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Anton Formann
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<h2 id="biography">Biography</h2> <p>Anton K. Formann studied psychology with statistics and anthropology (individual curriculum approved by the university) at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Vienna/sc4vUUe8">University of Vienna</a>, <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austria</a>, where he received his PhD in psychology in 1973 under the supervision of Gerhard H. Fischer at the university's Department of Psychology. He worked as a post doc researcher and Assistant Professor at Fischer's division until 1985, when he earned his postdoctoral professorial qualification (<a href="/facts/Habilitation/VSEhfx78">habilitation</a> in psychology) and became Associate Professor at the University of Vienna. He also studied <a href="/facts/Statistics/DNPsKGYU">statistics</a> at <a href="/facts/Sheffield_Hallam_University/xWS354d3">Sheffield Hallam University (UK)</a> where he graduated (MSc with distinction) in 1998. In 1999, he gained his second postdoctoral professional qualification (<a href="/facts/Habilitation/VSEhfx78">habilitation</a> in <a href="/facts/Applied_statistics/DNPsKGYU">applied statistics</a>). In 2004, after being substitute chair holder for 5 years, he became <a href="/facts/Full_professor/JNqot4sU">full professor</a> for <a href="/facts/Psychological_research_methods/WRpWVEFt">psychological methods</a> at the University of Vienna, succeeding the chair of <a href="/facts/Mathematical_psychology/BkwE1PM7">mathematical psychology</a> of Gerhard H. Fischer. From 2005 onwards, Formann was Vice Head of the Department of Basic Psychological Research within the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Vienna, and during 2006-08 additionally Vice Dean of the Faculty. </p> <h2 id="scientific-work">Scientific Work</h2> <p>Formann led long-standing research collaborations with colleagues in the statistical, medical, and psychological sciences. His substantial research activities in all these fields are documented in numerous books and more than 50 publications in prestigious <a href="/facts/Impact_factor/CamGH5MQ">high-impact</a> journals, including <a href="/facts/Biometrics_(journal)/j5xopt0U">Biometrics</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/Journal_of_the_American_Statistical_Association/H513IjxL">Journal of the American Statistical Association</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/British_Journal_of_Mathematical_and_Statistical_Psychology/EbJFuKL3">British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Psychometrika/ES7QkLzI">Psychometrika</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>Item response theory (Rasch models)</h3> <p>Formann was one of the first researchers who documented problems with <a href="/facts/Rasch_model/8NzYrqmR">Rasch model</a> tests, in particular with <a href="/facts/Theodore_Wilbur_Anderson/4u4tnTMA">Andersen's</a> <a href="/facts/Likelihood-ratio_test/oFqLh3R0">likelihood-ratio test</a> which arise under certain conditions if it is employed conventionally.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> As a senior author, Formann also showed that the common assumption that the <a href="/facts/Expectation-maximization_algorithm/32P2bdBc">EM estimation</a> of the two-parameter logistic model is not influenced by initial values is incorrect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h4>Viennese Matrices Test</h4> <p>Formann was probably the first researcher to practically apply Fischer's linear logistic test model (LLTM) for test development. The LLTM is a special case of the <a href="/facts/Rasch_model/8NzYrqmR">Rasch model</a>, which allows the construction of items with item difficulties based on the user's demand. This resulted in the development of a Rasch-scaled abstract <a href="/facts/Reasoning/tcBImN8J">reasoning</a> test<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> (based on <a href="/facts/Raven_matrices/EzGpvg6Y">Raven's matrices test</a>) which has since been widely used in research and practice. A revised version of this language-free <a href="/facts/Intelligence_test/rozfcXsk">intelligence test</a> that has been calibrated against large contemporary samples of men and women is forthcoming.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> <h4>Latent Class Analysis</h4> <p>For his first <a href="/facts/Habilitation/VSEhfx78">habilitation</a> (in psychology), Formann published a comprehensive <a href="/facts/Monograph/o8VRGpVc">monograph</a> on <a href="/facts/Latent_class_analysis/LaQ7oJDY">latent class analysis</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> which continues to be widely cited for its clarity, depth, and originality, and hence is considered a true modern classic on this topic. </p> <h3>Quantitative Methods for Research Synthesis (Meta-Analysis)</h3> <p>In his later research, Formann addressed, among other things, the problem of <a href="/facts/Publication_bias/Wbmr1WjW">publication bias</a> in <a href="/facts/Meta-analysis/IcfChd8z">meta-analytic research</a>. He introduced a novel method that allows estimating the proportion of studies missing in meta-analysis due to <a href="/facts/Publication_bias/Wbmr1WjW">publication bias</a> based on the <a href="/facts/Truncated_normal_distribution/q5h0zsuF">truncated