Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Vengeful ghost
open-in-new
<h2 id="cultural-background">Cultural background</h2> <p>The concept of a vengeful ghost seeking retribution for harm that it endured as a living person goes back to ancient times and is part of many cultures. According to such legends and beliefs, they roam the world of the living as restless spirits, seeking to have their grievances redressed, and may not be satisfied until they have succeeded in punishing either their murderers or their tormentors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p><p>In certain cultures vengeful ghosts are mostly female, said to be women that were unjustly treated during their lifetime. Such women or girls may have died in despair or the suffering they endured may have resulted in early death caused by the <a href="/facts/Abuse/afbB4b7t">ill-treatment</a> or <a href="/facts/Torture/oTCUxY3x">torture</a> they were subject to.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Exorcism/RkVPajWb">Exorcisms</a> and appeasement are among the religious and social customs practiced by various cultures in relation to the vengeful ghost. The northern <a href="/facts/Ach%C3%A9_people/0qHad2g4">Aché people</a> group in <a href="/facts/Paraguay/sbzfv4Rl">Paraguay</a> <a href="/facts/Cremation/2SkhoCly">cremated</a> old people thought to harbor dangerous vengeful spirits instead of giving them a customary <a href="/facts/Burial/Pwz8EyUx">burial</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> In cases where the person has been killed and the body disposed of unceremoniously, the <a href="/facts/Cadaver/g3SzbFxy">cadaver</a> may be <a href="/facts/Exhumation/Pwz8EyUx">exhumed</a> and reburied according to the proper funerary rituals in order to appease the spirit. Another option is to salt and burn their remains (bones). </p> <h2 id="media">Media</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_ghost_films/a5TJl4de">List of ghost films</a></p> <p>Vengeful ghosts have been featured in many contemporary movies of different countries such as <i><a href="/facts/Candyman_(1992_film)/lIIYEbK4">Candyman</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/The_Grudge/dEQmczVs">The Grudge</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum_(1961_film)/y2FLo67e">The Pit and the Pendulum</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Mostly_Ghostly:_Who_Let_the_Ghosts_Out%3F/kMkNC559">Mostly Ghostly: Who Let the Ghosts Out?</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Poltergeist_(film_series)/pFz0pQs4">Poltergeist</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Ghost_(1990_film)/oFsnf4j5">Ghost</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/The_Fog/Qt2364Vt">The Fog</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/High_Plains_Drifter/mPnCcUF0">High Plains Drifter</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/The_Ward_(film)/EQfFEyCQ">The Ward</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Cassadaga_(film)/NtBGhPvz">Cassadaga</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Kaal/7Im5aFDv">Kaal</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Left_for_Dead_(2007_Western_film)/eFp0c5TM">Left for Dead</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Bees_Saal_Baad_(1962_film)/SWkSAr23">Bees Saal Baad</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Darling_(2007_Indian_film)/nSFkHXjy">Darling</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/ParaNorman/VDDPaEm2">ParaNorman</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Ragini_MMS/M7pPU9xI">Ragini MMS</a></i>, Stree, <i><a href="/facts/Dark_Shadows_(film)/Q4PywQNM">Dark Shadows</a></i> and the <a href="/facts/Troublesome_Night_(film_series)/ahK4L78L"><i>Troublesome Night</i> film series</a>, as well as the television series <i><a href="/facts/Spooky_Valentine/khnwG4vw">Spooky Valentine</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Spooky_Nights/wNWapLtn">Spooky Nights</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Charmed/VyMl8Chf">Charmed</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Ghost_Whisperer/K4wVrmP9">Ghost Whisperer</a></i>, <i><a href="/facts/Supernatural_(U.S._TV_series)/XqDe80F8">Supernatural</a></i> and the popular <a href="/facts/Thai_television_soap_opera/GaYa69B2">Thai television soap opera</a> <i><a href="/facts/Raeng_Ngao/1lg6AreP">Raeng Ngao</a></i> and a popular K-television series Hotel Del Luna. They are also part of the theme of novels such as <i><a href="/facts/Tam%C3%ADr_Triad/AcXhMX0w">Tamír