Voiced palatal approximant

<h2 id="phonetic-ambiguity-and-transcription-usage">Phonetic ambiguity and transcription usage</h2>
Some languages, however, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding and so cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either [i] or its rounded counterpart, [<a href="/facts/Close_front_rounded_vowel/fAyNrUxL">y</a>], which would normally correspond to [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593palatal_approximant/MGBhE7G1">ɥ</a>]. An example is <a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a>, which distinguishes two palatal approximants: an approximant semivowel [j], which is always unrounded (and is a phonological vowel - an allophone of /i/), and an approximant consonant unspecified for rounding, [ʝ̞] (which is a phonological consonant). Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the difference between them as follows (with audio examples added):<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>

<blockquote>[j] is shorter and is usually a merely transitory sound. It can only exist together with a full vowel and does not appear in syllable onset. [On the other hand,] [ʝ̞] has a lower amplitude, mainly in F2. It can only appear in syllable onset. It is not noisy either articulatorily or perceptually. [ʝ̞] can vary towards [<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_fricative/MUQsm9J6">ʝ</a>] in emphatic pronunciations, having noise (turbulent airstream). (...)
There is a further argument through which we can establish a clear difference between [j] and [ʝ̞]: the first sound cannot be rounded, not even through co-articulation, whereas the second one is rounded before back vowels or the back semi-vowel. Thus, in words like viuda [ˈbjuða]ⓘ 'widow', Dios [ˈdjos]ⓘ 'God', vio [ˈbjo]ⓘ 's/he saw', etc., the semi-vowel [j] is unrounded; if it were rounded, a sound that does not exist in Spanish, [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593palatal_approximant/MGBhE7G1">ɥ</a>], would appear. On the other hand, [ʝ̞] is unspecified as far as rounding is concerned and it is assimilated to the labial vowel context: rounded with rounded vowels, e.g. ayuda [aˈʝ̞ʷuð̞a]ⓘ 'help', coyote [koˈʝ̞ʷote]ⓘ 'coyote', hoyuelo [oˈʝ̞ʷwelo]ⓘ 'dimple', etc., and unrounded with unrounded vowels: payaso [paˈʝ̞aso]ⓘ 'clown', ayer [aˈʝ̞eɾ]ⓘ 'yesterday'.</blockquote>
He also considers that "the IPA shows a lack of precision in the treatment it gives to approximants, if we take into account our understanding of the phonetics of Spanish. [ʝ̞] and [j] are two different segments, but they have to be labelled as voiced palatal approximant consonants. I think that the former is a real consonant, whereas the latter is a <a href="/facts/Semi-consonant/9nPDkQdw">semi-consonant</a>, as it has traditionally been called in Spanish, or a semi-vowel, if preferred. The IPA, though, classifies it as a consonant."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a>
There is a parallel problem with transcribing the <a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_approximant/FuQu6RVl">voiced velar approximant</a>.
The symbol ⟨ʝ̞⟩ may not display properly in all browsers. In that case, ⟨ʝ˕⟩ should be substituted.
In the writing systems used for most languages in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, the letter j denotes the palatal approximant, as in <a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a> Jahr 'year', which is followed by IPA. Although it may be seen as counterintuitive for English-speakers, there are a few words with that orthographical spelling in certain loanwords in English like Hebrew "<a href="/facts/Hallelujah/1Ee8lnby">hallelujah</a>" and German "<a href="/facts/J%25C3%25A4germeister/U9JKpn0k">Jägermeister</a>".
In grammars of <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a>, the palatal approximant, which was lost early in the <a href="/facts/History_of_Greek/JVoB5znN">history of Greek</a>, is sometimes written as ⟨ι̯⟩, an <a href="/facts/Iota/XhgmDj1A">iota</a> with the <a href="/facts/Inverted_breve/6TRUPneF">inverted breve</a> below, which is the nonsyllabic diacritic or marker of a <a href="/facts/Semivowel/9nPDkQdw">semivowel</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
There is also the post-palatal approximant<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal approximant but less far back than the prototypical <a href="/facts/Velar_approximant/FuQu6RVl">velar approximant</a>. It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the <a href="/facts/Close_central_unrounded_vowel/YdtMNGWw">close central unrounded vowel</a> [ɨ]The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as ⟨j̠⟩, ⟨j˗⟩ (both symbols denote a <a href="/facts/Relative_articulation/tr1T3A3s">retracted</a> ⟨j⟩), ⟨ɰ̟⟩ or ⟨ɰ˖⟩ (both symbols denote an <a href="/facts/Relative_articulation/tr1T3A3s">advanced</a> ⟨ɰ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j_- and M\_+, respectively. Other possible transcriptions include a centralized ⟨j⟩ (⟨j̈⟩ in the IPA, j_" in X-SAMPA), a centralized ⟨ɰ⟩ (⟨ɰ̈⟩ in the IPA, M\_" in X-SAMPA) and a non-syllabic ⟨ɨ⟩ (⟨ɨ̯⟩ in the IPA, 1_^ in X-SAMPA).
