Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Flying ace
open-in-new
<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>World War I</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Lists_of_World_War_I_flying_aces/b8rDwEdQ">Lists of World War I flying aces</a>, <a href="/facts/Aerial_victory_standards_of_World_War_I/Aks3cYAo">Aerial victory standards of World War I</a>, and <a href="/facts/Balloon_buster/fGUtq8Py">Balloon buster</a></p> <p>World War I introduced the systematic use of true single-seat fighter aircraft, with enough speed and agility to catch and maintain contact with targets in the air, coupled with armament sufficiently powerful to destroy the targets. Aerial combat became a prominent feature with the <a href="/facts/Fokker_Scourge/Q7zz97z3">Fokker Scourge</a>, in the last half of 1915. This was also the beginning of a long-standing trend in warfare, showing statistically that approximately five percent of combat pilots account for the majority of air-to-air victories.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>As the <a href="/facts/Jagdstaffeln/BwzzQf93">German fighter squadrons</a> usually fought well within German lines, it was practicable to establish and maintain very strict guidelines for the official recognition of victory claims by German pilots. Shared victories were either credited to one of the pilots concerned or to the unit as a whole – the destruction of the aircraft had to be physically confirmed by locating its wreckage, or an independent witness to the destruction had to be found. Victories were also counted for aircraft forced down within German lines, as this usually resulted in the death or capture of the enemy aircrew. </p><p>Allied fighter pilots fought mostly in German-held airspace<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> and were often not in a position to confirm that an enemy aircraft had crashed, so these victories were frequently claimed as "driven down", "forced to land", or "out of control" (called "probables" in later wars). These victories were usually included in a pilot's totals and citations for decorations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <p>The British high command considered the praise of fighter pilots to be detrimental to equally brave bombers and reconnaissance aircrew – so that the British air services did not publish official statistics on the successes of individuals. Nonetheless, some pilots did become famous through press coverage,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> making the British system for the recognition of successful fighter pilots much more informal and somewhat inconsistent. One pilot, <a href="/facts/Arthur_Lee_(RAF_officer)/EPLNAbnB">Arthur Gould Lee</a>, described his own score in a letter to his wife as "Eleven, five by me solo — the rest shared", adding that he was "miles from being an ace".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> This shows that his <a href="/facts/No._46_Squadron_RAF/sTbhnC91">No. 46 Squadron RAF</a> counted shared kills, but separately from "solo" ones—one of a number of factors that seems to have varied from unit to unit. Also evident is that Lee considered a higher figure than five kills to be necessary for "ace" status. Aviation historians credit him as an ace with two enemy aircraft destroyed and five driven down out of control, for a total of seven victories.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p><p>Other Allied countries, such as France and Italy, fell somewhere in between the very strict German approach and the relatively casual British one. They usually demanded independent witnessing of the destruction of an aircraft, making confirmation of victories scored in enemy territory very difficult.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> The Belgian crediting system sometimes included "out of control" to be counted as a victory.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Air_Service/uEeTtmEs">United States Army Air Service</a> adopted French standards for evaluating victories, with two exceptions – during the summer 1918, while flying under the operational control of the British, the <a href="/facts/17th_Weapons_Squadron/3f1KHSHt">17th Aero Squadron</a> and the 148th Aero Squadron used British standards.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> American newsmen, in their correspondence to their papers, decided that five victories were the minimum needed to become an ace.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>While "ace" status was generally won only by fighter pilots, bombers and reconnaissance crews on both sides also destroyed some enemy aircraft, typically in defending themselves from attack. The most notable example of a non-pilot ace in World War I is <a href="/facts/Charles_George_Gass/gr0vC4Hm">Charles George Gass</a> with 39 accredited aerial victories.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h3>Between the world wars</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/List_of_Spanish_Civil_War_flying_aces/lxRu5Hd4">List of Spanish Civil War flying aces</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_Flying_Tigers_pilots/kFLRQgek">List of Flying Tigers pilots</a></p> <p>Between the two world wars two conflicts produced flying aces, the <a href="/facts/Spanish_Civil_War/YykcMvC5">Spanish Civil War</a> and the <a href="/facts/Second_Sino-Japanese_War/QgPmgfHa">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Spanish_people/dbRtgpzl">Spanish</a> ace <a href="/facts/Joaqu%25C3%25ADn_Garc%25C3%25ADa_Morato/ICD8yP0F">Joaquín García Morato</a> scored 40 victories for the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War. Part of the outside intervention in the war was the supply of "volunteer" foreign pilots to both sides. Russian and American aces joined the Republican air force, while the Nationalists included Germans and Italians. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Soviet_Volunteer_Group/B64smMJ3">Soviet Volunteer Group</a> began operations in the Second Sino-Japanese War as early as December 2, 1937, resulting in 28 Soviet aces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Flying_Tigers/3nwzofmy">Flying Tigers</a> were American military pilots who were recruited <a href="/facts/Sub_rosa/zMdAGAee">sub rosa</a> to aid the <a href="/facts/Chinese_Nationalists/jxHMXkAo">Chinese Nationalists</a>. They spent the summer and autumn of 1941 in transit to China, and did not begin flying combat missions until December 20, 1941. </p> <h3>World War II</h3> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/List_of_World_War_II_flying_aces/Fbuwt4HM">List of World War II flying aces</a> and <a href="/facts/Confirmation_and_overclaiming_of_aerial_victories_during_World_War_II/da5mSfGP">Confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories during World War II</a></p> <p>In <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a> many air forces adopted the British practice of crediting fractional shares of aerial victories, resulting in fractions or decimal scores, such as 11+1⁄2 or 26.83. Some U.S. commands also credited aircraft destroyed on the ground as equal to aerial victories. The Soviets distinguished between solo and group kills, as did the Japanese, though the <a href="/facts/Imperial_Japanese_Navy/smLn7IyT">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> stopped crediting individual victories (in favor of squadron tallies) in 1943. