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COinS
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>In the late 1990s, <a href="/facts/OpenURL/A3jvEf5a">OpenURL</a> was created at <a href="/facts/Ghent_University/dcmAef7x">Ghent University</a> as a framework to provide context-sensitive <a href="/facts/Hyperlink/LqNsa84e">links</a>. The OpenURL link server implementation called <a href="/facts/SFX_(software)/9MY54DVY">SFX</a> was sold to <a href="/facts/Ex_Libris_Group/3qLEaqKU">Ex Libris Group</a> which marketed it to libraries, shaping the idea of a "link resolver". The OpenURL framework was later standardized as ANSI/NISO Z39.88 in 2004 (revised 2010).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> A core part of OpenURL was the concept of "ContextObjects" as metadata to describe referenced resources. </p><p>In late 2004, Richard Cameron, the creator of <a href="/facts/CiteULike/w5egSse4">CiteULike</a>, drew attention to the need for a standard way of embedding metadata in HTML pages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> In January 2005, Daniel Chudnov suggested the use of OpenURL.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Embedding OpenURL ContextObjects in HTML had been proposed before by <a href="/facts/Herbert_Van_de_Sompel/YxtXeoxW">Herbert Van de Sompel</a> and Oren Beit-Arie<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> and a working paper by Chudnov and Jeremy Frumkin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Discussion of the latter on the GPS-PCS mailing list<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> resulted in a draft specification for embedding OpenURLs in HTML,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> which later became COinS. A ContextObject is embedded in an HTML <a href="/facts/Span_and_div/3AI7RWLl">span</a> element. </p><p>The adoption of COinS was pushed by various publications and implementations. The specification was <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424223448/http://ocoins.info/">OCOinS.info</a>, which includes specific guides to implement COinS for journal articles and books.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="summary-of-the-data-model">Summary of the data model</h2> <p>From OpenURL 1.0, COinS borrows one of its serialization formats ("KEV") and some ContextObject metadata formats included in OpenURL implementation guidelines.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> The ContextObject implementation guidelines of COinS include four publication types (article with several subtypes, book, patent, and generic) and a couple of simple fields. However, the guidelines are not a required part of COinS, so the standard does not provide a strict metadata model like <a href="/facts/Dublin_Core/krf0ert0">Dublin Core</a> or the <a href="/facts/Bibliographic_Ontology/yhovPcj2">Bibliographic Ontology</a>. </p> <h2 id="use-in-websites">Use in websites</h2> <p>The following websites make use of COinS: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/HubMed/A3HVnY5N">HubMed</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wikipedia/KDRNKWnc">Wikipedia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="server-side-applications">Server-side applications</h2> <p>Some <a href="/facts/Server-side/JqukWyaA">server-side</a> applications embed COinS, including <a href="/facts/Refbase/YQ72tvWn">refbase</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="client-tools">Client tools</h2> <p>Client tools which can make use of COinS include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/BibDesk/zD2SYtzy">BibDesk</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bookends_(software)/ALvXA2IJ">Bookends (Mac)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Citavi/hsGeYA81">Citavi</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LibX/wNsCYKLn">LibX</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mendeley/RMXvpEV8">Mendeley</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ResearchGate/tyxv0zvV">ResearchGate</a></li> <li>Sente (Mac)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Zotero/aGQ9tnEA">Zotero</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Info_URI_scheme/3Q8n4xnh">Info URI scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/HTML_Microdata/EqKmJ9K8">HTML Microdata</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/KBART/A3jvEf5a">KBART</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Microformat/NCueM8H6">Microformat</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RDFa/TyPkuLjP">RDFa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/UnAPI/FSHxaz4V">UnAPI</a></li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Hellman, Eric (2009-06-16) [2005]. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424223448/http://ocoins.info/">"OpenURL COinS: A convention to embed bibliographic metadata in HTML"</a> (1.0 ed.). OCLC New Jersey. Archived from <a href="http://ocoins.info/">the original</a> on 2017-04-24.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100430/http://alcme.oclc.org/openurl/servlet/OAIHandler?verb=ListRecords&metadataPrefix=oai_dc&set=Core:Metadata+Formats">"Registry for the OpenURL Framework – ANSI/NISO Z39.88-2004"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/OCLC/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a></i>. Archived from <a href="http://alcme.oclc.org/openurl/servlet/OAIHandler?verb=ListRecords&metadataPrefix=oai_dc&set=Core:Metadata+Formats">the original</a> on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-27.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180410225713/http://alcme.oclc.org/openurl/docs/pdf/openurl-01.pdf">"OpenURL Syntax Description"</a> (PDF). <i><a href="/facts/OCLC/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a></i>. Archived from <a href="http://alcme.oclc.org/openurl/docs/pdf/openurl-01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2018-04-10. Retrieved 2015-11-06.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211105427/http://alcme.oclc.org/openurl/servlet/OAIHandler/extension?verb=GetMetadata&metadataPrefix=mtx&identifier=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal">"Matrix defining the KEV Format to represent a journal publication"</a>. January 2004. Archived from <a href="http://alcme.oclc.org:80/openurl/servlet/OAIHandler/extension?verb=GetMetadata&metadataPrefix=mtx&identifier=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal">the original</a> on 2007-02-11. Retrieved 2021-06-17.