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Barium titanate
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<h2 id="structure">Structure</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Perovskite_(structure)/Gu39aNyo">Perovskite (structure)</a></p> <p>The solid exists in one of four polymorphs depending on temperature. From high to low temperature, these crystal symmetries of the four polymorphs are <a href="/facts/Cubic_crystal_system/92Co7BKM">cubic</a>, <a href="/facts/Tetragonal_crystal_system/12Aop255">tetragonal</a>, <a href="/facts/Orthorhombic_crystal_system/3zo4F8P0">orthorhombic</a> and <a href="/facts/Trigonal_crystal_system/sSSok8wo">rhombohedral</a> <a href="/facts/Crystal_structure/bJ4bCeHd">crystal structure</a>. All of these phases exhibit the <a href="/facts/Ferroelectric_effect/DLVYFNQT">ferroelectric effect</a> apart from the cubic phase. The high temperature cubic phase is easiest to describe, as it consists of regular corner-sharing octahedral TiO6 units that define a cube with O vertices and Ti-O-Ti edges. In the cubic phase, Ba2+ is located at the center of the cube, with a nominal <a href="/facts/Coordination_number/mf48hsoX">coordination number</a> of 12. Lower symmetry phases are stabilized at lower temperatures and involve movement of the Ti4+ to off-center positions. The remarkable properties of this material arise from the cooperative behavior of the Ti4+ distortions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> </p><p>Above the melting point, the liquid has a remarkably different local structure to the solid forms, with the majority of Ti4+ coordinated to four oxygen, in tetrahedral TiO4 units, which coexist with more highly coordinated units.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="production-and-handling-properties">Production and handling properties</h2> <p>Barium titanate can be synthesized by the relatively simple <a href="/facts/Hydrothermal_synthesis/H1G9vGvD">sol–hydrothermal</a> method.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Barium titanate can also be manufactured by heating <a href="/facts/Barium_carbonate/IGjS0E0G">barium carbonate</a> and <a href="/facts/Titanium_dioxide/T0KWmKcz">titanium dioxide</a>. The reaction proceeds via <a href="/facts/Sintering/Y4eGLzFf">liquid phase sintering</a>. Single crystals can be grown at around 1100 °C from molten <a href="/facts/Potassium_fluoride/C4133zRy">potassium fluoride</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Other materials are often added as <a href="/facts/Doping_(semiconductors)/WrGdtWnm">dopants</a>, e.g., Sr to form solid solutions with <a href="/facts/Strontium_titanate/fQ4lC197">strontium titanate</a>. Barium titanate reacts with <a href="/facts/Nitrogen_trichloride/eC2URITS">nitrogen trichloride</a> and produces a greenish or gray mixture; the <a href="/facts/Ferroelectric/DLVYFNQT">ferroelectric</a> properties of the mixture are still present in this form. </p><p>Much effort has been spent studying the relationship between particle morphology and its properties. Barium titanate is one of the few ceramic compounds known to exhibit <a href="/facts/Abnormal_grain_growth/DYHr404Y">abnormal grain growth</a>, in which large faceted grains grow in a matrix of finer grains, with profound implications on densification and physical properties.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Fully dense nanocrystalline barium titanate has 40% higher <a href="/facts/Permittivity/Sd3WtgT1">permittivity</a> than the same material prepared in classic ways.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The addition of inclusions of barium titanate to <a href="/facts/Tin/obW9mqc3">tin</a> has been shown to produce a bulk material with a higher <a href="/facts/Viscoelasticity/pDhHgx2T">viscoelastic</a> <a href="/facts/Stiffness/xlabLkfT">stiffness</a> than that of diamonds. Barium titanate goes through two phase transitions that change the crystal shape and volume. This phase change leads to composites where the barium titanates have a negative bulk modulus (<a href="/facts/Young%2527s_modulus/MV5JMCIM">Young's modulus</a>), meaning that when a force acts on the inclusions, there is displacement in the opposite direction, further stiffening the composite.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> </p><p>Like many <a href="/facts/Oxide/DXtoVe1C">oxides</a>, barium titanate is insoluble in water but attacked by <a href="/facts/Sulfuric_acid/Wom6fymJ">sulfuric acid</a>. It is also soluble in concentrated <a href="/facts/Hydrochloric_acid/HqItJlUT">hydrochloric acid</a>, and <a href="/facts/Hydrofluoric_acid/wdXqu4bE">hydrofluoric acid</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Its bulk room-temperature <a href="/facts/Bandgap/IjIeh95l">bandgap</a> is 3.2 eV, but this increases to ~3.5 eV when the particle size is reduced from about 15 to 7 nm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="uses">Uses</h2> <p>Barium titanate is a <a href="/facts/Dielectric/PnVt9P2G">dielectric</a> ceramic used in <a href="/facts/Capacitor/hyowqv7n">capacitors</a>, with dielectric constant values as high as 7,000. Over a narrow temperature range, values as high as 15,000 are possible; most common ceramic and polymer materials are less than 10, while others, such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), have values between 20 and 70.