Radar astronomy

Radar astronomy is a technique of observing nearby <a href="/facts/Astronomical_object/BCHLa0Q2">astronomical objects</a> by reflecting <a href="/facts/Radio_wave/LzrVhgbn">radio waves</a> or <a href="/facts/Microwave/HmVSN31Y">microwaves</a> off target objects and analyzing their reflections. Radar astronomy differs from <a href="/facts/Radio_astronomy/TdjF4LgL">radio astronomy</a> in that the latter is a passive observation (i.e., receiving only) and the former an active one (transmitting and receiving). Radar systems have been conducted for six decades applied to a wide range of <a href="/facts/Solar_System/QIcLSazQ">Solar System</a> studies. The radar transmission may either be pulsed or continuous.
The strength of the <a href="/facts/Radar/jk9BTbFA">radar</a> return signal is <a href="/facts/Radar/jk9BTbFA">proportional to the inverse fourth-power of the distance</a>. Upgraded facilities, increased <a href="/facts/Transceiver/S6HSzRPf">transceiver</a> power, and improved apparatus have increased observational opportunities.
Radar techniques provide information unavailable by other means, such as testing <a href="/facts/General_relativity/jVsoIg8X">general relativity</a> by observing <a href="/facts/Mercury_(planet)/lVa1GIyX">Mercury</a> and providing a refined value for the <a href="/facts/Astronomical_unit/gjsbu5xU">astronomical unit</a>. <a href="/facts/Radar_imaging/RqnFqqY0">Radar images</a> provide information about the shapes and surface properties of solid bodies, which cannot be obtained by other ground-based techniques.

Relying upon high-powered terrestrial radars (of up to one <a href="/facts/Megawatt/VK8oqRrm">megawatt</a>), radar astronomy is able to provide extremely accurate <a href="/facts/Astrometry/9ycEEAvD">astrometric</a> information on the structure, composition and movement of Solar System objects. This aids in forming long-term predictions of <a href="/facts/Asteroid_impact/fbWu9Q4p">asteroid-Earth impacts</a>, as illustrated by the object <a href="/facts/99942_Apophis/xEEpaxYe">99942 Apophis</a>. In particular, optical observations measure where an object appears in the sky, but cannot measure the distance with great accuracy (relying on <a href="/facts/Parallax/Gu8W21LP">parallax</a> becomes more difficult when objects are small or poorly illuminated). Radar, on the other hand, directly measures the distance to the object (and how fast it is changing). The combination of optical and radar observations normally allows the prediction of orbits at least decades, and sometimes centuries, into the future.
In August 2020 the Arecibo Observatory (<a href="/facts/Arecibo_Observatory/tkdpNdll">Arecibo Planetary Radar</a>) suffered a structural cable failure, leading to the collapse of the main telescope in December of that year.
As of 2023, there were two radar astronomy facilities in regular use, the <a href="/facts/Goldstone_Solar_System_Radar/CX7VtQ12">Goldstone Solar System Radar</a> and <a href="/facts/Yevpatoria_RT-70_radio_telescope/4TfJqdSw">Evpatoria Planetary Radar</a>.

Radar astronomy open-in-new

Radar astronomy