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Vivek Murthy
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<h2 id="early-life-and-education">Early life and education</h2> <p>Murthy was born in <a href="/facts/Huddersfield/7udzs2Wl">Huddersfield</a>, <a href="/facts/Yorkshire/jE4s4LNG">Yorkshire</a>, England.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> His parents H. N. Lakshminarasimha Murthy and Maithreya Murthy were immigrants from <a href="/facts/Karnataka/NhJAc4t9">Karnataka</a>, India, with his grandfather H. C. Narayana Murthy being a director of the Mysore Sugar Company. In 1978, the family moved to <a href="/facts/Newfoundland_(island)/PdfPl9ca">Newfoundland</a>, Canada, where his father worked as a <a href="/facts/Medical_officer_of_health/rmJRaRMu">district medical officer</a>. When he was three years old, the family relocated to <a href="/facts/Miami/L5FsgQcb">Miami</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> and his parents established their medical practice.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Murthy was raised and completed his early education in Miami, graduating as <a href="/facts/Valedictorian/0Dh31FMv">valedictorian</a> from <a href="/facts/Miami_Palmetto_Senior_High_School/Hk533S5v">Miami Palmetto Senior High School</a> in 1994.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> He then attended college at <a href="/facts/Harvard_University/Lhy9L1cx">Harvard University</a> and graduated <i>magna cum laude</i> in 1997 with a Bachelor of Arts in biochemical sciences.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> In 2003, Murthy earned an <a href="/facts/M.D./oojYTemI">M.D.</a> from <a href="/facts/Yale_School_of_Medicine/2pS0XAgn">Yale School of Medicine</a> and an <a href="/facts/MBA/as5mA3R3">M.B.A.</a> from <a href="/facts/Yale_School_of_Management/SGjbEz9h">Yale School of Management</a>, where he received a <a href="/facts/The_Paul_%2526_Daisy_Soros_Fellowships_for_New_Americans/byEEcMjE">Soros Fellowship for New Americans</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>During his time at Yale, Murthy helped start "The Healer's Art" – a four-week long elective in which medical students discuss critical topics such as what it means to serve as a healer, how to cope with losing a patient, and how to prevent <a href="/facts/Physician_burnout/1Ssr2x4t">physician burnout</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="career">Career</h2> <h3>Undergraduate years</h3> <p>While a Harvard freshman in 1995, Murthy co-founded VISIONS Worldwide, which he led for eight years. The nonprofit organization focused on <a href="/facts/HIV%2fAIDS/RqLIEMuJ">HIV/AIDS</a> education in the U.S. and India. He also co-founded Harvard's <a href="/facts/Bhajan/5dApeqRx">bhajan</a> club. In 1997, he co-founded the Swasthya Community Health Partnership to train women as <a href="/facts/Community_health_workers/77nGlHuS">community health workers</a> and educators in rural India.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h3>Medical career</h3> <p>Murthy completed his internal medicine residency at <a href="/facts/Brigham_and_Women%2527s_Hospital/pzsaYR4q">Brigham and Women's Hospital</a> and <a href="/facts/Harvard_Medical_School/jlqWerKX">Harvard Medical School</a>. As an attending physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Murthy cared for thousands of patients while assisting in the education of hundreds of undergraduates, medical students, and residents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p>In 2008, Murthy founded and served as president of <a href="/facts/Doctors_for_America/9mWICPl1">Doctors for America</a>, a group of more than 15,000 physicians and medical students supporting high-quality affordable care for all.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> </p><p>In 2011, Murthy was appointed by Barack Obama to serve on the Presidential Advisory Council on Prevention, Health Promotion, and Integrative and Public Health within the <a href="/facts/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services/eS90vYmd">Department of Health and Human Services</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> The group advises the National Prevention Council on developing strategies and partnerships to advance the nation's health through prevention.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> In 2012, Murthy worked as co-chair of Obama's healthcare advisory committee during his re-election campaign. </p><p>Murthy is also the co-founder and chairman of TrialNetworks, a cloud-based Clinical Trial Optimization System for <a href="/facts/Pharmaceutical/h9mhwWP2">pharmaceutical</a> and <a href="/facts/Biotechnology/8eFnI6FB">biotechnology</a> trials that improves the quality and efficiency of clinical trials to bring new drugs to market faster and more safely.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> He founded the company as Epernicus in 2008, originally, to be a collaborative networking web platform for scientists to boost research productivity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="first-term-as-surgeon-general-of-the-united-states-20152017">First term as Surgeon General of the United States (2015–2017)</h2> <h3>Nomination</h3> <p>In November 2013, Murthy was nominated by Barack Obama for the post of United States surgeon general.