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Soviet_Air_Forces/9UwGvVhU">Soviet Air Forces</a> has the top Allied pilots in terms of aerial victories, <a href="/facts/Ivan_Kozhedub/xEMGeQXc">Ivan Kozhedub</a> credited with 66 victories and <a href="/facts/Alexander_Pokryshkin/175dHaHd">Alexander Pokryshkin</a> scored 65 victories. It also claimed the only female aces of the war: <a href="/facts/Lydia_Litvyak/Wbo9q6CI">Lydia Litvyak</a> scored 12 victories and <a href="/facts/Yekaterina_Budanova/4KLGL1tk">Yekaterina Budanova</a> achieved 11.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> The highest scoring pilots from the Western allies against the German Luftwaffe were <a href="/facts/Johnnie_Johnson_(RAF_officer)/4WkL4nBV">Johnnie Johnson</a> (<a href="/facts/Royal_Air_Force/P10CbL5H">RAF</a>, 38 kills) and <a href="/facts/Gabby_Gabreski/9TvXNmRt">Gabby Gabreski</a> (<a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Air_Forces/0mtva6Cw">USAAF</a>, 28 kills in the air and 3 on the ground).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> In the Pacific theater <a href="/facts/Richard_Bong/cKBMGesb">Richard Bong</a> became the top American fighter ace with 40 kills. In the Mediterranean theater <a href="/facts/Pat_Pattle/ASrsNIPb">Pat Pattle</a> achieved at least 40 kills, mainly against Italian planes, and became the top fighter ace of the <a href="/facts/Commonwealth_of_Nations/TcIRQnNq">British Commonwealth</a> in the war. Fighting on different sides, the French pilot <a href="/facts/Pierre_Le_Gloan/yEySh8e5">Pierre Le Gloan</a> had the unusual distinction of shooting down four German, seven Italian and seven British aircraft, the latter while he was flying for <a href="/facts/Vichy_France/7wTyYUnW">Vichy France</a> in <a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a>. </p> <p>The German <a href="/facts/Luftwaffe/k7PAsBlo">Luftwaffe</a> continued the tradition of "one pilot, one kill", and now referred to top scorers as <i>Experten</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Some Luftwaffe pilots achieved very high scores, such as <a href="/facts/Erich_Hartmann/0KXyT5AW">Erich Hartmann</a> (352 kills) or <a href="/facts/Gerhard_Barkhorn/e6lbplgD">Gerhard Barkhorn</a> (301 kills).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> There were 107 German pilots with more than 100 kills. Most of these were won against the <a href="/facts/Soviet_Air_Forces/9UwGvVhU">Soviet Air Force</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> The highest scoring fighter ace against Western allied forces were <a href="/facts/Hans-Joachim_Marseille/Jqn3VkEK">Hans-Joachim Marseille</a> (158 kills)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Heinrich_B%25C3%25A4r/odk2Fls7">Heinz Bär</a> (208 kills, of which 124 in the west). Notable are also <a href="/facts/Heinz-Wolfgang_Schnaufer/IFLssfDQ">Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer</a>, with 121 kills the highest-scoring <a href="/facts/Night_fighter/5qTpLVzo">night-fighter</a> ace, and <a href="/facts/Werner_M%25C3%25B6lders/llE2e1bj">Werner Mölders</a>, the first pilot to claim more than 100 kills in the history of <a href="/facts/Aerial_warfare/DrDhkkQ1">aerial warfare</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> Pilots of other Axis powers also achieved high scores, such as <a href="/facts/Ilmari_Juutilainen/A55lItkV">Ilmari Juutilainen</a> (<a href="/facts/Finnish_Air_Force/lBTDG9eY">Finnish Air Force</a>, 94 kills), <a href="/facts/Constantin_Cantacuzino_(aviator)/az5TDUpm">Constantin Cantacuzino</a> (<a href="/facts/Romanian_Air_Force/PKlavQR6">Romanian Air Force</a>, 69 kills) or <a href="/facts/Mato_Dukovac/6dXmeEfA">Mato Dukovac</a> (<a href="/facts/Air_Force_of_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia/1bFLb5Wg">Croatian Air Force</a>, 44 kills). The highest scoring Japanese fighter pilot was <a href="/facts/Tetsuz%25C5%258D_Iwamoto/ksAhrgNj">Tetsuzō Iwamoto</a>, who achieved 216 kills. </p> <p>A number of factors probably contributed to the very high totals of the top German aces. For a limited period (especially during <a href="/facts/Operation_Barbarossa/YKjYBQWn">Operation Barbarossa</a>), many Axis victories were over obsolescent aircraft and either poorly trained or inexperienced Allied pilots.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> In addition, Luftwaffe pilots generally flew many more individual <a href="/facts/Sortie/9SLn0Ksw">sorties</a> (sometimes well over 1000) than their Allied counterparts. Moreover, they often kept flying combat missions until they were captured, incapacitated, or killed, while successful Allied pilots were usually either promoted to positions involving less combat flying or routinely rotated back to training bases to pass their valuable combat knowledge to younger pilots. An imbalance in the number of targets available also contributed to the apparently lower numbers on the Allied side, since the <a href="/facts/Luftwaffe_serviceable_aircraft_strengths_(1940%25E2%2580%259345)/HXG0mpV4">number of operational Luftwaffe fighters</a> was normally well below 1,500, with the total aircraft number never exceeding 5,000, and <a href="/facts/World_War_II_aircraft_production/vRXz5fCC">the total aircraft production of the Allies being nearly triple that of the other side</a>. A difference in tactics might have been a factor as well; <a href="/facts/Erich_Hartmann/0KXyT5AW">Erich Hartmann</a>, for example, stated "See if there is a straggler or an uncertain pilot among the enemy... Shoot him down",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> which would have been an efficient and relatively low-risk way of increasing the number of kills. At the same time, the Soviet 1943 "Instruction For Air Combat" stated that the first priority must be the enemy commander, which was a much riskier task, but one giving the highest return in case of a success. </p> <h3>Post-World War II aces</h3> <h4>Korean War</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_Korean_War_flying_aces/37U208mx">List of Korean War flying aces</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Korean_War/Qo93pNhE">Korean War</a> of 1950–53 marked the transition from <a href="/facts/Piston-engine/ItLAxmW3">piston-engined</a> propeller driven aircraft to more modern jet aircraft. As such, it saw the world's first jet-vs-jet aces. The highest scoring ace of the war is considered to be the Soviet pilot <a href="/facts/Nikolai_Sutyagin/7dmU5yDe">Nikolai Sutyagin</a> who claimed 22 kills. </p> <h4>Vietnam War</h4> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_Vietnam_War_flying_aces/ul7dbRsI">List of Vietnam War flying aces</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Vietnam_People%2527s_Air_Force/94W0a0rT">Vietnam People's Air Force</a> had begun development of its modern air-forces, primarily trained by Czechoslovak and Soviet trainers since 1956.