For the reasons mentioned above and in the article <a href="/facts/Velar_approximant/FuQu6RVl">velar approximant</a>, none of those symbols are appropriate for languages such as Spanish, whose post-palatal approximant consonant (not a semivowel) appears as an allophone of /ɡ/ before <a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">front vowels</a> and is best transcribed ⟨ʝ̞˗⟩, ⟨ʝ˕˗⟩ (both symbols denote a <a href="/facts/Relative_articulation/tr1T3A3s">lowered</a> and retracted ⟨ʝ⟩), ⟨ɣ̞˖⟩ or ⟨ɣ˕˖⟩ (both symbols denote a lowered and advanced ⟨ɣ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j\_o_- and G_o_+.
Especially in <a href="/facts/Broad_transcription/bfbFHWur">broad transcription</a>, the post-palatal approximant may be transcribed as a palatalized velar approximant (⟨ɰʲ⟩, ⟨ɣ̞ʲ⟩ or ⟨ɣ˕ʲ⟩ in the IPA, M\', M\_j, G'_o or G_o_j in X-SAMPA).
A voiced alveolar-palatal approximant is attested as phonemic in the Huastec language.

<h2 id="features">Features</h2>
Features of the voiced palatal approximant:

<ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">approximant</a>, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a <a href="/facts/Turbulence/NpgFUhG5">turbulent airstream</a>. The most common type of this approximant is glide or semivowel. The term glide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of [j] from the [<a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a>] vowel position to a following vowel position. The term semivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of the approximant consonant variant used e.g. in Spanish, see above.</li>
<li>Its <a href="/facts/Place_of_articulation/exCzaxeF">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">palatal</a>, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the <a href="/facts/Tongue/oW4tp3a0">tongue</a> raised to the <a href="/facts/Hard_palate/UKtwNlup">hard palate</a>. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar [<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_approximant/FuQu6RVl">ɰ</a>].</li>
<li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li>
<li>It is an <a href="/facts/Oral_consonant/feM4cful">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li>
<li>It is a <a href="/facts/Central_consonant/YLATXvJW">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li>
<li>Its <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Pulmonic_egressive/BICa0WA0">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Abdominal_muscles/HcTzDFL0">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul>
<h2 id="occurrence">Occurrence</h2>
<h3>Palatal</h3>
<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Adyghe</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">ятӀэ</a>/yat'a</td><td>[jatʼa]ⓘ</td><td>'dirt'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Afrikaans/jYqEPHmA">Afrikaans</a></td><td>ja</td><td>[jɑː]</td><td>'yes'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Afrikaans_phonology/Pyw01kjo">Afrikaans phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_Arabic/rXAjtFSs">Standard</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Arabic_alphabet/hCA1a0xq">يوم</a>/yawm</td><td>[jawm]</td><td>'day'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Arabic_phonology/4WhkxU18">Arabic phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aragonese_language/hduBfPCR">Aragonese</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a></td><td>caye</td><td>[ˈkaʝ̞e̞]</td><td>'falls'</td><td>Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel (which may replace /ʝ̞/ before /e/).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Armenian_language/tELuE2wG">Armenian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Eastern_Armenian/qvxWtyD1">Eastern</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Armenian_alphabet/eah4kBXh">յուղ</a>/yuq</td><td>[juʁ]</td><td>'fat'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Assamese_language/rS7BqK0P">Assamese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Assamese_alphabet/fnGWsu0G">মানৱীয়তা</a>/manowiyota</td><td>[manɔwijɔta]</td><td>'humanity'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic/QcY8Smky">Assyrian</a></td><td>ܝܡܐ <a href="/facts/Syriac_alphabet/dA2LyFax">yama</a></td><td>[jaːma]</td><td>'sea'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Azerbaijani_language/RBrpdUk2">Azerbaijani</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Azerbaijani_alphabet/dNBYVrAd">yuxu</a></td><td>[juχu]</td><td>'dream'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Basque_language/rEMpH97p">Basque</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Basque_alphabet/7Awejcam">bai</a></td><td>[baj]</td><td>'yes'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bengali_language/twpKobqA">Bengali</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bengali_alphabet/kdlW4eGK">নয়ন</a>/noyon</td><td>[nɔjon]</td><td>'eye'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Bengali_phonology/QKXJtTGF">Bengali phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bulgarian_language/susG15pr">Bulgarian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">майка</a> / majka</td><td>[ˈmajkɐ]</td><td>'mother'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Bulgarian_phonology/mkE8GYYp">Bulgarian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Catalan_language/W2uTbK8Q">Catalan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a></td><td>All dialects</td><td><a href="/facts/Catalan_orthography/EuUUrU6u">feia</a></td><td>[ˈfejɐ]</td><td>'I did'</td><td rowspan="2">See <a href="/facts/Catalan_phonology/Hlw9yKdg">Catalan phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td>Some dialects</td><td><a href="/facts/Catalan_orthography/EuUUrU6u">jo</a></td><td>[ˈjɔ]</td><td>'I'</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Chechen_language/mCR0dGnY">Chechen</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">ялх</a> / yalx</td><td>[jalx]</td><td>'six'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Chinese_language/771ruUY1">Chinese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cantonese/y5UhgScP">Cantonese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Chinese_characters/5pn1PFvj">日</a> / <a