Fixed action pattern

"Fixed action pattern" is an <a href="/facts/Ethology/dM3CpysA">ethological</a> term describing an <a href="/facts/Instinct/LY8dyt6a">instinctive</a> behavioral sequence that is highly stereotyped and species-characteristic. Fixed action patterns are said to be produced by the innate releasing mechanism, a "hard-wired" <a href="/facts/Neural_network/DDhJTfMc">neural network</a>, in response to a sign/key stimulus or releaser. Once released, a fixed action pattern runs to completion.
This term is often associated with <a href="/facts/Konrad_Lorenz/gS57IPhS">Konrad Lorenz</a>, who is the founder of the concept. Lorenz identified six characteristics of fixed action patterns. These characteristics state that fixed action patterns are stereotyped, complex, species-characteristic, released, triggered, and independent of experience.
Fixed action patterns have been observed in many species, but most notably in fish and birds. Classic studies by Konrad Lorenz and <a href="/facts/Nikolaas_Tinbergen/aAISrhrM">Niko Tinbergen</a> involve male stickleback mating behavior and greylag goose egg-retrieval behavior.
Fixed action patterns have been shown to be evolutionarily advantageous, as they increase both fitness and speed. However, as a result of their predictability, they may also be used as a means of exploitation. An example of this exploitation would be brood parasitism.
There are four exceptions to fixed action pattern rules: reduced response threshold, <a href="/facts/Vacuum_activity/yr6EqCXQ">vacuum activity</a>, displacement behavior, and graded response.

Fixed action pattern open-in-new

Fixed action pattern