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> The outbreak of the largest sustained bombardment campaign in history prompted rapid deployment of the nascent air-force, and the first engagement of the war was in April 1965 at <a href="/facts/Thanh_H%25C3%25B3a_Bridge/m9a47Ucv">Thanh Hóa Bridge</a> which saw relatively outdated subsonic <a href="/facts/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17/mRFhvwGf">MiG-17</a> units thrown against technically superior <a href="/facts/Republic_F-105_Thunderchief/bqIwaXm6">F-105 Thunderchief</a> and <a href="/facts/Vought_F-8_Crusader/u9NCDVJK">F-8 Crusader</a>, damaging 1 F-8 and killing two F-105 jets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> The MiG-17 generally did not have sophisticated radars and missiles and relied on dog-fighting and maneuverability to score kills on US aircraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> Since US aircraft heavily outnumbered North Vietnamese ones, the Warsaw Pact and others had begun arming North Vietnam with <a href="/facts/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21/AJT2EjY5">MiG-21</a> jets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> The VPAF had adopted a strategy of "guerrilla warfare in the sky" utilizing quick hit-and-run attacks against US targets, continually flying low and forcing faster, more heavily armed US jets to engage in dog-fighting where the MiG-17 and MiG-21 had superior maneuverability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> The VPAF had carried out the first air-raid on US ships since WW2, with two aces including <a href="/facts/Nguy%25E1%25BB%2585n_V%25C4%2583n_B%25E1%25BA%25A3y/qvMhaQvs">Nguyễn Văn Bảy</a> attacking US ships during the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_%25C4%2590%25E1%25BB%2593ng_H%25E1%25BB%259Bi/VuzIaIRK">Battle of Đồng Hới</a> in 1972. Quite often air-to-air losses of US fighter jets were re-attributed to <a href="/facts/Surface-to-air_missiles/2qEW5P07">surface-to-air missiles</a>, as it was considered "less embarrassing".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> By the war's end, the US had nevertheless confirmed 249 air-to-air US aircraft losses<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> while the figures for North Vietnam are disputed, ranging from 195 North Vietnamese aircraft from US claims<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> to 131 from Soviet, North Vietnamese and allied records.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>American air-to-air combat during the Vietnam War generally matched intruding United States <a href="/facts/Fighter-bomber/263tB5NF">fighter-bombers</a> against radar-directed integrated North Vietnamese air defense systems. American <a href="/facts/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II/epGAnaxt">F-4 Phantom II</a>, F-8 Crusader and F-105 fighter crews usually had to contend with <a href="/facts/Surface-to-air_missiles/2qEW5P07">surface-to-air missiles</a>, <a href="/facts/Anti-aircraft_artillery/fHtGQpLy">anti-aircraft artillery</a>, and machine gun fire before opposing fighters attacked them. The long-running conflict produced 22 aces: 17 North Vietnamese pilots, two American pilots, three American weapon systems officers or WSOs (WSO is the USAF designation, one of the three was actually a US Naval aviator, with an equivalent job, but using the USN designation of Radar Intercept Officer or RIO).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> </p> <h4>Arab–Israeli war</h4> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_flying_aces/bmm7PgzG">List of Egyptian flying aces</a>, <a href="/facts/List_of_Israeli_flying_aces/XKsT7sFQ">List of Israeli flying aces</a>, and <a href="/facts/List_of_Syrian_flying_aces/Bfq4DG3h">List of Syrian flying aces</a></p> <p>The series of wars and conflicts between Israel and its neighbors began with Israeli independence in 1948 and continued for over three decades. </p> <h4>Iran–Iraq war</h4> <p>Brig. General <a href="/facts/Jalil_Zandi/1UFXNzDJ">Jalil Zandi</a> (1951–2001) was an ace <a href="/facts/Fighter_pilot/QvqJ7y6K">fighter pilot</a> in the <a href="/facts/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force/up92PhTe">Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force</a>, serving for the full duration of the <a href="/facts/Iran%25E2%2580%2593Iraq_War/DqD7W8vd">Iran–Iraq War</a>. His record of eight confirmed and three probable<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> victories against Iraqi combat aircraft qualifies him as an ace and the most successful pilot of that conflict and the most successful <a href="/facts/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat/Ana2Iw4D">Grumman F-14 Tomcat</a> pilot worldwide.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>Brig. General <a href="/facts/Shahram_Rostami/cEyoNqQl">Shahram Rostami</a> was another Iranian ace. He was also an F-14 pilot. He had six confirmed kills. His victories include one <a href="/facts/MiG-21/AJT2EjY5">MiG-21</a>, two <a href="/facts/MiG-25/fcyWx2Ab">MiG-25s</a>, and three <a href="/facts/Mirage_F1/KYpXSXo4">Mirage F1s</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p><p>Colonel <a href="/facts/Mohommed_Rayyan/sFzRKuEt">Mohammed Rayyan</a> was an Iraqi ace fighter pilot who shot down 10 Iranian aircraft, mostly <a href="/facts/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II/epGAnaxt">F-4 Phantoms</a> during the war.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h4>Indo-Pakistan War</h4> <p>Air Commodore <a href="/facts/Muhammad_Mahmood_Alam/QYt2yIPs">Muhammad Mahmood Alam</a> was an ace fighter pilot in the <a href="/facts/Pakistan_Air_Force/Tnbsp4p7">Pakistan Air Force</a>. During the <a href="/facts/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965/gjVxYNh7">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a>, Alam claimed to have downed five aircraft in a single sortie on 7 September 1965 with four downed in less than a minute, establishing a world record. These claims, however, have been widely contested but never substantiated by Indian Air Force officials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p> <h4>Russo-Ukrainian War</h4> <p>On 13 October 2022, the Ukrainian government claims that Ukrainian pilot <a href="/facts/Vadym_Voroshylov/VuRpVN0U">Vadym Voroshylov</a> shot down 5 <a href="/facts/HESA_Shahed_136/hep4UtHI">Shahed 136</a> drones before being forced to eject from his <a href="/facts/MiG-29/3XfCqsJU">MiG-29</a> aircraft after it was hit by debris from the last Shahed-136 that had shot down. Voroshylov had shot down two Russian cruise missiles the day prior.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p><p>According to the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, during the fighting in Ukraine, Lieutenant Colonel Ilya Sizov "destroyed 12 Ukrainian aircraft (3 <a href="/facts/Sukhoi_Su-24/HdYfHtou">Su-24</a> aircraft, 3 <a href="/facts/Sukhoi_Su-27/Cv9mDD6T">Su-27</a> aircraft, 3 <a href="/facts/Mikoyan_MiG-29/3XfCqsJU">MiG-29</a> aircraft, 2 <a href="/facts/Mil_Mi-24/5RDHFb0b">Mi-24</a> helicopters, 1 <a href="/facts/Mil_Mi-14/e001shTs">Mi-14</a> helicopter) and two <a href="/facts/Buk-M1/YMqdyQBq">Buk-M1</a> anti-aircraft missile complexes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p> <h4>Red Sea crisis</h4> <p>In February 2024, it was reported that Captain Earl Ehrhart V of the <a href="/facts/United_States_Marine_Corps/J8JDlJG2">United States Marine Corps</a> had shot down seven <a href="/facts/Houthi_movement/Cvhyfktz">Houthi</a> drones while piloting an <a href="/facts/McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II/Cvc8e9wu">AV-8B Harrier II</a> ground-attack aircraft from the amphibious assault ship <a href="/facts/USS_Bataan_(LHD-5)/oSvvXjkS">USS <i>Bataan</i></a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="accuracy">Accuracy</h2> <p>Realistic assessment of enemy casualties is important for <a href="/facts/Military_intelligence/VQJypEMT">intelligence</a> purposes, so most air forces expend considerable effort to ensure accuracy in victory claims. In World War II, the aircraft <a href="/facts/Gun_camera/Ivl5xC7U">gun camera</a> came into general usage by the Luftwaffe as well as the RAF and USAAF, partly in hope of alleviating inaccurate victory claims. </p> <h3>World War I aerial victory accuracy</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Aerial_victory_standards_of_World_War_I/Aks3cYAo">Aerial victory standards of World War I</a></p> <p>In World War I the <a href="/facts/Aerial_victory_standards_of_World_War_I/Aks3cYAo">standards for confirmation of aerial victories</a> were developed. The most strict were the German and French ones which required both the existence of traceable wrecks or observations of independent observers. In contrast to this, the British system also accepted single claims of the pilots and deeds such as enemy planes "out of control", "driven down" and "forced to land".