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<h2 id="what-the-functions-do">What the functions do</h2> <p>The functions are simple data validation and data type checking functions. The data validation functions determine whether it is possible to convert or coerce the data value given as an argument to the function to the type implied by the function name, and return a Boolean value recording whether it was possible or not. (Note that the actual data conversion functions, such as Oct() throw exceptions if conversion is not possible. The validation functions allow one to test whether a conversion <i>would</i> fail, and change the program's flow of control in an <a href="/facts/If_statement/8gDQTqUD">if statement</a>.) True indicates that conversion would be possible, False indicates that it would not be. Similarly the type checking functions return a Boolean recording whether the argument expression is of a particular type. </p><p>In Transact-SQL, the functions return zero or one rather than Boolean values True and False. </p> IsArray(<i>name</i>) This function determines whether the variable name passed as its argument is an array. Uninitialized arrays will, note, return False from this function in Visual Basic .NET.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> In Visual Basic 6, arrays are not reference types, and an uninitialized array will return True from this function just like an initialized array.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> IsDate(<i>expression</i>) This function determines whether the expression passed as its argument can be converted to a variable of type Date, or is already of type Date. <a href="/facts/Uninitialized_variable/WDFuGI3X">Uninitialized variables</a> that are of type Date can of course be converted, despite being uninitialized, so this will always return True for such variables.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Note that strings that contain a day of the week in addition to a date (e.g. "Sat, October 12, 2010") will return a failure result.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> In VBScript and Visual Basic .NET, the conversion process employs the locale settings of Microsoft Windows, meaning that what may parse as a date on one system, configured to use one locale, may fail to parse as a date on another system, configured to use a different locale.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> IsDBNull(<i>expression</i>) This function determines whether the expression passed as its argument evaluates to System.DBNull.Value.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> This is equivalent to Visual Basic 6's IsNull() function.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> Note that it is not possible to directly compare an expression for equality to System.DBNull, because any expression of the form x = DbNull will evaluate to DbNull simply because it contains a null. IsDBNull() is the only way to test for equality to System.DBNull.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> IsEmpty(<i>expression</i>) This function determines whether the expression passed as its argument is an uninitialized variant. Note that an uninitialized variant is distinct from a variant that has been initialized to hold Null.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> Although the function takes an expression, rather than simply a variable name, any expression that isn't simply a variable name is considered <i>not</i> to be an uninitialized variant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> This function was available in Visual Basic 6, but has been superseded in Visual Basic .NET by the IsNothing() function.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> In VBScript, if a variant is assigned Nothing, this function still returns False.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> IsError(<i>expression</i>) This function, in Visual Basic .NET, determines whether the expression passed as its argument is an exception object, i.e. an object of the System.Exception class or one of its subclasses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> In Visual Basic 6, the function tests whether the expression is a variant with the special vbError subtype.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> IsMissing(<i>name</i>) This function determines whether the variable name passed as its argument is an optional argument that was not passed to a function by its caller. It returns True only of the variable is a variant that has not been initialized. This function only exists in Visual Basic 6. In Visual Basic .NET, optional parameters are required to have default initializers, and the function no longer exists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> IsNothing(<i>expression</i>) This function determines whether the expression passed as its argument evaluates to Nothing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> It is a simple library function (comprising just 4 <a href="/facts/Common_Intermediate_Language/sBIaMXyW">CIL</a> instructions) which can itself be written in Visual Basic as:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Public Shared Function IsNothing(ByVal Expression As Object) As Boolean Return (Expression Is Nothing) End Function The effect of this is to return False for all value (non-reference) expressions, because they will be wrapped up, as part of the function call, into objects, which will by their very natures, not be null objects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> To avoid this behaviour, one can use the IS operator to compare an object directly to Nothing, writing <i>expression</i> IS Nothing rather than IsNothing(<i>expression</i>). The compiler will raise a compile-time error if the compared expression is a value rather than a reference type, catching the type mismatch at compile time rather than simply returning False at run-time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> Strings are reference types in Visual Basic .NET, and so capable of being null (as opposed to simply zero-length, empty, strings). For such strings, this function returns True. (For empty strings it returns False.