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> His nomination met resistance in the Senate by some Democrats, Republicans, and the <a href="/facts/National_Rifle_Association_of_America/yYLJ8rgL">National Rifle Association of America</a> regarding previous comments Murthy made declaring <a href="/facts/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States/CXREXvhn">gun violence</a> as a threat to public health.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>Murthy's nomination received broad support from more than 100 medical and public health organizations in the U.S.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> He received the endorsements of two former surgeons general: <a href="/facts/David_Satcher/2TDCyGKJ">David Satcher</a> and <a href="/facts/Regina_Benjamin/LU8qf9Rr">Regina Benjamin</a>. Another former surgeon general, <a href="/facts/Richard_Carmona/ElkhSL71">Richard Carmona</a> opposed the appointment based on Murthy's age.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>On December 15, 2014, Murthy's appointment as surgeon general was approved in a 51–43 Senate vote.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> <h3>Tenure</h3> <p>From the beginning of his tenure, Murthy spoke about the importance of creating a culture of prevention in America, one that is grounded in physical activity, nutrition, and emotional well-being. As part of this effort, he issued <i>Step It Up! The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Promote Walking and Walkable Communities.</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> For the first anniversary of the Call to Action, he led a two-week public-private partnership with Fitbit called the Step it Up Challenge that engaged more than 600,000 people to increase their physical activity with an industry record-setting 60 billion steps. He also partnered with <a href="/facts/Elmo/3YV42UMm">Elmo</a> and <i><a href="/facts/Top_Chef/w8VFaK4P">Top Chef</a></i> to inform the country about vaccines and healthy eating, respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>Murthy's 2016 surgeon general report on <a href="/facts/E-cigarette/0P3DIQWn">e-cigarette</a> use among youths emphasized the vulnerability of young people to the products and recommended that e-cigarettes be incorporated into existing smoke-free policies to prevent youth from accessing e-cigarettes. The report drew heated response from proponents of e-cigarettes, including <a href="/facts/R_Street_Institute/7H60anr3">R Street</a> and other public policy groups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p><p>Murthy led the United States through several major health crises – including the <a href="/facts/Ebola/9e8kyCVy">Ebola</a> and <a href="/facts/Zika_virus/qutGSNfM">Zika</a> viruses, the <a href="/facts/Flint_water_crisis/w5AgWJga">Flint Michigan water crisis</a>, and the ongoing <a href="/facts/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States/c4MfeJvg">opioid epidemic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> Murthy released the first ever Surgeon General's report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health, which revealed that approximately 21 million Americans suffer from some form of substance abuse disorder.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> In 2016, Murthy issued a historic letter to 2.3 million fellow healthcare professionals, requesting a pledge to reform the prescription of opiate drugs and the perception of those struggling with addiction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> In this letter, Murthy argued that addiction is "a chronic illness, not a moral failing."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> He restated the message in a <a href="/facts/Public_service_announcement/GvX6wcy8">PSA</a> tied to an episode of <a href="/facts/Mom_(TV_series)/cul9wpCg"><i>Mom</i> TV series</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Additionally, Murthy has worked on the <a href="/facts/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health/11Xmvu7N">effects of climate change on the country's health</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>In a 2016 interview, he stated "by the end of the century, we are looking at an increase of tens of thousands of illnesses and death episodes because of climate change."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> Murthy has also spoken out against <a href="/facts/Conversion_therapy/hafSQgqN">conversion therapy</a>, stating that "conversion therapy is not sound medical practice... we all need to work together to build greater understanding and acceptance throughout our society."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p><p>On 21 April 2017, Murthy was relieved of his duties as 19th Surgeon General by <a href="/facts/President_Trump/pqqKY21P">President Trump</a>. His deputy surgeon general, Rear Admiral <a href="/facts/Sylvia_Trent-Adams/br2kWUWW">Sylvia Trent-Adams</a>, was named acting surgeon general.