href="/facts/Jyutping/r9GnpjYB">jat9</a></td><td>[jɐt˨ʔ]</td><td>'day'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Cantonese_phonology/VcGG3tAD">Cantonese phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Standard_Chinese/ofl48GA8">Mandarin</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Chinese_characters/5pn1PFvj">鸭</a> (<a href="/facts/Chinese_characters/5pn1PFvj">鴨</a>) / <a href="/facts/Hanyu_Pinyin/pUwjfMXg">yā</a></td><td>[ja˥]</td><td>'duck'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Mandarin_phonology/Bl7Mr2RM">Mandarin phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Chuvash_language/2pvVW2sT">Chuvash</a></td><td>йывăç/yıvëş</td><td>[jɯʋəɕ̬]</td><td>'tree'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Czech_language/ySvEftdh">Czech</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Czech_alphabet/9qCd4huk">je</a></td><td>[jɛ]</td><td>'is'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Czech_phonology/UJYRAndV">Czech phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Danish_language/sTcGXTMJ">Danish</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Danish_alphabet/5R0QPeuD">jeg</a></td><td>[jɑ]</td><td>'I'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Danish_phonology/pcTRA2ln">Danish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a></td><td>Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Dutch_orthography/BHW9KxMr">ja</a></td><td>[jaː]</td><td>'yes'</td><td>Frequently realized as a fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_fricative/MUQsm9J6">ʝ</a>], especially in emphatic speech.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a> See <a href="/facts/Dutch_phonology/WJP2LDfK">Dutch phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G">you</a></td><td>[juː]</td><td>'you'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/English_phonology/awcxPhHL">English phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Esperanto/5cWPoLuM">Esperanto</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Esperanto_orthography/d7JmL8aW">jaro</a></td><td>[jaro]</td><td>'year'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Esperanto_phonology/n7bpBg1U">Esperanto phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Estonian_language/ywCJos4e">Estonian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Estonian_alphabet/gQysa5Qj">jalg</a></td><td>[ˈjɑlɡ]</td><td>'leg'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Estonian_phonology/xX5AF3wy">Estonian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Finnish_language/lBuEIgs0">Finnish</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Finnish_alphabet/l3bdMLPd">jalka</a></td><td>[ˈjɑlkɑ]</td><td>'leg'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Finnish_phonology/p1kjVpQ5">Finnish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a></td><td><a href="/facts/French_orthography/JkoJ2W1I">yeux</a></td><td>[jø]</td><td>'eyes'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/French_phonology/f5Px9rwj">French phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/German_language/oWaQIDA8">German</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_German/9qsa3C2S">Standard</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a></td><td><a href="/facts/German_orthography/wRfTdcfG">Jacke</a></td><td>[ˈjäkə]</td><td>'jacket'</td><td>Also described as a fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_fricative/MUQsm9J6">ʝ</a>]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a> and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> See <a href="/facts/Standard_German_phonology/mxAMM3la">Standard German phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek/LIK7NlUh">Ancient Greek</a></td><td>εἴη/éiē</td><td>[ějːɛː]</td><td>'s/he shall come'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Ancient_Greek_phonology/m8oaCUCD">Ancient Greek phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hebrew_language/hqKCSy9d">Hebrew</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hebrew_alphabet/qQStmr5u">ילד</a>/yeled</td><td>[ˈjeled]</td><td>'kid'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Modern_Hebrew_phonology/3wM8DlXJ">Modern Hebrew phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hindustani_language/rPnbEyYP">Hindustani</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Devanagari_alphabet/dQvQ3Ufs">यान</a> / <a href="/facts/Urdu_alphabet/SzLs2Poc">یان</a>/yán</td><td>[jäːn]</td><td>'vehicle'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Hindustani_phonology/jSJYXe1d">Hindustani phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hungarian_language/nt4g0ano">Hungarian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hungarian_orthography/o5VY2Eck">játék</a></td><td>[jaːteːk]</td><td>'game'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Hungarian_phonology/TXf5qlfU">Hungarian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Irish_language/Kw97s2l4">Irish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Irish_orthography/tk5sPGW3">ghearrfadh</a></td><td>[ˈjɑːɾˠhəx]</td><td>'would cut'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Irish_phonology/3meHjVVG">Irish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ingush_language/6AvqWjLP">Ingush</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">ялат</a> / jalat</td><td>['jalat]</td><td>'grain'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Ingush_language/6AvqWjLP">Ingush phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Italian_language/YXsmvlQG">Italian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Italian_alphabet/QP2BJ6J7">ione</a></td><td>[ˈjoːne]</td><td>'ion'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Italian_phonology/6ClLWgLo">Italian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Jalapa_Mazatec/XdMdg7xE">Jalapa