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> IsNull(<i>expression</i>) This function determines whether the expression passed as its argument evaluates to Null. A null value in any sub-expression of the expression causes the entire expression to be considered null.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> IsNull(<i>expression1</i>,<i>expression2</i>) This function, taking two arguments, is specific to Transact-SQL. In contrast to the Visual Basic function by this name, it does not return a Boolean, but instead returns the first expression if that is not NULL, otherwise the second expression.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> The purpose of the function is to replace any NULL values with another, presumably (but not required to be) non-NULL, value.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> It is a two-argument version of <a href="/facts/Null_(SQL)/RBnXTe7k">COALESCE()</a>. IsNumeric(<i>expression</i>) This function determines whether the expression passed as its argument can be converted to a number (be that a Short, Integer, Long, Single, Double, or Decimal) from a character or string, or is already a number.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> In Transact-SQL, strings can be converted to numbers even if they contain characters that one might not expect in numbers. This is because Transact-SQL allows conversion from money and smallmoney types to numbers, and monetary data in string form may contain currency indicator characters such as the '£' or '$' symbols.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> The same is true of VBScript, where any string that can be converted to a currency value in the current locale is considered to be numeric. VBScript does not, however, consider dates and times to be numeric.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> IsObject(<i>expression</i>) This function determines whether the expression passed as its argument is an object rather than a value.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> This is equivalent to Visual Basic .NET's IsReference() function.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> IsReference(<i>expression</i>) This function determines whether the expression passed as its argument is a reference rather than a value.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> This is equivalent to Visual Basic 6's IsObject() function.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> <h3>What supports what</h3> <h3>Sources used</h3> <ul><li>Harris, Matthew (1999). <i>Sams teach yourself Microsoft Excel 2000 programming in 21 days</i>. Sams Teach Yourself Series. Sams. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-672-31543-5.</li> <li>Israel, Marc; Jones, J. Steven (2001). <a href="https://archive.org/details/mcse00marc"><i>MCSE: SQL Server 2000 design study guide</i></a>. Certification Study Guide Series. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7821-2942-7.</li> <li>Knittel, Brian (2002). "VBScript Reference". <i>Windows XP under the hood</i>. Que Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7897-2733-6.</li> <li>Lomax, Paul; Childs, Matt; Petrusha, Ronald (2003). <a href="https://archive.org/details/vbscriptinnutshe00loma"><i>VBScript in a nutshell</i></a>. In a Nutshell (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-596-00488-0.</li> <li>Marcus, William; Levy, Alex (2002). <i>Visual Basic 6 Programming</i>. Tata McGraw-Hill. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-07-040290-4.</li> <li>Perry, Greg M.; Hettihewa, Sanjaya (1998). <a href="https://archive.org/details/samsteachyours00perr"><i>Sams teach yourself Visual Basic 6 in 24 hours</i></a>. Teach Yourself in 24 Hours Series (2nd ed.). Sams Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-672-31533-6.</li> <li>Petroutsos, Evangelos (2002). <a href="https://archive.org/details/masteringvisualb00petr"><i>Mastering Visual Basic.NET</i></a>. Mastering Series. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7821-2877-2.</li> <li>Petrusha, Ronald (2006). <a href="https://archive.org/details/visualbasic2005c0000petr"><i>Visual Basic 2005: the complete reference</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-07-226033-5.</li> <li>Price, Jason (2003). <i>Mastering C# database programming</i>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7821-4183-2.</li> <li>Roman, Steven; Petrusha, Ron; Lomax, Paul (2002a). <i>VB.NET Language Pocket Reference</i>. O'Reilly Media, Inc. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-596-00428-6.</li> <li>Roman, Steven; Petrusha, Ron; Lomax, Paul (2002b). <i>VB.NET Language in a Nutshell</i>. In a Nutshell (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-596-00308-1.</li> <li>Steele, Patrick (2005-05-31). <a href="https://weblogs.asp.net/psteele/archive/2005/05/31/409886.aspx">"IsNothing? Definitely!"</a>. <i>Patrick Steele's .NET Blog</i>.</li> <li>Steele, Patrick (2005-06-03). <a href="https://weblogs.asp.net/psteele/archive/2005/06/03/410336.aspx">"Avoiding IsNothing()"</a>. <i>Patrick Steele's .NET Blog</i>.</li> <li>Wakefield, Cameron; Sonder, Henk-Evert (2001). Lee, Wei Meng (ed.). <i>VB.net Web developer's guide</i>. Syngress. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-928994-48-0.</li> <li><a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms186272.aspx">"ISNUMERIC (Transact-SQL)"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/MSDN/q2EJdDx2">MSDN</a>: SQL Server 2008: Transact-SQL Reference</i>. <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>. 23 May 2023.