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John Walker (programmer)
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<h2 id="early-projects">Early projects</h2> <p>Walker was born in <a href="/facts/Baltimore%2c_Maryland/ncJvTzBU">Baltimore, Maryland</a> on May 16, 1949.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> He studied electrical engineering at <a href="/facts/Case_Western_Reserve_University/S0xlUbTM">Case Western Reserve University</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> In 1974/1975, Walker wrote the <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_computer_viruses_and_worms/B18aAYVG">ANIMAL</a> <a href="/facts/Software/RP79lVSW">software</a>, which self-replicated on <a href="/facts/UNIVAC_1100%2f2200_series/F4JQVK33">UNIVAC 1100</a> machines. It is considered one of the first computer viruses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p><p>Walker also founded the hardware integration manufacturing company Marinchip.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Among other things, Marinchip pioneered the translation of numerous computer language compilers to <a href="/facts/Intel/SMF0gJJX">Intel</a> platforms. </p> <h2 id="autodesk">Autodesk</h2> <p>In 1982, John Walker and 12 other programmers pooled US$59,000 to start Autodesk, and began working on several computer applications.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> The first completed was <a href="/facts/AutoCAD/c83IAlgP">AutoCAD</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> a software application for <a href="/facts/Computer-aided_design/5gSXrmmN">computer-aided design</a> (CAD) and drafting.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> AutoCAD had begun life as <i>Interact</i>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> a CAD program, written by programmer <a href="/facts/Michael_Riddle_(programmer)/c83IAlgP">Michael Riddle</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> in a proprietary language. Walker and Riddle rewrote the program, and established a profit-sharing agreement for any product derived from InteractCAD. Walker subsequently paid Riddle US$10 million for all the rights. </p><p>The company <a href="/facts/Initial_public_offering/2NntDhrG">went public</a> in 1985. By mid-1986, the company had grown to 255 employees with annual sales of over $40 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> That year, Walker resigned as chairman and president of the company, continuing to work as a programmer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> In 1989, Walker's book, <i>The Autodesk File</i>, was published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> It describes his experiences at Autodesk, based around internal documents (particularly email) of the company.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>Walker moved to Switzerland in 1991. By 1994, when he resigned from the company, it was the sixth-largest personal computer software company in the world, primarily from the sales of AutoCAD. Walker owned more than 850,000 shares of Autodesk at the time of his departure, worth about $45.8 million at the time ($97,163,044 adjusted for inflation).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="fourmilab">Fourmilab</h2> <p>He published on his personal domain, "Fourmi Lab", designed to be a play on <a href="/facts/Fermilab/8yyTx3oj">Fermilab</a> and <i>Fourmi</i>, French for “ant”, one of his early interests.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> On his Web site, Walker published about his personal projects, including a <a href="/facts/Hardware_random_number_generator/Kc7HIkgJ">hardware random number generator</a> called HotBits, along with software that he wrote and freely distributed, such as his Earth and Moon viewer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Another notable book was called <a href="/facts/The_Hacker%2527s_Diet/jUPVrxf0">The Hacker's Diet</a>. </p> <h2 id="the-digital-imprimatur">The digital imprimatur</h2> <p>Among other things, he is noted for a frequently cited article entitled <i>The Digital Imprimatur: How big brother and big media can put the Internet genie back in the bottle</i>, an article about <a href="/facts/Internet_censorship/938thaNE">Internet censorship</a> written in 2003.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> It was published in the magazine <i>Knowledge, Technology & Policy</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> In the article, Walker argues that there is increasing pressure limiting the ability for Internet users to voice their ideas, as well as predicting further Internet censorship. Walker said that the most likely candidate to usher what he calls "the digital <a href="/facts/Imprimatur/56CUK8Ae">imprimatur</a>" is <a href="/facts/Digital_rights_management/4AF8JmDt">digital rights management</a>, or DRM.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="personal-life-and-death">Personal life and death</h2> <p>Walker married Roxie Smail in 1973.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> They moved to Switzerland in 1991.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> He died of head injuries sustained after a fall on February 2, 2024, in <a href="/facts/Neuch%25C3%25A2tel/5vy230cK">Neuchâtel</a>, Switzerland, at the age of 74.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="in-popular-culture">In popular culture</h2> <p>Walker's interest in <a href="/facts/Artificial_life/YcA6tvfe">artificial life</a> prompted him to hire <a href="/facts/Rudy_Rucker/9MuVKepS">Rudy Rucker</a>, a mathematician and science fiction author, for work on <a href="/facts/Cellular_automaton/6gfkjKAW">cellular automata</a> software. Rucker later drew from his experience at Autodesk in Silicon Valley for his novel <i><a href="/facts/The_Hacker_and_the_Ants/sonnP6IY">The Hacker and the Ants</a></i>, in which one of the characters is loosely based on John Walker.