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> Aerial victories were also divided among different pilots. This led to vast overclaims on the British and partially on the US American side. Some air forces, such as the USAAF, also included kills on the ground as victories. </p><p>The most accurate figures usually belong to the air arm fighting over its own territory, where many wrecks can be located, and even identified, and where shot down enemy aircrews are either killed or captured. It is for this reason that at least 76 of the 80 aircraft credited to <a href="/facts/Manfred_von_Richthofen/05AjKh4v">Manfred von Richthofen</a> can be tied to known British losses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> The German <a href="/facts/Jagdstaffeln/BwzzQf93">Jagdstaffeln</a> flew defensively, on their own side of the lines, in part due to General <a href="/facts/Hugh_Trenchard%2c_1st_Viscount_Trenchard/aDAjy1lq">Hugh Trenchard</a>'s policy of offensive patrol. </p> <h3>World War II aerial victory accuracy</h3> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Confirmation_and_overclaiming_of_aerial_victories_during_World_War_II/da5mSfGP">Confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories during World War II</a></p> <p>In World War II overclaims were a common problem. Nearly 50% of <a href="/facts/Royal_Air_Force/P10CbL5H">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) victories in the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Britain/gKfVsxR5">Battle of Britain</a>, for instance, do not tally statistically with recorded German losses; but at least some of this apparent over-claiming can be tallied with known wrecks, and German aircrew known to have been in British <a href="/facts/Prisoner_of_war/X22JC3Fj">PoW</a> camps.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> An overclaim of about 2-3 was common on all sides,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> and Soviet overclaims were sometimes higher.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> The claims of the Luftwaffe pilots are considered as mostly reasonable and more accurate than those according to the British and American system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p><p>To quote an extreme example, in the <a href="/facts/Korean_War/Qo93pNhE">Korean War</a>, both the U.S. and Communist air arms claimed a 10-to-1 victory/loss ratio.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="non-pilot-aces">Non-pilot aces</h2> <p>While aces are generally thought of exclusively as fighter pilots, some have accorded this status to gunners on bombers or <a href="/facts/Reconnaissance_aircraft/qL3ScS18">reconnaissance aircraft</a>, <a href="/facts/Air_observer/2wqU0MaA">observers</a> in two-seater fighters such as the early <a href="/facts/Bristol_F.2_Fighter/kJYmojQy">Bristol F.2b</a>, and <a href="/facts/Weapon_systems_officer/aPaoEy1L">navigators/weapons officers</a> in jet aircraft such as the <a href="/facts/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II/epGAnaxt">McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II</a>. Because pilots often teamed with different air crew members, an observer or gunner might be an ace while his pilot is not, or vice versa. Observer aces constitute a sizable minority in many lists. </p><p>In World War I, the observer <a href="/facts/Gottfried_Ehmann/wBjYdj3y">Gottfried Ehmann</a> of the German <i><a href="/facts/Luftstreitkr%25C3%25A4fte/YjYj5oMB">Luftstreitkräfte</a></i> was credited with 12 kills,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> for which he was awarded the Golden <a href="/facts/Military_Merit_Cross_(Prussia)/PX0LuUQk">Military Merit Cross</a>. In the Royal Flying Corps the observer <a href="/facts/Charles_George_Gass/gr0vC4Hm">Charles George Gass</a> tallied 39 victories, of which 5 were actually confirmed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> The spread was caused by the lavish British system of aerial victory confirmation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> </p><p>In World War II, <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Air_Forces/0mtva6Cw">United States Army Air Forces</a> S/Sgt. Michael Arooth, a <a href="/facts/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress/HaAfKHKg">Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress</a> tail gunner serving in the <a href="/facts/379th_Air_Expeditionary_Wing/l2c5Qnn2">379th Bombardment Group</a>, was credited with 19 kills<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator/xAzkkWGS">Consolidated B-24 Liberator</a> gunner Arthur J. Benko (<a href="/facts/374th_Strategic_Missile_Squadron/sc6ctFMD">374th Bombardment Squadron</a>) with 16 kills. The Royal Air Force's leading bomber gunner, <a href="/facts/Wallace_McIntosh/pQ3Nj71A">Wallace McIntosh</a>, was credited with eight kills while serving as a rear turret gunner on <a href="/facts/Avro_Lancaster/9ndbwh9b">Avro Lancasters</a>, including three on one mission. <a href="/facts/Flight_Sergeant/DILcDypt">Flight Sergeant</a> F. J. Barker contributed to 12 victories while flying as a gunner in a <a href="/facts/Boulton_Paul_Defiant/n9dXU8sb">Boulton Paul Defiant</a> turret-equipped fighter piloted by Flight Sergeant <a href="/facts/Ted_Thorn_(RAF_officer)/mVhuaRdo">E. R. Thorne</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> On the German side, Erwin Hentschel, the <a href="/facts/Junkers_Ju_87/vqlo8Uoq">Junkers Ju 87</a> rear gunner of Luftwaffe pilot and anti-tank ace <a href="/facts/Hans-Ulrich_Rudel/lvcVLmjk">Hans-Ulrich Rudel</a>, had 7 confirmed kills. The crew of the bomber pilot Otto Köhnke from <a href="/facts/Kampfgeschwader_3/YvwEkv4g"><i>Kampfgeschwader</i> 3</a> is credited with the destruction of 11 enemy fighters (6 French, 1 British, 4 Soviet). </p><p>With the advent of more advanced technology, a third category of ace appeared. <a href="/facts/Charles_B._DeBellevue/4DrI9WAq">Charles B. DeBellevue</a> became not only the first U.S. Air Force <a href="/facts/Weapon_systems_officer/aPaoEy1L">weapon systems officer</a> (WSO) to become an ace but also the top American ace of the <a href="/facts/Vietnam_War/W0gfbGTE">Vietnam War</a>, with six victories.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> Close behind with five were fellow WSO <a href="/facts/Jeffrey_Feinstein/0keTnX3S">Jeffrey Feinstein</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Naval_Flight_Officer/lpx2foff">Radar Intercept Officer</a> <a href="/facts/William_P._Driscoll/WYPEAzu3">William P. Driscoll</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ace-in-a-day">Ace in a day</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Aviators_who_became_ace_in_a_day/XWbnaNYD">Aviators who became ace in a day</a></p> <p>The first military aviators to score five or more victories on the same date, thus each becoming an "ace in a day", were pilot <a href="/facts/Julius_Arigi/3jQJ0gQm">Julius Arigi</a> and observer/gunner <a href="/facts/Johann_Lasi/xf7pD53d">Johann Lasi</a> of the <a href="/facts/Austria-Hungary/9WPUPj0W">Austro-Hungarian</a> air force, on August 22, 1916, when they downed five Italian aircraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> The feat was repeated five more times during World War I.