to support coordination and planning of political decision processes. IBIS guides the <a href="/facts/Problem_finding/bQDeFIY8">identification</a>, <a href="/facts/Problem_shaping/In4Yossd">structuring</a>, and <a href="/facts/Problem_solving/9cuLz5pH">settling</a> of issues raised by problem-solving groups, and provides information pertinent to the <a href="/facts/Discourse/6qITpvKg">discourse</a>." </p><p>Subsequently, the understanding of planning and design as a process of argumentation (of the designer with himself or with others) has led to the use of IBIS in <a href="/facts/Design_rationale/bwUAQBSU">design rationale</a>, where IBIS notation is one of a number of different kinds of rationale notation. The simplicity of IBIS notation, and its focus on questions, makes it especially suited for representing conversations during the early exploratory phase of problem solving, when a problem is relatively ill-defined.: 204 </p><p>The basic structure of IBIS is a <a href="/facts/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)/kw3eIBUe">graph</a>. It is therefore quite suitable to be manipulated by computer, as in a <a href="/facts/Graph_database/WJfPlV3z">graph database</a>. </p>