Consistent and inconsistent equations

<h2 id="simple-examples">Simple examples</h2>
<h3>Underdetermined and consistent</h3>
<p>The system
</p>

x
                +
                y
                +
                z
              
              
                
                =
                3
                ,
              
            
            
              
                x
                +
                y
                +
                2
                z
              
              
                
                =
                4
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x+y+z&=3,\\x+y+2z&=4\end{aligned}}}

<p>has an infinite number of solutions, all of them having <i>z</i> = 1 (as can be seen by subtracting the first equation from the second), and all of them therefore having <i>x</i> + <i>y</i> = 2 for any values of x and y.
</p><p>The nonlinear system
</p>

x
                  
                    2
                  
                
                +
                
                  y
                  
                    2
                  
                
                +
                
                  z
                  
                    2
                  
                
              
              
                
                =
                10
                ,
              
            
            
              
                
                  x
                  
                    2
                  
                
                +
                
                  y
                  
                    2
                  
                
              
              
                
                =
                5
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}&=10,\\x^{2}+y^{2}&=5\end{aligned}}}

<p>has an infinitude of solutions, all involving 
  
    
      
        z
        =
        ±
        
          
            5
          
        
        .
      
    
    {\displaystyle z=\pm {\sqrt {5}}.}

</p><p>Since each of these systems has more than one solution, it is an <a href="/facts/Indeterminate_system/DwdC3hyK">indeterminate system</a> .
</p>
<h3>Underdetermined and inconsistent</h3>
<p>The system
</p>

x
                +
                y
                +
                z
              
              
                
                =
                3
                ,
              
            
            
              
                x
                +
                y
                +
                z
              
              
                
                =
                4
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x+y+z&=3,\\x+y+z&=4\end{aligned}}}

<p>has no solutions, as can be seen by subtracting the first equation from the second to obtain the impossible 0 = 1.
</p><p>The non-linear system
</p>

x
                  
                    2
                  
                
                +
                
                  y
                  
                    2
                  
                
                +
                
                  z
                  
                    2
                  
                
              
              
                
                =
                17
                ,
              
            
            
              
                
                  x
                  
                    2
                  
                
                +
                
                  y
                  
                    2
                  
                
                +
                
                  z
                  
                    2
                  
                
              
              
                
                =
                14
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}&=17,\\x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}&=14\end{aligned}}}

<p>has no solutions, because if one equation is subtracted from the other we obtain the impossible 0 = 3.
</p>
<h3>Exactly determined and consistent</h3>
<p>The system
</p>

x
                +
                y
              
              
                
                =
                3
                ,
              
            
            
              
                x
                +
                2
                y
              
              
                
                =
                5
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x+y&=3,\\x+2y&=5\end{aligned}}}

<p>has exactly one solution: <i>x</i> = 1, <i>y</i> = 2
</p><p>The nonlinear system
</p>

x
                +
                y
              
              
                
                =
                1
                ,
              
            
            
              
                
                  x
                  
                    2
                  
                
                +
                
                  y
                  
                    2
                  
                
              
              
                
                =
                1
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x+y&=1,\\x^{2}+y^{2}&=1\end{aligned}}}

<p>has the two solutions (<i>x, y</i>) = (1, 0) and (<i>x, y</i>) = (0, 1), while
</p>

x
                  
                    3
                  
                
                +
                
                  y
                  
                    3
                  
                
                +
                
                  z
                  
                    3
                  
                
              
              
                
                =
                10
                ,
              
            
            
              
                
                  x
                  
                    3
                  
                
                +
                2
                
                  y
                  
                    3
                  
                
                +
                
                  z
                  
                    3
                  
                
              
              
                
                =
                12
                ,
              
            
            
              
                3
                
                  x
                  
                    3
                  
                
                +
                5
                
                  y
                  
                    3
                  
                
                +
                3
                
                  z
                  
                    3
                  
                
              
              
                
                =
                34
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x^{3}+y^{3}+z^{3}&=10,\\x^{3}+2y^{3}+z^{3}&=12,\\3x^{3}+5y^{3}+3z^{3}&=34\end{aligned}}}

<p>has an infinite number of solutions because the third equation is the first equation plus twice the second one and hence contains no independent information; thus any value of z can be chosen and values of x and y can be found to satisfy the first two (and hence the third) equations.
</p>
<h3>Exactly determined and inconsistent</h3>
<p>The system 
</p>

x
                +
                y
              
              
                
                =
                3
                ,
              
            
            
              
                4
                x
                +
                4
                y
              
              
                
                =
                10
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x+y&=3,\\4x+4y&=10\end{aligned}}}

<p>has no solutions; the inconsistency can be seen by multiplying the first equation by 4 and subtracting the second equation to obtain the impossible 0 = 2.
</p><p>Likewise, 
</p>

x
                  
                    3
                  
                
                +
                
                  y
                  
                    3
                  
                
                +
                
                  z
                  
                    3
                  
                
              
              
                
                =
                10
                ,
              
            
            
              
                
                  x
                  
                    3
                  
                
                +
                2
                
                  y
                  
                    3
                  
                
                +
                
                  z
                  
                    3
                  
                
              