Triad</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Tamsin_(novel)/ytWHkEzN">Tamsin</a></i>, comic books such as the character the <a href="/facts/Gentleman_Ghost/g0qzhKbV">Gentleman Ghost</a>, animated television series like <i><a href="/facts/Danny_Phantom/EQ8LFefQ">Danny Phantom</a></i> and <a href="/facts/Adventure_game/jXMz5Ds8">adventure games</a> such as the <a href="/facts/Chzo_Mythos/20gkjdBa">Chzo Mythos</a>. Finally, there is also a female, controllable character called Vengeful Spirit in the <a href="/facts/MOBA/79YPxneX">MOBA</a> videogame <a href="/facts/Dota_2/BD8DugTD">Dota 2</a>. </p> <h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <h3>Africa</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Madam_Koi_Koi/qSN6WGoK">Madam Koi Koi</a></i> is the ghost of a female school teacher in African <a href="/facts/Urban_legend/zBubH9kG">urban legend</a> who haunts boarding schools after some students caused her death.</li></ul> <h3>Ancient Rome</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Lemures/3aHB91nb">Lemures</a></i> in <a href="/facts/Roman_mythology/sA0FnmbG">Roman mythology</a> are the wandering and vengeful spirits of those not afforded proper burial, funeral rites or affectionate cult by the living.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Ancient Greece</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Keres_(mythology)/AD0Tdepc">Keres</a></i> (Κῆρες), spirits of violent or cruel death in <a href="/facts/Greek_mythology/M7k4FvW8">Greek mythology</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Vrykolakas/N5C4I9G1">Vrykolakas</a></i>, a creature similar to a <a href="/facts/Zombie/LR5MoBP8">zombie</a></li></ul> <h3>United Kingdom</h3> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Green_Lady_(ghost)/sAuobNhQ">Green Lady</a>, a restless female spirit said to haunt certain locations in <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a> such as <a href="/facts/Crathes_Castle/DJkudRHz">Crathes Castle</a>, <a href="/facts/Knock_Castle_(Isle_of_Skye)/7gU6gKmH">Knock Castle (Isle of Skye)</a> and <a href="/facts/Ashintully_Castle/dhsRV2NR">Ashintully Castle</a>. In some tales she was murdered in a green dress, and then stuffed unceremoniously up the chimney by a servant. It is said that her footsteps can still be heard as she walks the castle in sadness.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Eastern Europe</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Drekavac/Dy76wdYY">Drekavac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Kukudh/hGGPah4S">Kukudh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Lugat/JoCebv7e">Lugat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Moroi/jep5XMu0">Moroi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Strigoi/uwjN94nI">Strigoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Strzyga/F0DnNUow">Strzyga</a></i></li></ul> <h3>Jewish culture</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Dybbuk/QMwEKUAC">Dybbuk</a></i>, a malicious spirit that possesses living people</li></ul> <h3>China and Vietnam</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)/e7AxD8yc">Mogwai</a></i>, a vengeful ghost or demon in <a href="/facts/Chinese_mythology/PHsPHqdj">Chinese mythology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/List_of_supernatural_beings_in_Chinese_folklore/yr9yKgPR">Nü gui</a></i>, (<a href="/facts/Chinese_language/771ruUY1">Chinese</a>: 女鬼; <a href="/facts/Pinyin/pUwjfMXg">pinyin</a>: <i>nǚ guǐ</i>; lit. 'female ghost') a vengeful female ghost of <a href="/facts/Chinese_folklore/6c9zMDCg">Chinese folklore</a>. She appears with untied hair.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/List_of_supernatural_beings_in_Chinese_folklore/yr9yKgPR">Yuan gui</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Chinese_language/771ruUY1">Chinese</a>: 冤鬼; <a href="/facts/Pinyin/pUwjfMXg">pinyin</a>: <i>yuān guǐ</i>; lit. 