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> In a parting address, Murthy stated "for the grandson of a poor farmer from India to be asked by the President to look out for the health of an entire nation was a humbling and unique American story. I will always be grateful to our country for welcoming my immigrant family nearly 40 years ago and giving me this opportunity to serve."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="career-in-private-life-20172021-2025-present">Career in private life (2017–2021, 2025-present)</h2> <p>After his first stint as surgeon general, Murthy appeared on various television and radio shows discussing the <a href="/facts/Loneliness_epidemic/VW53cR0C">loneliness epidemic</a> and wrote numerous articles on the subjects of <a href="/facts/Loneliness/g5ccFfNe">loneliness</a> and <a href="/facts/Social_isolation/dnt9BzA8">social isolation</a>. Murthy stated he was shocked by how often he encountered people suffering from severe loneliness during his medical career, and argued that loneliness in America has become prevalent enough to count as an "epidemic". He sees loneliness as a root cause that plays a substantial role in many other social problems. </p><p>In April 2020 he published a book about what both society and ordinary people as individuals can do to reduce loneliness in themselves and others, entitled <i>Together: The Healing Power of Human Connection in a Sometimes Lonely World</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p><p>Murthy spoke during the <a href="/facts/2020_Democratic_National_Convention/7shJQkvD">2020 Democratic National Convention</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> In his speech, described as "uncharacteristically political for a physician who largely eschewed politics" in office, called for stronger leadership amid the <a href="/facts/COVID-19_pandemic/0xTsh7Ut">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p><p>In March 2025, Murthy signed as an exclusive speaker with the <a href="/facts/Washington_Speakers_Bureau/WGW9en7k">Washington Speakers Bureau</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="second-term-as-surgeon-general-of-the-united-states-20212025">Second term as Surgeon General of the United States (2021–2025)</h2> <h3>Nomination</h3> <p>On September 5, 2020, Murthy joined the advisory council of the Biden-Harris Transition Team, which was planning the <a href="/facts/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden/DC9ebUpk">presidential transition of Joe Biden</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> On November 9, Murthy was announced as one of the three co-chairs of then-President-Elect Biden's coronavirus advisory board,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> alongside former FDA commissioner <a href="/facts/David_A._Kessler/5IbE8sX1">David A. Kessler</a> and Yale public health professor <a href="/facts/Marcella_Nunez-Smith/Fzm03TWb">Marcella Nunez-Smith</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> Days later, Murthy was named a candidate for <a href="/facts/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services/JEP414sF">United States secretary of health and human services</a> in the Biden administration.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </p><p>On 3 December 2020, <i><a href="/facts/Politico/k3kQb621">Politico</a></i> reported that Murthy had been nominated by President-elect Joe Biden to return to the role of Surgeon General.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> His nomination was sent to the Senate on January 20, 2021, and confirmed on March 23, 2021, by a vote of 57–43.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p><p>Before his Senate confirmation, Murthy disclosed a total of $1.7 million in consulting for Netflix ($547,500), Airbnb ($410,000), Carnival Cruise Line ($400,000), and Estee Lauder ($292,500). He also disclosed hundreds of thousands of dollars in speaking fees from dozens of organizations, for example "$30,000 from Duke University Kenan Institute for Ethics for a speech I gave in January 2021."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </p> <h3>Tenure</h3> <p>As surgeon general, Murthy led a force of 6,700 public health officers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> In July 2021, Murthy publicly stated there is "no value" in incarcerating people for cannabis use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> In September 2021, Murthy criticized social media companies over the presence of <a href="/facts/COVID-19_misinformation/GS3rFH1n">COVID-19 misinformation</a> on their platforms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> </p><p>In 2023, Murthy expressed concern about the <a href="/facts/Social_media/kUIkfpIA">impact of social media on young users' mental health</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> As Surgeon General, Murthy has described the <a href="/facts/Loneliness_epidemic/VW53cR0C">loneliness epidemic</a> of <a href="/facts/Social_isolation/dnt9BzA8">social isolation</a> and <a href="/facts/Loneliness/g5ccFfNe">loneliness</a> as a risk to public health akin to <a href="/facts/Tobacco_smoking/obI4MYne">smoking</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> </p><p>Murthy