              
                
                =
                12
                ,
              
            
            
              
                3
                
                  x
                  
                    3
                  
                
                +
                5
                
                  y
                  
                    3
                  
                
                +
                3
                
                  z
                  
                    3
                  
                
              
              
                
                =
                32
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x^{3}+y^{3}+z^{3}&=10,\\x^{3}+2y^{3}+z^{3}&=12,\\3x^{3}+5y^{3}+3z^{3}&=32\end{aligned}}}

<p>is an inconsistent system because the first equation plus twice the second minus the third contains the contradiction 0 = 2.
</p>
<h3>Overdetermined and consistent</h3>
<p>The system 
</p>

x
                +
                y
              
              
                
                =
                3
                ,
              
            
            
              
                x
                +
                2
                y
              
              
                
                =
                7
                ,
              
            
            
              
                4
                x
                +
                6
                y
              
              
                
                =
                20
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x+y&=3,\\x+2y&=7,\\4x+6y&=20\end{aligned}}}

<p>has a solution, <i>x</i> = –1, <i>y</i> = 4, because the first two equations do not contradict each other and the third equation is redundant (since it contains the same information as can be obtained from the first two equations by multiplying each through by 2 and summing them).
</p><p>The system
</p>

x
                +
                2
                y
              
              
                
                =
                7
                ,
              
            
            
              
                3
                x
                +
                6
                y
              
              
                
                =
                21
                ,
              
            
            
              
                7
                x
                +
                14
                y
              
              
                
                =
                49
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x+2y&=7,\\3x+6y&=21,\\7x+14y&=49\end{aligned}}}

<p>has an infinitude of solutions since all three equations give the same information as each other (as can be seen by multiplying through the first equation by either 3 or 7). Any value of y is part of a solution, with the corresponding value of x being 7 – 2<i>y</i>.
</p><p>The nonlinear system
</p>

x
                  
                    2
                  
                
                −
                1
              
              
                
                =
                0
                ,
              
            
            
              
                
                  y
                  
                    2
                  
                
                −
                1
              
              
                
                =
                0
                ,
              
            
            
              
                (
                x
                −
                1
                )
                (
                y
                −
                1
                )
              
              
                
                =
                0
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x^{2}-1&=0,\\y^{2}-1&=0,\\(x-1)(y-1)&=0\end{aligned}}}

<p>has the three solutions (<i>x, y</i>) = (1, –1), (–1, 1), (1, 1).
</p>
<h3>Overdetermined and inconsistent</h3>
<p>The system
</p>

x
                +
                y
              
              
                
                =
                3
                ,
              
            
            
              
                x
                +
                2
                y
              
              
                
                =
                7
                ,
              
            
            
              
                4
                x
                +
                6
                y
              
              
                
                =
                21
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x+y&=3,\\x+2y&=7,\\4x+6y&=21\end{aligned}}}

<p>is inconsistent because the last equation contradicts the information embedded in the first two, as seen by multiplying each of the first two through by 2 and summing them.
</p><p>The system
</p>

x
                  
                    2
                  
                
                +
                
                  y
                  
                    2
                  
                
              
              
                
                =
                1
                ,
              
            
            
              
                
                  x
                  
                    2
                  
                
                +
                2
                
                  y
                  
                    2
                  
                
              
              
                
                =
                2
                ,
              
            
            
              
                2
                
                  x
                  
                    2
                  
                
                +
                3
                
                  y
                  
                    2
                  
                
              
              
                
                =
                4
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x^{2}+y^{2}&=1,\\x^{2}+2y^{2}&=2,\\2x^{2}+3y^{2}&=4\end{aligned}}}

<p>is inconsistent because the sum of the first two equations contradicts the third one.
</p>
<h2 id="criteria-for-consistency">Criteria for consistency</h2>
<p>As can be seen from the above examples, consistency versus inconsistency is a different issue from comparing the numbers of equations and unknowns.
</p>
<h3>Linear systems</h3>
<p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Linear_equation_system/fk9CFdgp">Linear equation system § Consistency</a></p>
<p>A linear system is consistent <a href="/facts/If_and_only_if/bYSxGJ66">if and only if</a> its <a href="/facts/Coefficient_matrix/S5JmDEW6">coefficient matrix</a> has the same <a href="/facts/Rank_(linear_algebra)/Yp9b5LK3">rank</a> as does its <a href="/facts/Augmented_matrix/Ds7y6Myf">augmented matrix</a> (the coefficient matrix with an extra column added, that column being the <a href="/facts/Column_vector/pPuRr9Xk">column vector</a> of constants).
</p>
<h3>Nonlinear systems</h3>
<p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/System_of_polynomial_equations#What_is_solving?/1456MrT2">System of polynomial equations § What is solving?</a></p>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>"Definition of INCONSISTENT EQUATIONS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-06-10. <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/consistent+equations" target="_blank">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/consistent+equations</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>"Definition of consistent equations | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2021-06-10. <a href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/consistent-equations" target="_blank">https://www.dictionary.com/browse/consistent-equations</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

Consistent and inconsistent equations open-in-new

Consistent and inconsistent equations