'ghost with grievance'), the spirits of persons who have died wrongful deaths<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>India</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Chudail/4fSTPl2N">Chudail</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Urdu_language/oLrhuXc6">Urdu</a>: چڑیل, <a href="/facts/Devanagari/dQvQ3Ufs">Devanagari</a>: चुड़ेल), a female <a href="/facts/Ghost/U2zPJ81t">ghost</a> of <a href="/facts/Indian_folklore/zAFdWFIN">Indian folklore</a>, well known in <a href="/facts/North_India/tIUqMm15">North India</a> and <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> This spirit is said to originate in a woman who died either in childbirth, in pregnancy or during her <a href="/facts/Menstruation/7cv4HzLe">menstruation</a>, in a state of <a href="/facts/Menstrual_taboo/SU4TWC7o">ritual impurity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Japan</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Onry%C5%8D/VwREz7dH">Onryō</a></i>, a generic name in Japanese folklore for ghosts (<i><a href="/facts/Y%C5%ABrei/vq26wy8C">yūrei</a></i>) who come back from purgatory for a wrong done to them during their lifetime. <i>Onryō</i> are mostly women and often manifest themselves in physical rather than spectral form. <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Funay%C5%ABrei/or2Y2ydp">Funayūrei</a></i> (船幽霊 or 舟幽霊, lit. "boat spirit"), ghosts that have become vengeful spirits at sea. They are mentioned in the <a href="/facts/Japanese_folklore/pIlrqG4F">folklore</a> of various areas of Japan.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Gory%C5%8D/jN8MvMjI">Goryō</a></i>, a certain type of spirits, usually the ghosts of martyrs, from <a href="/facts/Japanese_mythology/48NldfLA">Japanese mythology</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Kuchisake-onna/RI8cz2IT">Kuchisake-onna</a></i>, the vengeful ghost of a woman mutilated by her husband</li></ul></li></ul> <h3>Latin America</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/White_Lady_(ghost)/VLQQRzAF">Dama Branca</a></i>, also known as <i>Mulher de Branco</i>, meaning 'Woman in White' in <a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a>, is the ghost of a young woman who died of <a href="/facts/Childbirth/KaWFJ4kG">childbirth</a> or violent causes in <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazilian</a> mythology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><i>Corpo-Seco</i> ('Dried Corpse'), is the ghost of a man who was so evil when alive his soul was rejected by <a href="/facts/God/EITpdL9t">God</a> and the <a href="/facts/Devil/4FBx2qpz">Devil</a> and so was cursed to haunt the living as a <a href="/facts/Undead/Gcj3IwQ5">undead</a> corpse in Brazilian mythology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/La_Llorona/BR0rpDcH">La Llorona</a></i>, also known as 'the Weeping Woman'; can be a female spirit from <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a> who drowned her own children because her husband cheated on her with another woman and subsequently left her.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/La_Sayona/LEGq4QJQ">La Sayona</a></i>, a female spirit who believed her husband had an affair with her mother in <a href="/facts/Venezuela/eX1qnkln">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Patasola/N37P9bt0">Patasola</a></i>, a female spirit from <a href="/facts/South_America/PhrFEMk7">South America</a> that appears as a beautiful woman. She attracts men and lures them to the depths of the rainforest, where she turns into a beast and devours the man.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Sihuanaba/6DVWAGA8">Sihuanaba</a></i>, a female spirit who had an affair and attacks unfaithful men in <a href="/facts/El_Salvador/6Plzw4vr">El Salvador</a> and <a href="/facts/Guatemala/MoMcSnla">Guatemala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/The_Silb%C3%B3n/sP1LDwKu">The Silbón</a></i>, a young man who killed his father after the father would rape the youth's wife. His grandfather then cursed him to roam the Earth forever with his father's bones, so the youth's ghost kills people if they act like either of the men who hurt him, mostly womanizers and drunks.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Tulevieja/hXDu0nLz">Tulevieja</a></i> a female spirit from <a href="/facts/Panama/GckVVhnp">Panama</a> and <a href="/facts/Costa_Rica/baw0GTI1">Costa Rica</a> similar to the Llorona from Mexico is a young beautiful woman who is cursed with having to wander and search for the child she abandoned by the river for all eternity. As punishment she was transformed into a hideous beast with bat wings, engorged leaking breasts, hairy inverted talons for legs and feet, a face full of oozing hairy holes, wild matted hair, and wearing an old tule hat.