normal distribution</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> In 2010, as the senior author, Formann debunked in a meta-analysis the famous <a href="/facts/Mozart_effect/mYIGMBBe">Mozart effect</a> as a myth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p> <h3>Other</h3> <h4>Newcomb-Benford Law</h4> <p>Formann provided an alternative explanation for the <a href="/facts/Benford%27s_law/CDfMJgdq">Newcomb-Benford law</a> – a formalisation of the remarkable observation that the <a href="/facts/Frequencies/QUSbPaW8">frequencies</a> with which the leading <a href="/facts/Numerical_digit/JJdLBoGT">digits</a> of numbers occur in large <a href="/facts/Data_set/eDvegUTK">data sets</a> are far away from being <a href="/facts/Uniform_distribution_(continuous)/XbnlVljT">uniform</a> (e.g., the leading digit 1 occurs in nearly one third of all cases). In addition to the prevailing explanations based on <a href="/facts/Scale_invariance/S96sxg2R">scale</a>- and base invariance, Formann directed the attention to the interrelation between the <a href="/facts/Probability_distribution/EpsKKVRu">distribution</a> of the significant digits and the distribution of the <a href="/facts/Dependent_variable/dINfzIF2">observed variable</a>. He showed in a simulation study that long right-tailed distributions of a <a href="/facts/Random_variable/TwTBXnLT">random variable</a> are compatible with the Newcomb-Benford law, and that for distributions of the ratio of two random variables the fit generally improves.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h4>Piaget's Water Level Task</h4> <p>The <a href="/facts/Piaget%27s_theory_of_cognitive_development/2BfVnk1s">water-level task</a> refers to a task developed by <a href="/facts/Jean_Piaget/gQQBtbCU">Jean Piaget</a> where bottles filled with different levels of water are presented in different <a href="/facts/Angle/gFUTEQYq">angles</a> of orientation. It is used to assess the level of <a href="/facts/Mental_development/hSjrUxCn">mental development</a> of spatial abilities (e.g., recognition of the invariance of horizontality). Formann criticized the established method of <a href="/facts/Dichotomous/mDufyfsP">dichotomizing</a> water-level responses by the subjects into "right" versus "wrong" – he showed that this method was inappropriate because it ignored the heterogeneity of the task difficulties - and instead recommended using <a href="/facts/Latent_class_model/LaQ7oJDY">latent class models</a> or <a href="/facts/Rasch_model/8NzYrqmR">Rasch models</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> He showed that subjects and tasks can be arrayed on a <a href="/facts/Unidimensional/0ktmUyac">unidimensional</a> scale and, by employing the linear logistic test model, that the task difficulty could be attributed to a single <a href="/facts/Parameter/zFvVFMv9">parameter</a> associated with the angle of <a href="/facts/Inclination/TQCFWyfd">inclination</a> of the bottle.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Furthermore, he provided the first empirical data of task performance of the <a href="/facts/Elderly/nEpQmo9g">elderly</a> and found that there was an age-associated non-linear decline of performance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h4>Misconception of Probability</h4> <p>Formann compared the performance in the classic <a href="/facts/Birthday_problem/ct7ao4dF">birthday problem</a> (i.e., guessing the probability <i>P</i> for any coincidence among <i>N</i> individuals sharing the same birthday) and the birthmate problem (i.e., guessing the probability <i>P</i> for the specific coincidence among <i>N</i> individuals of having a birthday today) in psychology <a href="/facts/Undergraduates/GVvPMLFN">undergraduates</a>, casino visitors, and casino employees. Psychology students and women did better on both task types, but were less confident about their estimates than casino visitors or personnel and men. Higher confidence ratings were related to subjective estimates that were closer to the solutions of birthday problems, but not of birthmate problems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h4>Parallel Analysis in Retrieving Unidimensionality in the Presence of Binary Data</h4> <p>Formann provided both theoretical and empirical evidence that the application of the <a href="/facts/Factor_analysis/LT6B9I7D">parallel analysis</a> for uncovering the <a href="/facts/Factor_analysis/LT6B9I7D">factorial structure</a> of <a href="/facts/Binary_numeral_system/a6JDSRPs">binary</a> variables is not appropriate. Results of a simulation study showed that <a href="/facts/Sample_size/sf8dAFzq">sample size</a>, <a href="/facts/Item_response_theory/4WmQgExu">item discrimination</a>, and type of <a href="/facts/Correlation_coefficient/j8Swz1R9">correlation coefficient</a> considerably influence the performance of parallel analysis.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="selected-publications">Selected publications</h2> <h3>Papers</h3> <ul><li>Formann, A. K. (1978). Note on parameter-estimation for Lazarsfeld latent class analysis. <i>Psychometrika, 43,</i> 123-126.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (1985). Constrained latent class models: Theory and applications. <i>British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38,</i> 87-111.