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> </p><p>Becoming an ace in a day became relatively common during World War II. A total of 68 U.S. pilots (43 <a href="/facts/United_States_Army_Air_Forces/0mtva6Cw">Army Air Forces</a>, 18 <a href="/facts/United_States_Navy/xYK0fUou">Navy</a>, and seven <a href="/facts/United_States_Marine_Corps/J8JDlJG2">Marine Corps</a> pilots) were credited with the feat, including legendary test pilot <a href="/facts/Chuck_Yeager/6vVUMzpn">Chuck Yeager</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/facts/Vyborg%25E2%2580%2593Petrozavodsk_Offensive/SrXaWsJg">Soviet offensive of 1944</a> in the <a href="/facts/Karelian_Isthmus/b4GPXkok">Karelian Isthmus</a>, Finnish pilot <a href="/facts/Hans_Wind/Fsa6dv64">Hans Wind</a> shot down 30 <a href="/facts/Soviet/m7wWsPto">Soviet</a> aircraft in 12 days with his <a href="/facts/Messerschmitt_Bf_109/El8Tuw2z">Bf 109 G</a>. In doing so, he obtained "ace in a day" status three times. </p><p>During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Pakistani pilot <a href="/facts/Muhammad_Mahmood_Alam/QYt2yIPs">Muhammad Mahmood Alam</a> claimed to have downed five aircraft in a single sortie on 7 September 1965 with four downed in less than a minute, establishing a world record. According to some sources Alam is the only ace-in-a-day achiever in the jet age. These claims, however, have been contested by the <a href="/facts/Indian_Air_Force/XbNJ5qcp">Indian Air Force</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Fighter_aircraft/NuIvaGJg">Fighter aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Iraqi_aerial_victories_during_the_Iran%25E2%2580%2593Iraq_war/GUXsxHcS">Iraqi aerial victories during the Iran–Iraq war</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Light_fighter/sNq7w5np">Light fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_aces_of_aces/gdHGQGBx">List of aces of aces</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Egyptian_flying_aces/bmm7PgzG">List of Egyptian flying aces</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_German_World_War_II_jet_aces/kwjXrdlw">List of German World War II jet aces</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Iranian_aerial_victories_during_the_Iran%25E2%2580%2593Iraq_war/UqA8VEky">List of Iranian aerial victories during the Iran–Iraq war</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Israeli_flying_aces/XKsT7sFQ">List of Israeli flying aces</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Korean_War_flying_aces/37U208mx">List of Korean War flying aces</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Spanish_Civil_War_flying_aces/lxRu5Hd4">List of Spanish Civil War flying aces</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Syrian_flying_aces/Bfq4DG3h">List of Syrian flying aces</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Vietnam_War_flying_aces/ul7dbRsI">List of Vietnam War flying aces</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_World_War_I_flying_aces/b8rDwEdQ">List of World War I flying aces</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_World_War_II_flying_aces/Fbuwt4HM">List of World War II flying aces</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lists_of_flying_aces_in_Arab%25E2%2580%2593Israeli_wars/U44jGWju">Lists of flying aces in Arab–Israeli wars</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Panzer_ace/9kaFLBsG">Panzer ace</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li>Belich, Jamie. "Ace, air combat". Richard Holmes, Charles Singleton and Spencer Jones, eds. <i>The Oxford Companion to Military History</i>. Oxford University Press, 2001 [online 2004].</li> <li>Bergström, Christer. <i>Barbarossa: The Air Battle, July–December 1941</i>. Birmingham, UK: Classic Publications, 2007. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-85780-270-2.</li> <li>Dunnigan, James F. <i>How to Make War: A Comprehensive Guide to Modern Warfare in the Twenty-first Century</i>. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-06009-012-8.</li> <li>Farr, Finis. <i>Rickenbacker's Luck: An American Life.</i> New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1979. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-395-27102-5.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Norman_Franks/R2CazCYY">Franks, Norman</a> and Frank W. Bailey. <i>Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918</i>. London: Grub Street, 1992. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-948817-54-0.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Norman_Franks/R2CazCYY">Franks, Norman</a>, Frank W. Bailey and Russell Guest. <i>Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918</i>. London: Grub Street, 1993. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-94881-773-1.</li> <li>———; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory (1997), <i>Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918</i>, Fighting Airmen of WWI, vol. 4, London: Grub Street, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-898697-56-5.</li> <li>Galland, Adolf <i>The First and the Last</i> London, Methuen, 1955 (<i>Die Ersten und die Letzten</i> Germany, Franz Schneekluth, 1953).</li> <li>Goll, Nicole-Melanie (2011). "Godwin von Brumowski (1889–1936): The Construction of an Austro-Hungarian War Hero during World War I". In Marija Wakounig; Karlo Ruzicic-Kessler (eds.). <i>From the Industrial Revolution to World War II in East Central Europe</i>. <a href="/facts/LIT_Verlag/85Q0PasX">LIT Verlag</a>. pp. 139–56. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3643901293.</li> <li>Guttman, Jon. <i>Pusher Aces of World War 1</i>. London: Osprey, 2009. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84603-417-6.</li> <li>Hobson, Chris. <i>Vietnam Air Losses, USAF, USN, USMC, Fixed-Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia 1961–1973</i>. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2001. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-85780-115-6.</li> <li>Johnson, J. E. <i>Wing Leader</i>. London: Ballantine, 1967.</li> <li>Lake, Jon (2000). <i>The Battle of Britain</i>. Leicester: Amereon Limited. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 1-85605-535-3.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Arthur_Lee_(RAF_officer)/EPLNAbnB">Lee, Arthur Gould</a>. <i>No Parachute</i>. London: Jarrolds, 1968.</li> <li>O'Connor, Martin. <i>Air Aces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1914–1918</i>. Boulder, Colorado: Flying Machine Press, 1986. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-89126-806-9.</li> <li>Pieters, Walter M. <i>Above Flanders' Fields: A Complete Record of the Belgian Fighter Pilots and Their Units During the Great War, 1914–1918</i>. London: Grub Street, 1998. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-898697-83-1.</li> <li>Robertson, Linda R. (2005). <i>The Dream of Civilized Warfare: World War I Flying Aces and the American Imagination </i>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0816642710, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0816642717</li> <li>Robinson, Bruce (ed.) <i>von Richthofen and the Flying Circus</i>. Letchworth, UK: Harleyford, 1958.</li> <li>Shores, Christopher. <i>Air Aces</i>. Greenwich Connecticut: Bison Books, 1983. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-86124-104-5</li> <li>———; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1990), <i>Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920</i>, London: Grub Street, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-948817-19-9.</li> <li>Stenman, Kari and Kalevi Keskinen. <i>Finnish Aces of World War 2</i> (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, number 23). London: Osprey Publishing. 1998. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 952-5186-24-5.</li> <li>Thomas, Andrew. <i>Defiant, Blenheim and Havoc Aces</i>. London: Osprey Publishing, 2012. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84908-666-0.</li> <li>Toliver, Raymond J. and Trevor J. Constable. <i>Horrido!: Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe</i>. London: Bantam Books, 1979. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-55312-663-1.</li> <li>Toperczer, Istvan. <i>MIG-17 and MIG-19 Units of the Vietnam War</i> (Osprey Combat Aircraft, number 25). London: Osprey, 2001. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84176-162-6.</li> <li>——— (2001), <i>MIG-21 Units of the Vietnam War</i>, Combat Aircraft, London: Osprey, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-84176-263-0.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flying aces. Look up <i>ace</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <ul><li><a href="http://users.accesscomm.ca/magnusfamily/airaces1.htm">Air Aces Homepage (A. Magnus)</a></li> <li><a href="http://aces.safarikovi.org/">Air Aces Website (Jan Šafařík)</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110405001755/http://s188567700.online.de/CMS/">Air Combat Information Group Website</a></li> <li><a href="http://wio.ru/korea/korea-a.htm">All aces of Korean air war</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Robertson, pp. 100—103. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Belich 2001. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Payne, David. "Major 'Mick' Mannock, VC: Top Scoring British Flying Ace in the Great War." Archived 2017-06-21 at the Wayback Machine Western Front Association, May 21, 2008. <a href="http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-at-sea-in-air/the-aces/283-mick-mannock.html" target="_blank">http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-at-sea-in-air/the-aces/283-mick-mannock.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Payne, David. "Major 'Mick' Mannock, VC: Top Scoring British Flying Ace in the Great War." Archived 2017-06-21 at the Wayback Machine Western Front Association, May 21, 2008. <a href="http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-at-sea-in-air/the-aces/283-mick-mannock.html" target="_blank">http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-at-sea-in-air/the-aces/283-mick-mannock.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Dunnigan 2003, p. 149. <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Dunnigan 2003, p. 149. <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Shores et al. 1990, p. 6. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Guttman 2009, p. 39. <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Shores, Franks and Guest, 1990, p. 8. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Payne, David. "Major 'Mick' Mannock, VC: Top Scoring British Flying Ace in the Great War." Archived 2017-06-21 at the Wayback Machine Western Front Association, May 21, 2008. <a href="http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-at-sea-in-air/the-aces/283-mick-mannock.html" target="_blank">http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/great-war-at-sea-in-air/the-aces/283-mick-mannock.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Lee 1968, p. 208. <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Shores et al. 1990, pp. 236–237. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Franks and Bailey 1992, p. 6. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Pieters 1998, pp. 34, 85. <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Franks and Bailey 1992, p. 6. <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Farr 1979, p. 55. <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Franks et al. 1997, pp. 18–19. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Allied aces of War in China and Mongol-Manchurian border" Wio.ru Retrieved: October 10, 2014. <a href="http://wio.ru/spain/china-a.htm" target="_blank">http://wio.ru/spain/china-a.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Bergström 2007, p. 83. <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Sims, Edward H. (1976). The Greatest Aces. London: Random House Publishing Group. p. 17. ISBN 9780345253309. <a href="9780345253309" target="_blank">9780345253309</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>For the award of decorations, the Germans initiated a points system to equal up achievements between the aces flying on the Eastern front with those on other, more demanding, fronts: one for a fighter, two for a twin-engine bomber, three for a four-engine bomber; night victories counted double; Mosquitoes counted double, due to the difficulty of bringing them down.[17] <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007). Eagles of the Third Reich - Men of the Luftwaffe in World War II. Stackpole Books. p. 217. ISBN 9780811734059. <a href="9780811734059" target="_blank">9780811734059</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Murray, Williamson (1996). The Luftwaffe, 1933-45 - Strategy for Defeat. Brassey's. p. 82. ISBN 9781574881257. <a href="9781574881257" target="_blank">9781574881257</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Heaton, Colin D.; Anne-Marie Lewis (2012). The Star of Africa - The Story of Hans Marseille, the Rogue Luftwaffe Ace Who Dominated the WWII Skies. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 9780760343937. <a href="9780760343937" target="_blank">9780760343937</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Sims, Edward H. (1976). The Greatest Aces. London: Random House Publishing Group. p. 17. ISBN 9780345253309. <a href="9780345253309" target="_blank">9780345253309</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Jackson, Robert (2003). Air Aces of World War II. Airlife. ISBN 9781840374124. <a href="9781840374124" target="_blank">9781840374124</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Shores 1983, pp. 94–95. <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Toliver, Raymond F.; Constable, Trevor J. (1986). The Blond Knight of Germany. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-8306-8189-1. <a href="978-0-8306-8189-1" target="_blank">978-0-8306-8189-1</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Toperczer, István (2017-09-21). MiG-21 Aces of the Vietnam War. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472823571. <a href="9781472823571" target="_blank">9781472823571</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Toperczer, István (2017-09-21). MiG-21 Aces of the Vietnam War. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 9781472823571. <a href="9781472823571" target="_blank">9781472823571</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Toperczer, István (2017-09-21). MiG-21 Aces of the Vietnam War. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472823571. <a href="9781472823571" target="_blank">9781472823571</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Toperczer, István (2017-09-21). MiG-21 Aces of the Vietnam War. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472823571. <a href="9781472823571" target="_blank">9781472823571</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Toperczer, István (2016-10-20). MiG-17/19 Aces of the Vietnam War. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472812575. <a href="9781472812575" target="_blank">9781472812575</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>E., Gordon (2008). Mikoyan MiG-21. Dexter, Keith., Komissarov, Dmitriĭ (Dmitriĭ Sergeevich). Hinckley: Midland. ISBN 9781857802573. OCLC 245555578. <a href="9781857802573" target="_blank">9781857802573</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"US Air-to-Air Losses in the Vietnam War". myplace.frontier.com. Retrieved 2018-06-19. <a href="http://myplace.frontier.com/~anneled/usloss.html" target="_blank">http://myplace.frontier.com/~anneled/usloss.html</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Boyne, Walter J., ed. (2002). Air warfare: an international encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 679. ISBN 978-1576073452. OCLC 49225204. <a href="978-1576073452" target="_blank">978-1576073452</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"Kafedra i klinika urologii pervogo sankt-peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta im. akad. I. P. Pavlova: vchera, segodnya, zavtra". Urologicheskie Vedomosti. 5 (1): 3. 2015-03-15. doi:10.17816/uroved513-6. ISSN 2225-9074. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>"Aces." Safari Kovi. Retrieved October 10, 2014. <a href="http://aces.safarikovi.org/victories/usa-v1.html" target="_blank">http://aces.safarikovi.org/victories/usa-v1.html</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Herbert, Adam (January 2015). "Air Power Classics". Air Force Magazine: 76. <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>"Imperial Iranian Air Force: Samurai in the skies." IIAF, August 22, 1980. Retrieved October 10, 2014. <a href="http://www.iiaf.net/iiafmisc/announcements/announcements.html" target="_blank">http://www.iiaf.net/iiafmisc/announcements/announcements.html</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Cooper, Tom and Farzad Bishop. "Fire in the Hills: Iranian and Iraqi Battles of Autumn 1982."[usurped] ACIG, September 9, 2003. Retrieved October 10, 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029123320/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_214.shtml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20051029123320/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_214.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>"As 45-00 victoires". Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2015-04-16. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017182246/http://www.cieldegloire.com/as_45_00_victoires.php#zandi" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20131017182246/http://www.cieldegloire.com/as_45_00_victoires.php#zandi</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>"Iranian Air-to-Air Victories 1976-1981". Archived from the original on 2010-03-23. Retrieved 2018-03-25. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323174414/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_210.shtml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100323174414/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_210.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>"Iranian Air-to-Air Victories, 1982-Today". Archived from the original on 2010-03-23. Retrieved 2011-07-29. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323174626/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_211.shtml" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100323174626/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_211.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>John Sadler; Rosie Serdville (2017), Fighter Aces: Knights of the Skies, Casemate Publishers, p. 21, ISBN 9781612004839 <a href="9781612004839" target="_blank">9781612004839</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Nicolle, David; Cooper, Tom (2004). Arab MiG-19 and MiG-21 Units in Combat. Osprey Publishing. <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>Air Cdre M Kaiser Tufail. "Alam's Speed-shooting Classic". Defencejournal.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2011. <a href="/wiki/Air_Cdre_M_Kaiser_Tufail" target="_blank">/wiki/Air_Cdre_M_Kaiser_Tufail</a> <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>Fricker, John (1979). Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965. I. Allan. pp. 15–17. ISBN 9780711009295. <a href="9780711009295" target="_blank">9780711009295</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Polmar, Norman; Bell, Dana (2003). One hundred years of world military aircraft. Naval Institute Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-59114-686-5. Mohammed Mahmood Alam claimed five victories against Indian Air Force Hawker Hunters, four of them in less than one minute! Alam, who ended the conflict with 9 kills, became history's only jet "ace-in-a-day." <a href="978-1-59114-686-5" target="_blank">978-1-59114-686-5</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>O' Nordeen, Lon (1985). Air Warfare in the Missile Age. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 84–87. ISBN 978-0-87474-680-8. <a href="978-0-87474-680-8" target="_blank">978-0-87474-680-8</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Thomas Newdick (13 October 2022). "Ukraine Claims MiG-29 Pilot Downed Five Drones Before Ejecting". The Drive. MSN. <a href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/ukraine-claims-mig-29-pilot-downed-five-drones-before-ejecting/ar-AA12VYWZ?ocid=winp1taskbar&cvid=63040bdcc43a4224bdc016616c08e46c" target="_blank">https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/ukraine-claims-mig-29-pilot-downed-five-drones-before-ejecting/ar-AA12VYWZ?ocid=winp1taskbar&cvid=63040bdcc43a4224bdc016616c08e46c</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>Newdick, Thomas (December 13, 2022). "Inside Ukraine's Desperate Fight Against Drones With MiG-29 Pilot "Juice"". The Drive. <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/inside-ukraines-desperate-fight-against-drones-with-mig-29-pilot-juice" target="_blank">https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/inside-ukraines-desperate-fight-against-drones-with-mig-29-pilot-juice</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>"How Sophisticated Russia's Air Defence Network ?". Key.Aero. Key Publishing Ltd. 18 October 2022. <a href="https://www.key.aero/article/how-sophisticated-russias-air-defence-network" target="_blank">https://www.key.aero/article/how-sophisticated-russias-air-defence-network</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>"With 7 confirmed Houthi drones shot down, this AV-8B USMC Harrier pilot could be the First American ace since the Vietnam War: Meet USMC Captain Earl Ehrhart V". 