has come under fire from Republicans for reportedly seeking to combat misinformation with social media, the <i><a href="/facts/Washington_Examiner/wDb43SP5">Washington Examiner</a></i> reported in May 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> His term ended with the end of the Biden administration on January 20, 2025. </p> <h2 id="personal-life">Personal life</h2> <p>Murthy is married to <a href="/facts/Alice_Chen/wbpYBYTD">Alice Chen</a>, an internist who trained at <a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale</a>, <a href="/facts/Cornell_University/FGyXuXeI">Cornell</a> and <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Los_Angeles/KwPz7AK1">UCLA</a>, and was the executive director of <a href="/facts/Doctors_for_America/9mWICPl1">Doctors for America</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> They have two children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="awards-and-decorations">Awards and decorations</h2> <p>In 2023, Murthy twice delivered the keynote address at <a href="/facts/American_University/8eytegop">American University</a>'s fall commencement ceremonies<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> and was awarded an <a href="/facts/Honorary_degree/yVVgQ6Wt">honorary</a> <a href="/facts/Doctor_of_science/RCVkMNBH">doctor of science</a> degree.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> Murthy was listed as one of Time Magazine's most influential people in health in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> His awards include:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="3"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Public_Health_Service_Outstanding_Service_Medal/rS8oj7Qt">Public Health Service Outstanding Service Medal</a> with gold <a href="/facts/5%2f16_inch_star/KDe2hsbq">award star</a></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)/LVXET2nq">Public Health Service Presidential Unit Citation</a> with gold frame</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Public_Health_Service_COVID-19_Pandemic_Campaign_Medal/zAtEwNFe">Public Health Service COVID-19 Pandemic Campaign Medal</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Public_Health_Service_Global_Response_Service_Award/AKfUCPRd">Public Health Service Global Response Service Award</a></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Public_Health_Service_Regular_Corps_Ribbon/vshTLmXS">Public Health Service Regular Corps Ribbon</a></td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Commissioned_Corps_Training_Ribbon/dpXhffyv">Commissioned Corps Training Ribbon</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Identification_badges_of_the_Uniform_Services_of_the_United_States/kyvu70s2">Surgeon General Badge</a></td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Identification_badges_of_the_Uniform_Services_of_the_United_States/kyvu70s2">Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services Badge</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_Harvard_University_politicians/FMbWVqtw">List of Harvard University politicians</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vivek Murthy. <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420151456/http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/about/biographies/biosg.html">"Official biography of the Surgeon General, Vice Admiral Vivek H. Murthy"</a>. Office of the Surgeon General. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from <a href="https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/about/biographies/biosg.html">the original</a> on April 20, 2017.</li> <li><a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?vivekmurthy">Appearances</a> on <a href="/facts/C-SPAN/MdgMU5eM">C-SPAN</a> </li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>General, Office of the Surgeon (March 25, 2021). "Vice Admiral Vivek H. Murthy, MD, MBA". HHS.gov. Archived from the original on February 21, 2024. Retrieved May 11, 2021. <a href="https://www.hhs.gov/about/leadership/vivek-murthy.html" target="_blank">https://www.hhs.gov/about/leadership/vivek-murthy.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>General, Office of the Surgeon (March 25, 2021). "Vice Admiral Vivek H. Murthy, MD, MBA". www.hhs.gov. Retrieved July 14, 2024. <a href="https://www.hhs.gov/about/leadership/vivek-murthy.html" target="_blank">https://www.hhs.gov/about/leadership/vivek-murthy.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Express Web Desk (December 9, 2020). "Who is Vivek Murthy, the Indian-origin doctor appointed as Surgeon General by Joe Biden". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2021. <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-vivek-murthy-indian-origin-surgeon-general-joe-biden-7098105/" target="_blank">https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-vivek-murthy-indian-origin-surgeon-general-joe-biden-7098105/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Biden-Harris Transition Announces COVID-19 Advisory Board". President-Elect Joe Biden. November 9, 2020. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. 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