Mazatec</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a></td><td>[example needed]</td><td></td><td></td><td>Contrasts voiceless /<a href="/facts/Voiceless_palatal_approximant/I3pUoxSq">j̊</a>/, plain voiced /j/ and glottalized voiced /ȷ̃/ approximants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Japanese_language/EEv485a5">Japanese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hiragana/RTn1gxfS">焼く</a> / <a href="/facts/R%25C5%258Dmaji/7JdM0cAy">yaku</a></td><td>[jaku͍]</td><td>'to bake'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Japanese_phonology/PvY84Cf1">Japanese phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">йи</a>/yi</td><td>[ji]</td><td>'game'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kazakh_language/rh22ccFt">Kazakh</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cyrillic_script/0btN3oWC">Яғни</a>/yağni</td><td>[jaʁni]</td><td>'so'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Khmer_language/RVR7NyzQ">Khmer</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Khmer_script/al76EeT6">យំ</a> / yom</td><td>[jom]</td><td>'to cry'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Khmer_phonology/RVR7NyzQ">Khmer phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Korean_language/dmNnRxAA">Korean</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">여섯</a> / <a href="/facts/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean/jA5Fz40j">yeoseot</a></td><td>[jʌsʌt̚]</td><td>'six'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Korean_phonology/1hlWNext">Korean phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Latin/pM3Kge85">Latin</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation/k3R2Yrlt">iacere</a></td><td>[ˈjakɛrɛ]</td><td>'to throw'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation/k3R2Yrlt">Latin spelling and pronunciation</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Lithuanian_language/p0bS9M0R">Lithuanian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Lithuanian_orthography/mrkUJAWg">ji</a></td><td>[jɪ]</td><td>'she'</td><td>Also described as a fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_fricative/MUQsm9J6">ʝ</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a> See <a href="/facts/Lithuanian_phonology/rspsw8Ku">Lithuanian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Macedonian_language/FdnWMYBR">Macedonian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Macedonian_alphabet/Uj8uNX8C">крај</a>/kraj</td><td>[kraj]</td><td>'end'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Macedonian_phonology/711EIurp">Macedonian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Malay_language/2T6pPtgv">Malay</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Malay_alphabet/yKwF4NQv">sayang</a></td><td>[sajaŋ]</td><td>'love'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Maltese_language/Rgelh3pf">Maltese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Maltese_alphabet/neBMzrdr">jiekol</a></td><td>[jɪɛkol]</td><td>'he eats'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mapuche_language/kl1shd1z">Mapudungun</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mapudungun_alphabet/YcCkVc9P">kayu</a></td><td>[kɜˈjʊ]</td><td>'six'</td><td>May be a fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_fricative/MUQsm9J6">ʝ</a>] instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Marathi_language/uIJuwlFW">Marathi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Devanagari/dQvQ3Ufs">यश</a>/yaš</td><td>[jəʃ]</td><td>'success'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nepali_language/TSC8VdAw">Nepali</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Devan%25C4%2581gar%25C4%25AB/dQvQ3Ufs">याम</a>/yam</td><td>[jäm]</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Season/20vCqJWN">season</a>'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Nepali_phonology/5gEhrASB">Nepali phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Norwegian_language/TGEyeerM">Norwegian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Urban_East_Norwegian/EyyTNCeo">Urban East</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Norwegian_alphabet/ersy5Mfu">gi</a></td><td>[jiː]</td><td>'to give'</td><td>May be a fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_fricative/MUQsm9J6">ʝ</a>] instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> See <a href="/facts/Norwegian_phonology/jmBIScAK">Norwegian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Odia_language/RCSkWVSf">Odia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Odia_script/05jEzRTV">ସମୟ</a>/samaya</td><td>[sɔmɔjɔ]</td><td>'time'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Persian_language/jfUYbHbt">Persian</a></td><td>یزد/Yäzd</td><td>[jæzd]</td><td>'<a href="/facts/Yazd/6Skk2ec8">Yazd</a>'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Persian_phonology/k6TNKDgn">Persian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Polish_language/lzpvYDvV">Polish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Polish_orthography/BBpK4VAt">jutro</a></td><td>[ˈjut̪rɔ]ⓘ</td><td>'tomorrow'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Polish_phonology/tEdotI3h">Polish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Portuguese_orthography/B6H9WRGa">boia</a></td><td>[ˈbɔjɐ]</td><td>'buoy', 'float'</td><td>Allophone of both /<a href="/facts/Close_front_unrounded_vowel/rSUdlCPU">i</a>/ and /<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_lateral_approximant/95EyBgHm">ʎ</a>/,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> as well as a very common epenthetic sound before coda sibilants in some dialects. See <a href="/facts/Portuguese_phonology/hu1DbLe8">Portuguese phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Punjabi_language/Dps9vRRe">Punjabi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gurmukhi/u6Nt0z14">ਯਾਰ</a>/yár</td><td>[jäːɾ]</td><td>'friend'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Romanian_language/zAY3GnkL">Romanian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Romanian_alphabet/B6nm24Q6">iar</a></td><td>[jar]</td><td>'again'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Romanian_phonology/WBLopvtW">Romanian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Russian_language/ETXrTgHV">Russian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Russian_alphabet/ezoUpIPL">яма</a>/jama</td><td>[ˈjämə]</td><td>'pit'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Russian_phonology/JCPYSFSV">Russian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Serbo-Croatian/MS85Xuwk">Serbo-Croatian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet/d5s1lFk2">југ</a> / <a href="/facts/Gaj%2527s_Latin_alphabet/hxF8FTpe">jug</a></td><td>[jûɡ]</td><td>'South'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Serbo-Croatian_phonology/RgNSQU8A">Serbo-Croatian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Slovak_language/HmmobnJ8">Slovak</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Slovak_orthography/NCxQPLa8">jesť</a></td><td>[jɛ̝sc]</td><td>'to eat'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Slovak_phonology/8Az5gDY9">Slovak phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Slovene_language/09YPyUQr">Slovene</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Slovene_orthography/U2wY1Aj3">jaz</a></td><td>[ˈjʌ̂s̪]</td><td>'I'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Solos_language/rlAMpQAX">Solos</a></td><td>yas</td><td>[jas]</td><td>'up'</td><td>See Alphabet section in <a href="/facts/Solos_language/rlAMpQAX">Solos language</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Standard_Spanish/q4sf4aFo">Standard</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_orthography/DNP7QG9J">ayer</a></td><td>[aˈʝ̞e̞ɾ]ⓘ</td><td>'yesterday'</td><td rowspan="2">Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a> Contrast with /j/. See <a href="/facts/Spanish_phonology/y7knma4G">Spanish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rioplatense_Spanish/0brAmKvX">Rioplatense</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_orthography/DNP7QG9J">hielo</a></td><td>[ˈje.lo]</td><td>'ice'</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Swedish_language/1DkSIXkH">Swedish</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Swedish_alphabet/9vQCp9EF">jag</a></td><td>[ˈjɑːɡ]</td><td>'I'</td><td>May be realized as a palatal fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_fricative/MUQsm9J6">ʝ</a>] instead. See <a href="/facts/Swedish_phonology/2NY3Prus">Swedish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tagalog_language/G8UARRIl">Tagalog</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Filipino_orthography/eGqejUch">maya</a></td><td>[ˈmajɐ]</td><td>'sparrow'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">Tamil</a></td><td>யானை/yanai</td><td>[ˈjaːnaɪ]</td><td>'elephant'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Telugu_language/yV5dQWhw">Telugu</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Telugu_script/GzUHyXLb">యాతన/yatana</a></td><td>[jaːtana]</td><td>'agony'</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Turkish_language/C5X56Ijp">Turkish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Turkish_alphabet/Skpn0bkK">yol</a></td><td>[jo̞ɫ̪]</td><td>'way'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Turkish_phonology/bm1otksF">Turkish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Turkmen_language/83a4zv7w">Turkmen</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Turkmen_alphabet/3rBSFBTB">ýüpek</a></td><td>[jypek]</td><td>'silk'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ubykh_language/y018mQRA">Ubykh</a></td><td>ајәушқӏa/ajëwšq'a</td><td>[ajəwʃqʼa]</td><td>'you did it'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Ubykh_phonology/DgzPQN8o">Ubykh phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_language/2zDw7rpD">Ukrainian</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ukrainian_orthography/RXdMx44m">їжак</a> / <a href="/facts/Romanization_of_Ukrainian/GYvveb1q">ïžak</a></td><td>[jiˈʒɑk]</td><td>'hedgehog'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Ukrainian_phonology/tMNnkv5W">Ukrainian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Vietnamese_language/J3Pbx58C">Vietnamese</a></td><td>Southern dialects</td><td><a href="/facts/Vietnamese_alphabet/NyAkHElo">de</a></td><td>[jɛ]</td><td>'cinnamon'</td><td>Corresponds to northern /z/. See <a href="/facts/Vietnamese_phonology/vqImbjKY">Vietnamese phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Washo_language/7YvtomyW">Washo</a></td><td>dayáʔ</td><td>[daˈjaʔ]</td><td>'leaf'</td><td>Contrasts voiceless /<a href="/facts/Voiceless_palatal_approximant/I3pUoxSq">j̊</a>/ and voiced /j/ approximants.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Welsh_language/4Pz8r6yk">Welsh</a></td><td>iaith</td><td>[jai̯θ]</td><td>'language'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Welsh_phonology/lu715FFI">Welsh phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/West_Frisian_language/h7PVP7S6">West Frisian</a></td><td>jas</td><td>[jɔs]</td><td>'coat'</td><td>See <a href="/facts/West_Frisian_phonology/Iv3uqmV0">West Frisian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Zapotec_language/Yh09rWyg">Zapotec</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tilquiapan_Zapotec/REz3SXMX">Tilquiapan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a></td><td>yan</td><td>[jaŋ]</td><td>'neck'</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3>Post-palatal</h3>

