512-bit computing

<h2 id="representation">Representation</h2>
<p>A 512-bit register can store 2512 different values. The range of <a href="/facts/Integer/PUwwrawx">integer</a> values that can be stored in 512 bits depends on the <a href="/facts/Integer_(computer_science)/zWabo5M9">integer representation</a> used.
</p><p>The maximum value of a signed 512-bit integer is 2511 − 1, written in decimal as 6,703,903,964,971,298,549,787,012,499,102,923,063,739,682,910,296,196,688,861,780,721,860,882,015,036,773,488,400,937,149,083,451,713,845,015,929,093,243,025,426,876,941,405,973,284,973,216,824,503,042,047 (approximately 6.7039×10153).
</p>
<h2 id="hardware">Hardware</h2>

<p>The Intel <a href="/facts/Xeon_Phi/Fv5dhyKc">Xeon Phi</a> has a <a href="/facts/Vector_processing_unit/nYAsIKT0">vector processing unit</a> with 512-bit vector registers, each one holding sixteen <a href="/facts/32-bit_computing/TDMVce8s">32-bit</a> elements or eight <a href="/facts/64-bit_computing/AgvkQHkM">64-bit</a> elements, and one instruction can operate on all these values in parallel. However, the Xeon Phi's vector processing unit does not operate on individual numbers that are 512 bits long.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a>
</p><p>Some GPUs, such as the <a href="/facts/Advanced_Micro_Devices/CB1G7QTb">Advanced Micro Devices</a> (AMD) <a href="/facts/Radeon_HD_2000_series/QwlY2oKq">Radeon HD 2900XT</a>, the <a href="/facts/Nvidia/8QfCgqbu">Nvidia</a> GTX 280,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> GTX 285,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Quadro FX 5800,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> and several <a href="/facts/Nvidia_Tesla/SsHo1w98">Nvidia Tesla</a> products, move data across a 512-bit memory bus. Then <a href="/facts/AMD_Radeon_Rx_200_Series/9KsuUb43">AMD Radeon R9 290, R9 290X and 295X2</a> followed.
</p><p><a href="/facts/AVX-512/2KpGqI8t">AVX-512</a> are 512-bit extensions to the 256-bit <a href="/facts/Advanced_Vector_Extensions/znDpc6Vt">Advanced Vector Extensions</a> SIMD instructions for x86 <a href="/facts/Instruction_set_architecture/8p8vwUeE">instruction set architecture</a> proposed by Intel in July 2013, and released in 2016 with <a href="/facts/Xeon_Phi/Fv5dhyKc">Knights Landing</a>, and in 2017 on the HEDT and consumer server platform, with Skylake-X and <a href="/facts/Skylake_(microarchitecture)/qpcDcebM">Skylake-SP</a> respectively.
</p>
<h2 id="software">Software</h2>
<p>Many <a href="/facts/Hash_functions/rk6MlCt3">hash functions</a>, such as <a href="/facts/SHA-512/P59oPeGq">SHA-512</a> and <a href="/facts/SHA3-512/bA3BCp7K">SHA3-512</a>, have a 512-bit output.
</p>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1"><p>"Intel Xeon Phi Coprocessor System Software Developers Guide" (PDF). Intel. March 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2019. <a href="https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/managed/09/07/xeon-phi-coprocessor-system-software-developers-guide.pdf" target="_blank">https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/managed/09/07/xeon-phi-coprocessor-system-software-developers-guide.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:2"><p>"GTX 280: Specifications". GeForce. Retrieved 2013-08-13. <a href="http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-280/specifications" target="_blank">http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-280/specifications</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:3"><p>"GTX 285: Specifications". GeForce. Retrieved 2013-08-13. <a href="http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-285/specifications" target="_blank">http://www.geforce.com/hardware/desktop-gpus/geforce-gtx-285/specifications</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
<li id="fn:4"><p>"Nvidia Quadro FX 5800 provides professionals with visual supercomputing from their desktops delivering results that push visualization beyond traditional 3D". Nvidia.com. Archived from the original on 2019-06-11. Retrieved 2013-08-13. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611163640/http://www.nvidia.com/object/product_quadro_fx_5800_us.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20190611163640/http://www.nvidia.com/object/product_quadro_fx_5800_us.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li>
</ol>

512-bit computing open-in-new

512-bit computing