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (1986). A note on the computation of the 2nd-order derivatives of the elementary symmetrical functions in the Rasch model. <i>Psychometrika, 51,</i> 335-339.</li> <li>Formann, A. K., & Rop, I. (1987). On the inhomogeneity of a test compounded of 2 Rasch homogeneous subscales. <i>Psychometrika, 52,</i> 263-267.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (1988). Latent class models for nonmonotone dichotomous items. <i>Psychometrika, 53,</i> 45-62.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (1989). Constrained latent class models: Some further applications. <i>British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 42,</i> 37-54.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (1992). Linear logistic latent class analysis for polytomous data. <i>Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87,</i> 476-486.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (1993). Fixed-distance latent class models for the analysis of sets of two-way contingency tables. <i>Biometrics, 49,</i> 511-521.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (1994). Measurement errors in caries diagnosis: Some further latent class models. <i>Biometrics, 50,</i> 865-871.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (1994). Measuring change in latent subgroups using dichotomous data: Unconditional, conditional, and semiparametric maximum-likelihood-estimation. <i>Journal of the American Statistical Association, 89,</i> 1027-1034.</li> <li>Formann, A. K., & Kohlmann, T. (1996). Latent class analysis in medical research. <i>Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 5,</i> 179-211.</li> <li>Formann, A. K., & Kohlmann, T. (1998). Structural latent class models. <i>Sociological Methods and Research, 26,</i> 530-565.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (2001). Misspecifying latent class models by mixture binomials. <i>British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 54,</i> 279-291.</li> <li>Formann, A. K., & Ponocny, I. (2002). Latent change classes in dichotomous data. <i>Psychometrika, 67,</i> 437-457.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (2003). Latent class model diagnosis from a frequentist point of view. <i>Biometrics, 59,</i> 189-196.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (2003). Modeling data from water-level tasks: A test theoretical analysis. <i>Perceptual and Motor Skills, 96,</i> 1153-1172.</li> <li>Voracek, M., & Formann, A. K. (2004). Variation in European suicide rates is better accounted for by latitude and longitude than by national percentage of Finno-Ugrians and Type O blood: A rebuttal of Lester and Kondrichin (2004). <i>Perceptual and Motor Skills, 99,</i> 1243-1250.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (2006). Mixture analysis of longitudinal binary data. <i>Statistics in Medicine, 25,</i> 1457-1469.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (2006). Testing the Rasch model by means of the mixture fit index. <i>British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 59,</i> 89-95.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (2007). Mixture analysis of multivariate categorical data with covariates and missing entries. <i>Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 51,</i> 5236-5246.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (2008). Estimating the proportion of studies missing for meta-analysis due to publication bias. <i>Contemporary Clinical Trials, 29,</i> 732-739.</li> <li>Formann, A. K., & Böhning, D. (2008). Re: Insights into latent class analysis of diagnostic test performance. <i>Biostatistics, 9,</i> 777-778.</li> <li>Tran, U. S., & Formann, A. K. (2008). Piaget's water-level tasks: Performance across the lifespan with emphasis on the elderly. <i>Personality and Individual Differences, 45,</i> 232-237.</li> <li>Voracek, M., Tran, U. S., & Formann, A. K. (2008). Birthday and birthmate problems: Misconceptions of probability among psychology undergraduates and casino visitors and personnel. <i>Perceptual and Motor Skills, 106,</i> 91-103.</li> <li>Tran, U. S., & Formann, A. K. (2009). Performance of parallel analysis in retrieving unidimensionality in the presence of binary data. <i>Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69,</i> 50-61.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (2010). The Newcomb-Benford law in its relation to some common distributions. <i>PLoS ONE, 5,</i> e10541.</li> <li>Voracek, M., Gabler, D., Kreutzer, C., Stieger, S., Swami, V., & Formann, A. K. (2010). Multi-method personality assessment of butchers and hunters: Beliefs and reality. <i>Personality and Individual Differences, 49,</i> 819-822.</li> <li>Voracek, M., Tran, U. S., Fischer-Kern, M., Formann, A. K., & Springer-Kremser, M. (2010). Like father, like son? Familial aggregation of physicians among medical and psychology students in Austria. <i>Higher Education, 59,</i> 737-748.</li> <li>Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., & Formann, A. K. (2010). Mozart effect––Shmozart effect: A meta-analysis. <i>Intelligence, 38,</i> 314-323.</li> <li>Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., & Formann, A. K. (2010). Pervasiveness of the IQ rise: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. <i>PLoS ONE, 5,</i> e14406.