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/The_Right_to_Read/ztEWQjvX">The Right to Read</a></i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Amazon_Kindle/cmCbmvEs">Amazon Kindle remote deletion controversy</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://fourmilab.ch/">Official website</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Williams, Alex (March 6, 2024). "John Walker, Tech Executive Who Popularized AutoCAD, Dies at 74". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2024. Retrieved March 6, 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/06/technology/john-walker-dead.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/06/technology/john-walker-dead.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Williams, Alex (March 6, 2024). "John Walker, Tech Executive Who Popularized AutoCAD, Dies at 74". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2024. Retrieved March 6, 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/06/technology/john-walker-dead.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/06/technology/john-walker-dead.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Walker, John (August 21, 1996). "The Animal Episode". Fourmilab. Archived from the original on May 3, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2012. <a href="https://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/univac/animal.html" target="_blank">https://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/univac/animal.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Parikka, Jussi (2007). Digital Contagions: A Media Archaeology of Computer Viruses. Peter Lang. pp. 41, 239–40. ISBN 9780820488370. <a href="9780820488370" target="_blank">9780820488370</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Stern, Zack (May 2008). "White Paper: The Evolution of Viruses". Maximum PC. Retrieved March 20, 2012. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwIAAAAAMBAJ&q=Walker&pg=PA70" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=QwIAAAAAMBAJ&q=Walker&pg=PA70</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Markoff, John (1999). "Saying Goodbye, Good Riddance To Silicon Valley". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 22, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2018. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/17/business/saying-goodbye-good-riddance-to-silicon-valley.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/17/business/saying-goodbye-good-riddance-to-silicon-valley.html</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Markoff, John (April 28, 1994). "Autodesk Founder Saddles Up and Leaves". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/28/business/company-news-autodesk-founder-saddles-up-and-leaves.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/28/business/company-news-autodesk-founder-saddles-up-and-leaves.html</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>McCarty, John R. (May 30, 1986). "Micro-miracle: Autodesk has 'image' of success". The Pittsburgh Press. Archived from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2018. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E3MdAAAAIBAJ&pg=3877,8593585&dq=john+walker+autodesk&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E3MdAAAAIBAJ&pg=3877,8593585&dq=john+walker+autodesk&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Zachary, G. Pascal (May 29, 1992). "'Theocracy of Hackers' Rules Autodesk Inc., A Strangely Run Firm". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 20, 2018. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123187573419078157" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123187573419078157</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Yares, Evan (February 17, 2012). "AutoCAD's ancestor". 3D CAD World. AutoCAD's ancestor: WTWH Media, LLC. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201201736/http://www.3dcadworld.com/autocads-ancestor/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140201201736/http://www.3dcadworld.com/autocads-ancestor/</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Riddle, Michael (October 1, 2009). "Let me introduce myself". Michael Riddle. Retrieved November 21, 2022. <a href="https://www.michaelriddle.com/?p=17" target="_blank">https://www.michaelriddle.com/?p=17</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>"Mike Riddle & the Story of AutoCAD, EasyCAD, FastCAD & more". DigiBarn. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2022. <a href="https://www.digibarn.com/stories/mike-riddle/index.html" target="_blank">https://www.digibarn.com/stories/mike-riddle/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>McCarty, John R. (May 30, 1986). "Micro-miracle: Autodesk has 'image' of success". The Pittsburgh Press. Archived from the original on February 12, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2018. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E3MdAAAAIBAJ&pg=3877,8593585&dq=john+walker+autodesk&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E3MdAAAAIBAJ&pg=3877,8593585&dq=john+walker+autodesk&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Markoff, John (April 28, 1994). "Autodesk Founder Saddles Up and Leaves". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/28/business/company-news-autodesk-founder-saddles-up-and-leaves.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/28/business/company-news-autodesk-founder-saddles-up-and-leaves.