<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Spanish_orthography/DNP7QG9J">seguir</a></td><td>[se̞ˈɣ̞˖iɾ]ⓘ</td><td>'to follow'</td><td>Lenited allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a> typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣ⟩. See <a href="/facts/Spanish_phonology/y7knma4G">Spanish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Turkish_language/C5X56Ijp">Turkish</a></td><td>Standard prescriptive<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Turkish_alphabet/Skpn0bkK">düğün</a></td><td>[ˈd̪y̠ȷ̈y̠n̪]</td><td>'wedding'</td><td>Either post-palatal or palatal; phonetic realization of /ɣ/ (also transcribed as /ɰ/) before front vowels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> See <a href="/facts/Turkish_phonology/bm1otksF">Turkish phonology</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Palatal_lateral_approximant/95EyBgHm">Palatal lateral approximant</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Nasal_palatal_approximant/0GzaA1zq">Nasal palatal approximant</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Index_of_phonetics_articles/IwhbEHGN">Index of phonetics articles</a></li></ul>
<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<ul><li>Ambrazas, Vytautas; Geniušienė, Emma; Girdenis, Aleksas; Sližienė, Nijolė; Valeckienė, Adelė; Valiulytė, Elena; Tekorienė, Dalija; Pažūsis, Lionginas (1997), Ambrazas, Vytautas (ed.), Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9986-813-22-0</li>
<li>Augustaitis, Daine (1964), <a href="http://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs2/object/display/bsb00046700_00001.html?sort=sortTitle+asc&subjectRVK={Slawistik}&context=&person_str={Augustaitis%2C+Daine}&LOC_ent={Germany}&mode=simple">Das litauische Phonationssystem</a>, Munich: Sagner</li>
<li>Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987), Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-84-7039-483-6</li>
<li>Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004618">10.1017/S0025100300004618</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249411809">249411809</a></li>
<li>Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 90-04-10340-6</li>
<li>Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company</li>
<li>Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7190-6689-1</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Wiktor_Jassem/bkT6XK6F">Jassem, Wiktor</a> (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001191">10.1017/S0025100303001191</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Klaus_J._Kohler/prXuXN8Q">Kohler, Klaus J.</a> (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-65236-7</li>
<li>Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-11-018202-6</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Gjert_Kristoffersen/tVzTJkX5">Kristoffersen, Gjert</a> (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-823765-5</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Max_Mangold/Tf0rEtvp">Mangold, Max</a> (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-411-04066-7</li>
<li>Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567">"Problems in the Classification of Approximants"</a>, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001732">10.1017/S0025100304001732</a> (inactive 14 April 2025), <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144568679">144568679</a>{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2025 (link)</li>
<li>Mathiassen, Terje (1996), A Short Grammar of Lithuanian, Slavica Publishers, Inc., <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-89357-267-9</li>
<li>Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), <a href="http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf">"Tilquiapan Zapotec"</a> (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003344">10.1017/S0025100308003344</a> (inactive 14 April 2025){{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2025 (link)</li>
<li>Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), "Standard Austrian German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 339–348, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100315000055">10.1017/S0025100315000055</a></li>
<li>Mott, Brian (2007), <a href="http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/Mott_2007.pdf">"Chistabino (Pyrenean Aragonese)"</a> (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 103–114, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002842">10.1017/S0025100306002842</a> (inactive 14 April 2025){{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2025 (link)</li>
<li>Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-946452-97-0</li>
<li>Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), <a href="http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf">"Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda"</a> (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109</li>
<li>Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628">10.1017/S0025100304001628</a></li>
<li>Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), <a href="https://www.academia.edu/3234126">"Mapudungun"</a>, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000369">10.1017/S0025100312000369</a></li>
<li>Silverman, Daniel; Blankenship, Barbara; Kirk, Paul; <a href="/facts/Peter_Ladefoged/GPHjbHmP">Ladefoged, Peter</a> (1995), "Phonetic Structures in Jalapa Mazatec", Anthropological Linguistics, 37 (1), The Trustees of Indiana University: 70–88, <a href="/facts/JSTOR_(identifier)/YTeVmaJ7">JSTOR</a> <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30028043">30028043</a></li>
<li>Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920), <a href="http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/toc_uni.htm">A Greek Grammar for Colleges</a>, Calvin College Library</li>
<li>Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004266">10.1017/S0025100300004266</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243640727">243640727</a></li>
<li>Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 82-990584-0-6</li>
<li>Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395">10.1017/S0025100314000395</a></li>
<li>Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), <a href="http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf">"Turkish"</a> (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-65236-7</li>