</li> <li>Nader, I. W., Tran, U. S., & Formann, A. K. (2011). Sensitivity to initial values in full non-parametric maximum-likelihood estimation of the two-parameter logistic model. <i>British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 64,</i> 320-336.</li> <li>Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., & Formann, A. K. (2011). Female Flynn effects: No sex differences in generational IQ gains. <i>Personality and Individual Differences, 50,</i> 759-762.</li> <li>Stieger, S., Formann, A. K., & Burger, C. (2011). Humor styles and their relationship to explicit and implicit self-esteem. <i>Personality and Individual Differences, 50,</i> 747-750.</li> <li>Stieger, S., Voracek, M., & Formann, A. K. (2012). How to administer the Initial Preference Task. <i>European Journal of Personality, 26,</i> 63-78.</li> <li>Preinerstorfer, D., & Formann, A. K. (2012). Parameter recovery and model selection in mixed Rasch models. <i>British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 65,</i> 251-262.</li> <li>Holling, H., Böhning, W., Böhning, D., & Formann, A. K. (2013). The covariate-adjusted frequency plot. <i>Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 25,</i> 902-916.</li></ul> <h3>Books</h3> <ul><li>Formann, A. K., & Piswanger, K. (1979). <i>Wiener Matrizen-Test. Ein Rasch-skalierter sprachfreier Intelligenztest [Viennese Matrices Test: A Rasch-scaled culture-fair intelligence test]</i>. Weinheim: Beltz.</li> <li>Formann, A. K. (1984). <i>Latent Class Analyse: Einführung in die Theorie und Anwendung [Latent class analysis: Introduction to theory and application]</i>. Weinheim: Beltz.</li> <li>Formann, A. K., Waldherr, K., & Piswanger, K. (2011). <i>Wiener Matrizen-Test 2 (WMT-2): Ein Rasch-skalierter sprachfreier Kurztest zur Erfassung der Intelligenz [Viennese Matrices Test 2: A Rasch-scaled language-free short test for the assessment of intelligence]</i>. Göttingen: Hogrefe.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D110234693">Literature by and about Anton Formann</a> in the <a href="/facts/German_National_Library/bj4WE8MM">German National Library</a> catalogue</li> <li><a href="http://www.antonformann.at">Anton K. Formann Memorial Pages</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.antonformann.at/memorialbook.htm">Memorial Book for Anton K. Formann (1949-2010)</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110618130422/http://psychologie.univie.ac.at/grundlagenforschung">Official Website of the Department of Basic Psychological Research (University of Vienna)</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.dieuniversitaet-online.at/personalia/beitrag/news/in-memoriam-anton-k-formann-1949-2010/308.html">Official obituary of the Faculty of Psychology of the University of Vienna by Weber G., Leder H., & Voracek, M. (German)</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928160628/http://www.tibs.org/uploadedFiles/Journals_and_Publications/Biometric_Bulletin/IBS%20Bulletin%20Vol%203%202010.pdf">Obituary in Biometric Bulletin by Voracek, M.</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.psychologie-aktuell.com/fileadmin/download/ptam/4-2010_20101218/09_B%F6hning.pdf">Obituary in Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling by Böhning, D., Holling, H., & Kubinger, K. D.</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li>Gerhard H. Fischer</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Psychology portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Item_response_theory/4WmQgExu">Item response theory</a> (<a href="/facts/Rasch_model/8NzYrqmR">Rasch models</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Latent_class_analysis/LaQ7oJDY">Latent class analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mixture_models/WWe6TJlg">Mixture model</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Categorical_data_analysis/yGGPTnus">Categorical data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Meta-analysis/IcfChd8z">Quantitative methods for research synthesis (meta-analysis)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Publication_bias/Wbmr1WjW">Publication bias</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Benford%27s_law/CDfMJgdq">Newcomb-Benford law</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mozart_effect/mYIGMBBe">Mozart effect</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/University_of_Vienna/sc4vUUe8">University of Vienna</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Formann, A. K. (1993). Fixed-distance latent class models for the analysis of sets of two-way contingency tables. Biometrics, 49, 511-521. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Formann, A. K. (1994). Measurement errors in caries diagnosis: Some further latent class models. Biometrics, 50, 865-871. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Formann, A. K. (2003). Latent class model diagnosis from a frequentist point of view. Biometrics, 59, 189-196. <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Formann, A. K. (1994). Measuring change in latent subgroups using dichotomous data: Unconditional, conditional, and semiparametric maximum-likelihood-estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 89, 1027-1034. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Formann, A. K. (1992). Linear logistic latent class analysis for polytomous data. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87, 476-486. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Formann, A. K. (1985). Constrained latent class models: Theory and applications. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38, 87-111. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Formann, A. K. (1989). Constrained latent class models: Some further applications. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 42, 37-54. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Formann, A. K. (2001). Misspecifying latent class models by mixture binomials. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 54, 279-291. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Formann, A. K. (2006). Testing the Rasch model by means of the mixture fit index. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 59, 89-95. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Nader, I. W., Tran, U. S., & Formann, A. K. (2011). Sensitivity to initial values in full non-parametric maximum-likelihood estimation of the two-parameter logistic model. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 64, 320-336. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Formann, A. K. (1978). Note on parameter-estimation for Lazarsfeld latent class analysis. Psychometrika, 43, 123-126. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Formann, A. K. (1986). A note on the computation of the 2nd-order derivatives of the elementary symmetrical functions in the Rasch model. Psychometrika, 51, 335-339. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Formann, A. K., & Rop, I. (1987). On the inhomogeneity of a test compounded of 2 Rasch homogeneous subscales. Psychometrika, 52, 263-267. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Formann, A. K. (1988). Latent class models for nonmonotone dichotomous items. Psychometrika, 53, 45-62. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Formann, A. K., &Ponocny, I. (2002). Latent change classes in dichotomous data. Psychometrika, 67, 437-457. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Böhning, D., Holling, H., & Kubinger, K. D. (2010). In memoriam Anton K. Formann. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 52, 491-492. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Nader, I. W., Tran, U. S., & Formann, A. K. (2011). Sensitivity to initial values in full non-parametric maximum-likelihood estimation of the two-parameter logistic model. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 64, 320-336. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Formann, A. K., & Piswanger, K. (1979). Wiener MatrizenTest. Ein Rasch-skalierter sprachfreier Intelligenztest [Viennese Matrices Test: A Rasch-scaled culture-fair intelligence test]. Weinheim: Beltz. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Formann, A. K., Waldherr, K., & Piswanger, K. (2011). Wiener Matrizen-Test 2 (WMT-2): Ein Rasch-skalierter sprachfreier Kurztest zur Erfassung der Intelligenz [Viennese Matrices Test 2: A Rasch-scaled language-free short test for the assessment of intelligence]. Göttingen: Hogrefe. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Formann, A. K. (1984). Latent Class Analyse: Einführung in die Theorie und Anwendung [Latent class analysis: Introduction to theory and application]. Weinheim: Beltz. <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Formann, A. K. (2008). Estimating the proportion of studies missing for meta-analysis due to publication bias. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 29, 732-739. <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., & Formann, A. K. (2010). Mozart effect––Shmozart effect: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 38, 314-323. <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Formann, A. K. (2010). The Newcomb-Benford law in its relation to some common distributions. PLoS ONE, 5, e10541. <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Formann, A. K. (2003). Modeling data from water-level tasks: A test theoretical analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 96, 1153-1172. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Formann, A. K. (2003). Modeling data from water-level tasks: A test theoretical analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 96, 1153-1172. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Tran, U. S., & Formann, A. K. (2008). Piaget’s water-level tasks: Performance across the lifespan with emphasis on the elderly. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 232-237. <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Voracek, M., Tran, U. S., & Formann, A. K. (2008). Birthday and birthmate problems: Misconceptions of probability among psychology undergraduates and casino visitors and personnel. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 106, 91-103. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Tran, U. S., & Formann, A. K. (2009). Performance of parallel analysis in retrieving unidimensionality in the presence of binary data. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69, 50-61. <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Voracek, M. (2010). In memoriam: Anton K. Formann (1949-2010). Biometric Bulletin, 27(3), 7-8. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Böhning, D., Holling, H., & Kubinger, K. D. (2010). In memoriam Anton K. Formann. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 52, 491-492. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>