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <h3>Microsoft's on-line documentation</h3> <ul><li><a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/microsoft.visualbasic.information.isarray.aspx">"IsArray method"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/MSDN/q2EJdDx2">MSDN</a>: .NET Framework Class Library: Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace</i>. <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/microsoft.visualbasic.information.isdate.aspx">"IsDate method"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/MSDN/q2EJdDx2">MSDN</a>: .NET Framework Class Library: Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace</i>. <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/microsoft.visualbasic.information.isdbnull.aspx">"IsDBNull method"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/MSDN/q2EJdDx2">MSDN</a>: .NET Framework Class Library: Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace</i>. <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/microsoft.visualbasic.information.iserror.aspx">"IsError method"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/MSDN/q2EJdDx2">MSDN</a>: .NET Framework Class Library: Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace</i>. <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/microsoft.visualbasic.information.isnothing.aspx">"IsNothing method"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/MSDN/q2EJdDx2">MSDN</a>: .NET Framework Class Library: Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace</i>. <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/microsoft.visualbasic.information.isnumeric.aspx">"IsNumeric method"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/MSDN/q2EJdDx2">MSDN</a>: .NET Framework Class Library: Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace</i>. <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/microsoft.visualbasic.information.isreference.aspx">"IsReference method"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/MSDN/q2EJdDx2">MSDN</a>: .NET Framework Class Library: Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace</i>. <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a>.</li></ul> <h3>Other</h3> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Marcus & Levy 2002, p. 750–751. - Marcus, William; Levy, Alex (2002). Visual Basic 6 Programming. Tata McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-040290-4. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Roman, Petrusha & Lomax 2002b, pp. 394 et seq.. - Roman, Steven; Petrusha, Ron; Lomax, Paul (2002b). VB.NET Language in a Nutshell. In a Nutshell (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00308-1. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Harris 1999, p. 402–403. - Harris, Matthew (1999). Sams teach yourself Microsoft Excel 2000 programming in 21 days. Sams Teach Yourself Series. Sams. ISBN 978-0-672-31543-5. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Knittel 2002, p. 609. - Knittel, Brian (2002). "VBScript Reference". Windows XP under the hood. Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7897-2733-6. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Harris 1999, p. 402. - Harris, Matthew (1999). Sams teach yourself Microsoft Excel 2000 programming in 21 days. Sams Teach Yourself Series. Sams. ISBN 978-0-672-31543-5. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Perry & Hettihewa 1998, p. 237. - Perry, Greg M.; Hettihewa, Sanjaya (1998). Sams teach yourself Visual Basic 6 in 24 hours. Teach Yourself in 24 Hours Series (2nd ed.). Sams Publishing. ISBN 978-0-672-31533-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/samsteachyours00perr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/samsteachyours00perr</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Perry & Hettihewa 1998, p. 237. - Perry, Greg M.; Hettihewa, Sanjaya (1998). Sams teach yourself Visual Basic 6 in 24 hours. Teach Yourself in 24 Hours Series (2nd ed.). Sams Publishing. ISBN 978-0-672-31533-6. <a href="https://archive.org/details/samsteachyours00perr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/samsteachyours00perr</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Roman, Petrusha & Lomax 2002a, p. 69. - Roman, Steven; Petrusha, Ron; Lomax, Paul (2002a). VB.NET Language Pocket Reference. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00428-6. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Roman, Petrusha & Lomax 2002b, pp. 394–395. - Roman, Steven; Petrusha, Ron; Lomax, Paul (2002b). VB.NET Language in a Nutshell. In a Nutshell (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00308-1. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Roman, Petrusha & Lomax 2002a, p. 86. - Roman, Steven; Petrusha, Ron; Lomax, Paul (2002a). VB.NET Language Pocket Reference. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00428-6. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Petroutsos 2002, p. 115. - Petroutsos, Evangelos (2002). Mastering Visual Basic.NET. Mastering Series. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-7821-2877-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/masteringvisualb00petr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/masteringvisualb00petr</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Lomax, Childs & Petrusha 2003, p. 341. - Lomax, Paul; Childs, Matt; Petrusha, Ronald (2003). VBScript in a nutshell. In a Nutshell (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00488-0. <a href="https://archive.org/details/vbscriptinnutshe00loma" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/vbscriptinnutshe00loma</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Roman, Petrusha & Lomax 2002b, pp. 395. - Roman, Steven; Petrusha, Ron; Lomax, Paul (2002b). VB.NET Language in a Nutshell. In a Nutshell (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00308-1. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Roman, Petrusha & Lomax 2002a, p. 86. - Roman, Steven; Petrusha, Ron; Lomax, Paul (2002a). VB.NET Language Pocket Reference. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00428-6. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Petroutsos 2002, p. 115. - Petroutsos, Evangelos (2002). Mastering Visual Basic.NET. Mastering Series. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-7821-2877-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/masteringvisualb00petr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/masteringvisualb00petr</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Roman, Petrusha & Lomax 2002b, pp. 395. - Roman, Steven; Petrusha, Ron; Lomax, Paul (2002b). VB.NET Language in a Nutshell. In a Nutshell (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00308-1. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Harris 1999, p. 416. - Harris, Matthew (1999). Sams teach yourself Microsoft Excel 2000 programming in 21 days. Sams Teach Yourself Series. Sams. ISBN 978-0-672-31543-5. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Lomax, Childs & Petrusha 2003, p. 341. - Lomax, Paul; Childs, Matt; Petrusha, Ronald (2003). VBScript in a nutshell. In a Nutshell (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00488-0. <a href="https://archive.org/details/vbscriptinnutshe00loma" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/vbscriptinnutshe00loma</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Wakefield & Sonder 2001, p. 690. - Wakefield, Cameron; Sonder, Henk-Evert (2001). Lee, Wei Meng (ed.). VB.net Web developer's guide. Syngress. ISBN 978-1-928994-48-0. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Lomax, Childs & Petrusha 2003, p. 342. - Lomax, Paul; Childs, Matt; Petrusha, Ronald (2003). VBScript in a nutshell. In a Nutshell (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00488-0. <a href="https://archive.org/details/vbscriptinnutshe00loma" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/vbscriptinnutshe00loma</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Roman, Petrusha & Lomax 2002a, p. 69. - Roman, Steven; Petrusha, Ron; Lomax, Paul (2002a). VB.NET Language Pocket Reference. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00428-6. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Roman, Petrusha & Lomax 2002b, pp. 397. - Roman, Steven; Petrusha, Ron; Lomax, Paul (2002b). VB.NET Language in a Nutshell. In a Nutshell (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00308-1. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Petrusha 2006, p. 367,528,637. - Petrusha, Ronald (2006). Visual Basic 2005: the complete reference. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-226033-5. <a href="https://archive.org/details/visualbasic2005c0000petr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/visualbasic2005c0000petr</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Roman, Petrusha & Lomax 2002a, p. 86. - Roman, Steven; Petrusha, Ron; Lomax, Paul (2002a). VB.NET Language Pocket Reference. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00428-6. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Petrusha 2006, p. 438. - Petrusha, Ronald (2006). Visual Basic 2005: the complete reference. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-226033-5. <a href="https://archive.org/details/visualbasic2005c0000petr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/visualbasic2005c0000petr</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Steele 2005a. - Steele, Patrick (2005-05-31). "IsNothing? Definitely!". Patrick Steele's .NET Blog. <a href="https://weblogs.asp.net/psteele/archive/2005/05/31/409886.aspx" target="_blank">https://weblogs.asp.net/psteele/archive/2005/05/31/409886.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Petrusha 2006, p. 438. - Petrusha, Ronald (2006). Visual Basic 2005: the complete reference. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-226033-5. <a href="https://archive.org/details/visualbasic2005c0000petr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/visualbasic2005c0000petr</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Steele 2005a. - Steele, Patrick (2005-05-31). "IsNothing? Definitely!". Patrick Steele's .NET Blog. <a href="https://weblogs.asp.net/psteele/archive/2005/05/31/409886.aspx" target="_blank">https://weblogs.asp.net/psteele/archive/2005/05/31/409886.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Steele 2005b. - Steele, Patrick (2005-06-03). "Avoiding IsNothing()". Patrick Steele's .NET Blog. <a href="https://weblogs.asp.net/psteele/archive/2005/06/03/410336.aspx" target="_blank">https://weblogs.asp.net/psteele/archive/2005/06/03/410336.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Roman, Petrusha & Lomax 2002b, pp. 394. - Roman, Steven; Petrusha, Ron; Lomax, Paul (2002b). VB.NET Language in a Nutshell. In a Nutshell (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00308-1. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Petrusha 2006, p. 438. - Petrusha, Ronald (2006). Visual Basic 2005: the complete reference. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-226033-5. <a href="https://archive.org/details/visualbasic2005c0000petr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/visualbasic2005c0000petr</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Lomax, Childs & Petrusha 2003, p. 342. - Lomax, Paul; Childs, Matt; Petrusha, Ronald (2003). VBScript in a nutshell. In a Nutshell (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00488-0. <a href="https://archive.org/details/vbscriptinnutshe00loma" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/vbscriptinnutshe00loma</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Israel & Jones 2001, p. 476. - Israel, Marc; Jones, J. Steven (2001). MCSE: SQL Server 2000 design study guide. Certification Study Guide Series. John Wiley and Sons. 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"VBScript Reference". Windows XP under the hood. Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7897-2733-6. <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Petroutsos 2002, p. 115. - Petroutsos, Evangelos (2002). Mastering Visual Basic.NET. Mastering Series. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-7821-2877-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/masteringvisualb00petr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/masteringvisualb00petr</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Roman, Petrusha & Lomax 2002a, p. 87. - Roman, Steven; Petrusha, Ron; Lomax, Paul (2002a). VB.NET Language Pocket Reference. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-00428-6. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Petroutsos 2002, p. 115. - Petroutsos, Evangelos (2002). Mastering Visual Basic.NET. Mastering Series. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-7821-2877-2. <a href="https://archive.org/details/masteringvisualb00petr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/masteringvisualb00petr</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>