</li></ul> <h3>North America</h3> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Chindi/goI0hYSA">Chindi</a></i>, a vengeful ghost that causes <a href="/facts/Dust_devils/NEQ1TdAU">dust devils</a> in <a href="/facts/Navajo_mythology/ylMXDpKN">Navajo mythology</a></li></ul> <h3>Southeast Asia</h3> <ul><li><i>Dambir ow</i>, in the mythology of the <a href="/facts/Asmat_people/obrvSLh8">Asmat people</a> of western <a href="/facts/New_Guinea/qB0bzfSH">New Guinea</a>, are ghosts of women who die in labor. Anthropologist <a href="/facts/Jan_Pouwer/pD1vrDDs">Jan Pouwer</a> writes that they have "frightening looks, a sharp nose, sharp teeth, long nails, and eyes as red as their hair. They take revenge on men by carrying them to the underworld, where they torture them to death with thorns."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Krasue/9Xk8EJk0">Krasue</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Thai_language/PnaLdG77">Thai</a>: กระสือ), known as <i>Ap</i> (<a href="/facts/Khmer_language/RVR7NyzQ">Khmer</a>: អាប) in <a href="/facts/Cambodia/t1wJd6GU">Cambodia</a>, as <i>Kasu</i> in <a href="/facts/Laos/S0afugjX">Laos</a>, and Palasik, Kuyang, and Leyak in <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, a nocturnal female spirit of <a href="/facts/Southeast_Asia/VafwT517">Southeast Asian</a> folklore</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Phi_Tai_Hong/vSv42Nnj">Phi Tai Hong</a></i> (<a href="/facts/Thai_language/PnaLdG77">Thai</a>: ผีตายโหง), the restless spirit of a person that suffered a violent or cruel death in <a href="/facts/Thai_folklore/pjjDVYKd">Thai folklore</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Phi_Tai_Hong/vSv42Nnj">Phi Tai Thang Klom</a></i> (ผีตายทั้งกลม), also known as <i>Phi Tai Thong Klom</i> (ผีตายท้องกลม), a <a href="/facts/Thai_ghost/7Xf906VE">Thai ghost</a>, is the wrathful spirit of a pregnant woman who committed <a href="/facts/Suicide/j92cWcay">suicide</a> after being subsequently betrayed and abandoned by her lover.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Suanggi/Iwet4Vz6">Suanggi</a></i>, a malevolent spirit in the folklore of the <a href="/facts/Maluku_Islands/Bwucm34R">Maluku Islands</a>, <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Sundel_bolong/0alRqbUk">Sundel bolong</a></i>, in Indonesian mythology, is the ghost of a woman who died when she was pregnant and gave birth in her grave so that the baby came out from her back, where she has a large wound.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Wewe_Gombel/7SqwM41r">Wewe Gombel</a></i>, a female ghost in Indonesian mythology. It is said that she kidnaps children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ghost/U2zPJ81t">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture/cazvAErm">Ghosts in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ghosts_in_Vietnamese_culture/kXbnAKLu">Ghosts in Vietnamese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hun_and_po/gxtQoXkB">Hun and po</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ju-on_(franchise)/Tw8Mf0Pe"><i>Ju-on</i> (franchise)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Revenant/xyNTtC04">Revenant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Yotsuya_Kaidan/4CSAEHoM">Yotsuya Kaidan</a></i></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vengeful ghosts. <ul><li><a href="http://www.welovebook.com/BookImg/16/16310/16310_1.jpg"><i>Violent Death</i> Thai book</a></li> <li><a href="http://halloween.escapade.co.uk/halloween-around-the-world/china/beware-of-the-chinese-ghosts.asp">Beware of the Chinese Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915012401/http://ghostsofthailand.com/Thai_Ghost_Types.html">Thailand, Types of Thai Ghosts and Spirits</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Kwon, Heonik (2008). Ghosts of War in Vietnam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88061-9. <a href="978-0-521-88061-9" target="_blank">978-0-521-88061-9</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Jerrold E. Hogle (4 December 2014). The Cambridge Companion to the Modern Gothic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–. ISBN 978-1-316-19435-5. <a href="978-1-316-19435-5" target="_blank">978-1-316-19435-5</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Henry Whitehead, The Village Gods of South India, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi 1988 (First ed. 1921), ISBN 978-8120601376 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Whitehead_(bishop)" target="_blank">/wiki/Henry_Whitehead_(bishop)</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom, Barcelona 1999, ISBN 84-7254-801-5 <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Romero-Frias" target="_blank">/wiki/Xavier_Romero-Frias</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Pierre Clastres, Chronique des indiens Guayaki. Ce que savent les Aché, chasseurs nomades du Paraguay. Plon. Paris, 1972 <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Clastres" target="_blank">/wiki/Pierre_Clastres</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>St. Augustine, The City of God, 11. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Hesiod, Theogony 211, translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" target="_blank">/wiki/Hesiod</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Crathes Castle <a href="http://www.aboutaberdeen.com/crathescastle.php" target="_blank">http://www.aboutaberdeen.com/crathescastle.php</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Nu Gui (女鬼) at the anime festival in Shenzhen, China <a href="http://store.steampowered.com/news/posts/?feed=kotaku&enddate=1342673999" target="_blank">http://store.steampowered.com/news/posts/?feed=kotaku&enddate=1342673999</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Kong Zhiming (孔志明) (1998). "左傳中的厲鬼問題及其日後之演變 (The ideas of vengeful spirits in the Zuo Zhuan and later developments)" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102050857/http://www.otoroshop.com/ptming/new_page_111.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131102050857/http://www.otoroshop.com/ptming/new_page_111.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Janet Chawla (1994). Child-bearing and culture: women centered revisioning of the traditional midwife : the dai as a ritual practitioner. Indian Social Institute. p. 15. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Cheung, Theresa (2006). The Element Encyclopedia of the Psychic World. Harper Element. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-00-721148-7. <a href="978-0-00-721148-7" target="_blank">978-0-00-721148-7</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Fane, Hannah (1975). "The Female Element in Indian Culture". Asian Folklore Studies. 34 (1): 100. doi:10.2307/1177740. JSTOR 1177740. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Bane, Theresa (2010). "Chedipe". Encyclopedia of Vampire Mythology. McFarland. pp. 47–8. ISBN 978-0-7864-4452-6. <a href="978-0-7864-4452-6" target="_blank">978-0-7864-4452-6</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Iwasaka, Michiko and Toelken, Barre. Ghosts and the Japanese: Cultural Experiences in Japanese Death Legends, Utah State University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-87421-179-4 <a href="/wiki/Toelken,_Barre" target="_blank">/wiki/Toelken,_Barre</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>É de arrepiar: Mulheres de Branco - Supernatural Brasil <a href="http://www.supernaturalbrasil.org/?p=9807" target="_blank">http://www.supernaturalbrasil.org/?p=9807</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Corpo-seco: quem é, origem e o que faz - Brasil Escola <a href="https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/folclore/corpo-seco.htm" target="_blank">https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/folclore/corpo-seco.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Jan Pouwer (2010). Gender, Ritual and Social Formation in West Papua: A Configurational Analysis Comparing Kamoro and Asmat. Brill. p. 123. ISBN 978-90-04-25372-8. <a href="978-90-04-25372-8" target="_blank">978-90-04-25372-8</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Phi Tai Hong Thai book <a href="http://www.welovebook.com/BookImg/16/16311/16311_1.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.welovebook.com/BookImg/16/16311/16311_1.jpg</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Ghosts in Thai Culture <a href="https://archive.today/20130105115822/http://www.zimbio.com/Thailand/articles/DAe64TBCLLk/Introduction+Ghost+Thai+Culture" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130105115822/http://www.zimbio.com/Thailand/articles/DAe64TBCLLk/Introduction+Ghost+Thai+Culture</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Clifford Geertz (1976). The religion of Java. University of Chicago Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-226-28510-8. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) <a href="978-0-226-28510-8" target="_blank">978-0-226-28510-8</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Indonesian Ghosts <a href="https://archive.today/20130217012833/http://mariapriskamarvina.wordpress.com/page/3/" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20130217012833/http://mariapriskamarvina.wordpress.com/page/3/</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>