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p><p>It is a <a href="/facts/Piezoelectric/65k6BDqx">piezoelectric</a> material used in <a href="/facts/Microphone/7YWGlXCl">microphones</a> and other <a href="/facts/Transducer/YS7zfv9d">transducers</a>. The spontaneous polarization of barium titanate single crystals at room temperature range between 0.15 C/m2 in earlier studies,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> and 0.26 C/m2 in more recent publications,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> and its <a href="/facts/Curie_temperature/ygotSuMg">Curie temperature</a> is between 120 and 130 °C. The differences are related to the growth technique, with earlier <a href="/facts/Flux_method/wxJCak1I">flux grown</a> crystals being less pure than current crystals grown with the <a href="/facts/Czochralski_process/uvSrr84x">Czochralski process</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> which therefore have a larger spontaneous polarization and a higher Curie temperature. </p><p>As a <a href="/facts/Piezoelectric/65k6BDqx">piezoelectric</a> material, it has been largely replaced by <a href="/facts/Lead_zirconate_titanate/oIaB8VgS">lead zirconate titanate</a>, also known as PZT. Polycrystalline barium titanate has a positive <a href="/facts/Temperature_coefficient/Ayc1aNdm">temperature coefficient</a> of resistance, making it a useful material for <a href="/facts/Thermistor/8c4xrRgq">thermistors</a> and self-regulating electric heating systems. </p><p>Barium titanate crystals find use in <a href="/facts/Nonlinear_optics/maerngXd">nonlinear optics</a>. The material has high beam-coupling gain, and can be operated at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. It has the highest reflectivity of the materials used for self-pumped <a href="/facts/Optical_phase_conjugation/maerngXd">phase conjugation</a> (SPPC) applications. It can be used for continuous-wave <a href="/facts/Four-wave_mixing/0sRq9zld">four-wave mixing</a> with milliwatt-range optical power. For photorefractive applications, barium titanate can be doped by various other elements, e.g. <a href="/facts/Iron/QK1JYy8E">iron</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Thin_film/nSeoUT4Q">Thin films</a> of barium titanate display <a href="/facts/Electro-optic_modulator/0qFT00Lf">electrooptic modulation</a> to frequencies over 40 GHz.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>The pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties of barium titanate are used in some types of uncooled sensors for <a href="/facts/Thermal_camera/dplJK39u">thermal cameras</a>. </p><p>Barium titanate is widely used in <a href="/facts/Thermistor/8c4xrRgq">thermistors</a> and <a href="/facts/Positive_temperature_coefficient_heating_element/1NjXeNew">positive temperature coefficient heating elements</a>. For these applications, barium titanate is manufactured with <a href="/facts/Doping_(semiconductor)/WrGdtWnm">dopants</a> to give the material semiconductor properties. Specific applications include overcurrent protection for motors, ballasts for fluorescent lights, automobile cabin air heaters, and consumer space heaters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>High-purity barium titanate powder is reported to be a key component of new barium titanate capacitor energy storage systems for use in electric vehicles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>Due to their elevated <a href="/facts/Biocompatibility/UbGXs4XW">biocompatibility</a>, barium titanate <a href="/facts/Nanoparticle/k8kNxX4E">nanoparticles</a> (BTNPs) have been recently employed as nanocarriers for <a href="/facts/Drug_delivery/vDfboXeT">drug delivery</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>Magnetoelectric effect of giant strengths have been reported in thin films grown on barium titanate substrates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="natural-occurrence">Natural occurrence</h2> <p>Barioperovskite is a very rare natural analogue of BaTiO3, found as microinclusions in <a href="/facts/Benitoite/6fcAD1E5">benitoite</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Strontium_titanate/fQ4lC197">Strontium titanate</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lead_zirconate_titanate/oIaB8VgS">Lead zirconate titanate</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barium titanate. <ul><li><a href="http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/newsrelease/barium-titanate.htm">Nanoparticle Compatibility: New Nanocomposite Processing Technique Creates More Powerful Capacitors</a></li> <li><a href="http://blog.wired.com/gadgets/2007/09/instant-charge-.html">EEStor's "instant-charge" capacitor batteries</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Manuel Gaudon. Out-of-centre distortions around an octahedrally coordinated Ti4+ in BaTiO3. Polyhedron, Elsevier, 2015, 88, pp.6-10. <10.1016/j.poly.2014.12.004>. <hal-01112286> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Alderman O L G; Benmore C; Neuefeind J; Tamalonis A; Weber R (2019). "Molten barium titanate: a high-pressure liquid silicate analogue". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 31 (20): 20LT01. Bibcode:2019JPCM...31tLT01A. doi:10.1088/1361-648X/ab0939. OSTI 1558227. PMID 30790768. S2CID 73498849. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Selvaraj, M.; Venkatachalapathy, V.; Mayandi, J.; Karazhanov, S.; Pearce, J. M. (2015). "Preparation of meta-stable phases of barium titanate by Sol-hydrothermal method". AIP Advances. 5 (11): 117119. 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