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Telling the Story Behind Autodesk". New Straits Times. November 2, 1989. Archived from the original on April 10, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2012. <a href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bqpUAAAAIBAJ&pg=3454,490477&dq=john+walker+autodesk+file+book&hl=en" target="_blank">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bqpUAAAAIBAJ&pg=3454,490477&dq=john+walker+autodesk+file+book&hl=en</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Walker, John (1989). The Autodesk File: Bits of History, Words of Experience. New Riders Pub. ISBN 9780934035637. <a href="9780934035637" target="_blank">9780934035637</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Markoff, John (April 28, 1994). "Autodesk Founder Saddles Up and Leaves". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2017. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/28/business/company-news-autodesk-founder-saddles-up-and-leaves.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/28/business/company-news-autodesk-founder-saddles-up-and-leaves.html</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>John Walker. "Frequently asked questions". Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2019. <a href="https://www.fourmilab.ch/nav/topics/faq.html" target="_blank">https://www.fourmilab.ch/nav/topics/faq.html</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Walker, John. "HotBits: Genuine random numbers, generated by radioactive decay". fourmilab.ch. Archived from the original on February 20, 2006. Retrieved March 30, 2006. <a href="https://www.fourmilab.ch/hotbits/" target="_blank">https://www.fourmilab.ch/hotbits/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Walker, John. "Earth and Moon Viewer". fourmilab.ch. Archived from the original on March 3, 2006. Retrieved March 30, 2006. <a href="https://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/" target="_blank">https://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Digital Imprimatur in a Nutshell", Donna Wentworth and Fred von Lohmann, Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved April 7, 2004. <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2004/04/digital-imprimatur-nutshell" target="_blank">https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2004/04/digital-imprimatur-nutshell</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"The digital imprimatur and the right to read", M. Kathleen Milberry, Geeks & Global Justice, April 23, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2014. <a href="http://geeksandglobaljustice.com/?p=17" target="_blank">http://geeksandglobaljustice.com/?p=17</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>John Walker (2003), "The Digital Imprimatur: How big brother and big media can put the Internet genie back in the bottle" Archived November 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Knowledge, Technology & Policy, Volume 16, Issue 3 (Fall 2003), Springer, pages 24-77, ISSN 0897-1986 (print), ISSN 1874-6314 (online), doi:10.1007/s12130-003-1032-6. Retrieved August 11, 2014. <a href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/digital-imprimatur/" target="_blank">http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/digital-imprimatur/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>John Walker (2003), "The Digital Imprimatur: How big brother and big media can put the Internet genie back in the bottle" Archived November 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Knowledge, Technology & Policy, Volume 16, Issue 3 (Fall 2003), Springer, pages 24-77, ISSN 0897-1986 (print), ISSN 1874-6314 (online), doi:10.1007/s12130-003-1032-6. Retrieved August 11, 2014. <a href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/digital-imprimatur/" target="_blank">http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/digital-imprimatur/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Williams, Alex (March 6, 2024). "John Walker, Tech Executive Who Popularized AutoCAD, Dies at 74". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2024. Retrieved March 6, 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/06/technology/john-walker-dead.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/06/technology/john-walker-dead.html</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Williams, Alex (March 6, 2024). "John Walker, Tech Executive Who Popularized AutoCAD, Dies at 74". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2024. Retrieved March 6, 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/06/technology/john-walker-dead.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/06/technology/john-walker-dead.html</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Williams, Alex (March 6, 2024). "John Walker, Tech Executive Who Popularized AutoCAD, Dies at 74". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2024. Retrieved March 6, 2024. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/06/technology/john-walker-dead.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/06/technology/john-walker-dead.html</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"John Walker (1949 – 2024)". Scanalyst. February 7, 2024. Archived from the original on February 8, 2024. Retrieved February 8, 2024. <a href="https://scanalyst.fourmilab.ch/t/john-walker-1949-2024/4305" target="_blank">https://scanalyst.fourmilab.ch/t/john-walker-1949-2024/4305</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2019. <a href="https://www.fourmilab.ch/nav/topics/faq.html" target="_blank">https://www.fourmilab.ch/nav/topics/faq.html</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>