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211105427/http://alcme.oclc.org/openurl/servlet/OAIHandler/extension?verb=GetMetadata&metadataPrefix=mtx&identifier=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook">"Matrix defining the KEV Format to represent a book"</a>. January 2004. Archived from <a href="http://alcme.oclc.org:80/openurl/servlet/OAIHandler/extension?verb=GetMetadata&metadataPrefix=mtx&identifier=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book">the original</a> on 2007-02-11. Retrieved 2021-06-17.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080317071414/http://alcme.oclc.org/openurl/servlet/OAIHandler/extension?verb=GetMetadata&metadataPrefix=mtx&identifier=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent">"Matrix defining the KEV Format to represent a patent"</a>. January 2004. Archived from <a href="http://alcme.oclc.org:80/openurl/servlet/OAIHandler/extension?verb=GetMetadata&metadataPrefix=mtx&identifier=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:patent">the original</a> on 2008-03-17. Retrieved 2021-06-17.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080317071409/http://alcme.oclc.org/openurl/servlet/OAIHandler/extension?verb=GetMetadata&metadataPrefix=mtx&identifier=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation">"Matrix defining the KEV Format to represent a dissertation"</a>. January 2004. Archived from <a href="http://alcme.oclc.org:80/openurl/servlet/OAIHandler/extension?verb=GetMetadata&metadataPrefix=mtx&identifier=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation">the original</a> on 2008-03-17. Retrieved 2021-06-17.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223185401/http://epub.mimas.ac.uk/openurl/KEV_Guidelines-200706.html">"Z39.88-2004: The OpenURL Framework for Context-Sensitive Services The Key/Encoded-Value (KEV) Format Implementation Guidelines"</a>. June 2007. Archived from <a href="http://epub.mimas.ac.uk/openurl/KEV_Guidelines-200706.html">the original</a> on 2022-12-23.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928093141/http://epub.mimas.ac.uk/openurl/KEV_Guidelines_Ap-200706.html">"Z39.88-2004: The OpenURL Framework for Context-Sensitive Services The Key/Encoded-Value (KEV) Format Implementation Guidelines, Appendices"</a>. June 2007. Archived from <a href="http://epub.mimas.ac.uk/openurl/KEV_Guidelines_Ap-200706.html">the original</a> on 2022-09-28.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928093142/http://epub.mimas.ac.uk/openurl/KEV_Guidelines_Egs-200706.html">"Z39.88-2004: The OpenURL Framework for Context-Sensitive Services The Key/Encoded-Value (KEV) Format Implementation Guidelines, Examples"</a>. June 2007. Archived from <a href="http://epub.mimas.ac.uk/openurl/KEV_Guidelines_Egs-200706.html">the original</a> on 2022-09-28.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123224/http://epub.mimas.ac.uk/openurl/KEV_Guidelines-200706.pdf">"Z39.88-2004: The OpenURL Framework for Context-Sensitive Services The Key/Encoded-Value (KEV) Format Implementation Guidelines"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a href="http://epub.mimas.ac.uk/openurl/KEV_Guidelines-200706.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2022-09-13.</li> <li>Apps, Ann; MacIntyre, Ross (May 2006). <a href="https://dlib.org/dlib/may06/apps/05apps.html">"Why OpenURL?"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/D-Lib_Magazine/ed44dAxE">D-Lib Magazine</a></i>. Vol. 12, no. 5. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10760%2F12168">10760/12168</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1082-9873">1082-9873</a>.</li> <li>Apps, Ann; MacIntyre, Ross (2006-10-03). <a href="https://dcpapers.dublincore.org/article/952108588">"Customising location of knowledge"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications</i>. 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Medford, New Jersey: Learned information: 44–53. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1070-4795">1070-4795</a>. <a href="/facts/Gale_(publisher)/kKSW05y4">Gale</a> <a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA154562387">A154562387</a>.</li> <li>Bailey, Annette; Back, Godmar (2008-02-29). "Retrieving known items with LibX". <i>The Serials Librarian</i>. 53 (4): 125–140. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ123v53n04_09">10.1300/J123v53n04_09</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-526X">0361-526X</a>.</li> <li>Boston, George; Gedeon, Randle J. (2008). <a href="http://elibrary.bsu.edu.az/files/books_rax/N_364.pdf#page=260">"Beyond OpenURL: Technologies for linking library resources"</a> (PDF). 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"A new approach to library service discovery and resource delivery". <i>The Serials Librarian</i>. 54 (1–2): 63–69. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03615260801973448">10.1080/03615260801973448</a>. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-526X">0361-526X</a>.</li> <li>Chudnov, Daniel (2005-10-24). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208090607/http://curtis.med.yale.edu/dchud/resolvable/">"COinS browser extensions for your library"</a>. <a href="/facts/Yale_School_of_Medicine/2pS0XAgn">Yale School of Medicine</a>. Archived from <a href="http://curtis.med.yale.edu/dchud/resolvable/">the original</a> on 2007-02-08.</li> <li>Chudnov, Daniel (Summer 2006). "COinS for the Link Trail". <i>NetConnect</i>. 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(October 2010). <a href="https://journals.ala.org/ltr/issue/view/167">"Rethinking library linking: Breathing new life into OpenURL"</a>. <i>Library Technology Reports: Expert Guides to Library Systems and Services</i>. 46 (7). <a href="/facts/ALA_TechSource/3jVtqULk">ALA TechSource</a>. <a href="https://journals.ala.org/ltr/article/view/4559">The future of OpenURL linking: Adaptation and expansion</a>, pp. 27-33. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5860%2Fltr.46n7">10.5860/ltr.46n7</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-8389-5813-1. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-2586">0024-2586</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120130531/http://epub.mimas.ac.uk/openurl/KEV_Guidelines-200706.html">KEV implementation guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180302163916/http://vlib.mpg.de/sfx-coins.html">Using COinS from Max Planck virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626062405/http://www.oclc.org/productworks/coins.htm">What are COinS?</a> – from <a href="/facts/Online_Computer_Library_Center/Yqad8waq">Online Computer Library Center</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Chudnov, Daniel (2006-07-14). 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