<li>Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-65236-0</li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=j">List of languages with [j]</a> on <a href="/facts/PHOIBLE/2qqHhjzI">PHOIBLE</a></li>
<li><a href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=j%CC%9F">List of languages with [j̟]</a> on <a href="/facts/PHOIBLE/2qqHhjzI">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Glain, Olivier (2012). "The yod /j/: palatalise it or drop it! How Traditional Yod Forms are disappearing from Contemporary English" (PDF). Cercles. 22. Jean Monnet University: 4–24. Archived from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2016-03-23. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323161701/http://www.cercles.com/n22/glain.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160323161701/http://www.cercles.com/n22/glain.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Larsen, R.S.; Pike, E.V. (1949). "Huasteco Intonations and Phonemes". Language. 25 (3): 268–27. doi:10.2307/410088. JSTOR 410088. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Ochoa Peralta, María Angela (1984). El idioma huasteco de Xiloxuchil, Veracruz. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropolog'ia e Historia. pp. 33–34. SEMIVOCAL ALVEOPALATAL SONORA Tiene dos alófonos: [y] semivocal alveopalatal sonora, y [Y] semivocal alveopalatal sorda. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"UPSID HUASTECO". web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 2023-12-30. voiced palato-alveolar approximant <a href="http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L6776.html" target="_blank">http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L6776.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">"Simple UPSID interface". web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 2023-12-30. <a href="http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/upsid.html" target="_blank">http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/upsid.html</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Maddieson, Ian. Pattern of Sounds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Maddieson, Ian; Precoda, Kristin (1990). Updating UPSID. Vol. 74. Department of Linguistics, UCLA. pp. 104–111. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Moran, Steven; McCloy, Daniel, eds. (2019). "Huastec sound inventory (UPSID)". UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database. Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. j̟ <a href="http://phoible.org/inventories/view/360" target="_blank">http://phoible.org/inventories/view/360</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">"PHOIBLE 2.0 - Consonant j̟". phoible.org. Retrieved 2023-12-30. j̟ <a href="https://phoible.org/parameters/A30A66B41A66B60C4183B3C0FD8873A5#6/21.615/261.497" target="_blank">https://phoible.org/parameters/A30A66B41A66B60C4183B3C0FD8873A5#6/21.615/261.497</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"UPSID HUASTECO". web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 2023-12-30. voiced palato-alveolar approximant <a href="http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L6776.html" target="_blank">http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L6776.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 208. - Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732 (inactive 14 April 2025), S2CID 144568679 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 206. - Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732 (inactive 14 April 2025), S2CID 144568679 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Smyth (1920), p. 11. - Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920), A Greek Grammar for Colleges, Calvin College Library <a href="http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/toc_uni.htm" target="_blank">http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/toc_uni.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal". <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Mott (2007), pp. 105–106. - Mott, Brian (2007), "Chistabino (Pyrenean Aragonese)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 103–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002842 (inactive 14 April 2025) <a href="http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/Mott_2007.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/Mott_2007.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Mott (2007), pp. 105–106. - Mott, Brian (2007), "Chistabino (Pyrenean Aragonese)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 103–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002842 (inactive 14 April 2025) <a href="http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/Mott_2007.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/Mott_2007.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13. - Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53. - Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004618" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004618</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Collins & Mees (2003), p. 198. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-10340-6 <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Collins & Mees (2003), p. 198. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-10340-6 <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Kohler (1999), p. 86. - Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015), p. 340. - Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), "Standard Austrian German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 339–348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100315000055" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100315000055</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Mangold (2005), p. 51. - Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7 <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Krech et al. (2009), p. 83. - Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6 <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Hall (2003), p. 48. - Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1 <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Ó Sé (2000), p. 17. - Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0 <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117. - Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001628</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Silverman et al. (1995), p. 83. - Silverman, Daniel; Blankenship, Barbara; Kirk, Paul; Ladefoged, Peter (1995), "Phonetic Structures in Jalapa Mazatec", Anthropological Linguistics, 37 (1), The Trustees of Indiana University: 70–88, JSTOR 30028043 <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30028043" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/30028043</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Silverman et al. (1995), p. 83. - Silverman, Daniel; Blankenship, Barbara; Kirk, Paul; Ladefoged, Peter (1995), "Phonetic Structures in Jalapa Mazatec", Anthropological Linguistics, 37 (1), The Trustees of Indiana University: 70–88, JSTOR 30028043 <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30028043" target="_blank">https://www.jstor.org/stable/30028043</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Mathiassen (1996), pp. 22–23. - Mathiassen, Terje (1996), A Short Grammar of Lithuanian, Slavica Publishers, Inc., ISBN 978-0-89357-267-9 <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Augustaitis (1964), p. 23. - Augustaitis, Daine (1964), Das litauische Phonationssystem, Munich: Sagner <a href="http://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs2/object/display/bsb00046700_00001.html?sort=sortTitle+asc&subjectRVK={Slawistik}&context=&person_str={Augustaitis%2C+Daine}&LOC_ent={Germany}&mode=simple" target="_blank">http://digi20.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs2/object/display/bsb00046700_00001.html?sort=sortTitle+asc&subjectRVK={Slawistik}&context=&person_str={Augustaitis%2C+Daine}&LOC_ent={Germany}&mode=simple</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Ambrazas et al. (1997), pp. 46–47. - Ambrazas, Vytautas; Geniušienė, Emma; Girdenis, Aleksas; Sližienė, Nijolė; Valeckienė, Adelė; Valiulytė, Elena; Tekorienė, Dalija; Pažūsis, Lionginas (1997), Ambrazas, Vytautas (ed.), Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, ISBN 9986-813-22-0 <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 91. - Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369 <a href="https://www.academia.edu/3234126" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/3234126</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 91. - Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369 <a href="https://www.academia.edu/3234126" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/3234126</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 22 and 25. - Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5 <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Vanvik (1979), p. 41. - Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Vanvik (1979), p. 41. - Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Kristoffersen (2000), p. 74. - Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5 <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">Jassem (2003), p. 103. - Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001191" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100303001191</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">(in Portuguese) Delta: Documentation of studies on theoric and applied Linguistics – Problems in the tense variant of carioca speech. <a href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-44502004000300005" target="_blank">http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-44502004000300005</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">(in Portuguese) The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony. Pages 223 and 228. <a href="http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/dominiosdelinguagem/article/download/12450/8064" target="_blank">http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/dominiosdelinguagem/article/download/12450/8064</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223. - Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100314000395</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Landau et al. (1999), p. 67. - Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0 <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">Pavlík (2004), p. 106. - Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109 <a href="http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/jc/2004/2/jc2004_2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 205. - Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732 (inactive 14 April 2025), S2CID 144568679 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 205. - Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732 (inactive 14 April 2025), S2CID 144568679 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154. - Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 <a href="http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Merrill (2008), p. 108. - Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 (inactive 14 April 2025) <a href="http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 21. - Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987), Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia, ISBN 978-84-7039-483-6 <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 21. - Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987), Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia, ISBN 978-84-7039-483-6 <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155. - Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 <a href="http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155. - Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 <a href="http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Voiced palatal approximant open-in-new

Voiced palatal approximant