13 February 2024. <a href="https://theaviationgeekclub.com/with-7-confirmed-houthi-drones-shot-down-this-usmc-av-8b-harrier-pilot-could-be-the-first-american-ace-since-the-vietnam-war-meet-usmc-captain-earl-ehrhart-v/" target="_blank">https://theaviationgeekclub.com/with-7-confirmed-houthi-drones-shot-down-this-usmc-av-8b-harrier-pilot-could-be-the-first-american-ace-since-the-vietnam-war-meet-usmc-captain-earl-ehrhart-v/</a> <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>Shores, Christopher F. (1990). Above the trenches : a complete record of the fighter aces and units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. Norman L. R. Franks, Russell Guest. Ontario: Fortress. ISBN 0-948817-19-4. OCLC 22113328. <a href="0-948817-19-4" target="_blank">0-948817-19-4</a> <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>Robinson 1958, pp. 150–155. <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>Lake 2000, p. 122. - Lake, Jon (2000). The Battle of Britain. Leicester: Amereon Limited. ISBN 1-85605-535-3. <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Caldwell, Donald (2012). Day Fighters in Defence of Reich : a Way Diary, 1942-45. Havertown: Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-78383-415-0. OCLC 884646530. <a href="978-1-78383-415-0" target="_blank">978-1-78383-415-0</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>Bergström, Christer (2007). Barbarossa : the air battle July-December 1941. Hersham, Surrey: Midland/Ian Allan. ISBN 978-1-85780-270-2. OCLC 141238674. <a href="978-1-85780-270-2" target="_blank">978-1-85780-270-2</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>Campion, Garry (2015). The Battle of Britain, 1945-1965: The Air Ministry and the Few. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire. ISBN 978-0-230-28454-8. OCLC 918616186.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-0-230-28454-8" target="_blank">978-0-230-28454-8</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Campion, Garry (2009). The good fight : Battle of Britain propaganda and the few. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-22880-1. OCLC 319175944. <a href="978-0-230-22880-1" target="_blank">978-0-230-22880-1</a> <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Trigg, Jonathan (2016). The defeat of the Luftwaffe: The Eastern Front 1941-45, a strategy for disaster. Stroud, Gloucestershire. ISBN 978-1-4456-5186-6. OCLC 953861893.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-1-4456-5186-6" target="_blank">978-1-4456-5186-6</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Morgan, Hugh (2014). Soviet aces of world war 2. London: Osprey Pub. ISBN 978-1-4728-0057-2. OCLC 869378852. <a href="978-1-4728-0057-2" target="_blank">978-1-4728-0057-2</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Toliver, Constable, Raymond F., Trevor J. (1968). Horrido! Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe. Barker. ISBN 9780213763817.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="9780213763817" target="_blank">9780213763817</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Kaplan, Philip (2007). Fighter aces of the Luftwaffe in World War II. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. ISBN 978-1-84415-460-9. OCLC 74525151. <a href="978-1-84415-460-9" target="_blank">978-1-84415-460-9</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:66"><p>"Korean Air War: Korean air war statistics from sources of USA and USSR." Wio (RU). Retrieved: October 10, 2014. <a href="http://wio.ru/korea/korea-a.htm" target="_blank">http://wio.ru/korea/korea-a.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:67"><p>Shores 1983, pp. 161–167. <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:68"><p>Imrie, Alex (1971). Pictorial history of the German Army Air Service 1914-1918. London: Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0200-2. OCLC 213232. <a href="0-7110-0200-2" target="_blank">0-7110-0200-2</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:69"><p>Treadwell, Terry C.; Alan C. Wood (2003). German fighter aces of World War One. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-2808-X. OCLC 52531842. <a href="0-7524-2808-X" target="_blank">0-7524-2808-X</a> <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:70"><p>Franks et al. 1997, p. 18. <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:71"><p>Shores, Christopher F. (1990). Above the trenches : a complete record of the fighter aces and units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915-1920. Norman L. R. Franks, Russell Guest. Ontario: Fortress. ISBN 0-948817-19-4. OCLC 22113328. <a href="0-948817-19-4" target="_blank">0-948817-19-4</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:72"><p>"Hall of Valor: Michael Arooth." Military Times. Retrieved: October 10, 2014. <a href="http://militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=22831" target="_blank">http://militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=22831</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:73"><p>Albert E. Conder (1994). The history of enlisted aerial gunnery, 1917-1991 : the men behind the guns (Limited ed.). Paducah, KY: Turner. ISBN 1-56311-167-5. OCLC 55871021. <a href="1-56311-167-5" target="_blank">1-56311-167-5</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:74"><p>"The Airmen's Stories: Sgt. F J Barker." Archived 2014-04-19 at the Wayback Machine Battle of Britain London Monument. Retrieved: April 17, 2014. <a href="http://www.bbm.org.uk/BarkerFJ.htm" target="_blank">http://www.bbm.org.uk/BarkerFJ.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:75"><p>Thomas 2012, p. 55. <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:76"><p>"Col. Charles DeBellevue." Archived 2009-09-12 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Air Force official web site. Retrieved: May 22, 2010. <a href="http://www.af.mil/information/heritage/person.asp?dec=&pid=123006474" target="_blank">http://www.af.mil/information/heritage/person.asp?dec=&pid=123006474</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:77"><p>"USAF Southeast Asia War Aces." Archived 2013-12-20 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of the United States Air Force, March 30, 2011. Retrieved: June 29, 2012. <a href="http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=18114" target="_blank">http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=18114</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:78"><p>"USS Constellation (CV 64)." Archived 2012-09-26 at the Wayback Machine United States Navy. Retrieved: June 29, 2012. <a href="http://www.navy.mil/navydata/nav_legacy.asp?id=69" target="_blank">http://www.navy.mil/navydata/nav_legacy.asp?id=69</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:79"><p>O'Connor 1986, pp. 190–91, 272, 324. <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:80"><p>Franks et al. 1993, p. 70. <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:81"><p>Shores et al. 1990, pp. 368, 390. <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:82"><p>Franks and Bailey 1992, p. 161. <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:83"><p>Air Cdre M Kaiser Tufail. "Alam's Speed-shooting Classic". Defencejournal.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2011. <a href="/wiki/Air_Cdre_M_Kaiser_Tufail" target="_blank">/wiki/Air_Cdre_M_Kaiser_Tufail</a> <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:84"><p>Fricker, John (1979). Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965. I. Allan. pp. 15–17. ISBN 9780711009295. <a href="9780711009295" target="_blank">9780711009295</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>Polmar, Norman; Bell, Dana (2003). One hundred years of world military aircraft. Naval Institute Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-59114-686-5. Mohammed Mahmood Alam claimed five victories against Indian Air Force Hawker Hunters, four of them in less than one minute! Alam, who ended the conflict with 9 kills, became history's only jet "ace-in-a-day." <a href="978-1-59114-686-5" target="_blank">978-1-59114-686-5</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>O' Nordeen, Lon (1985). Air Warfare in the Missile Age. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 84–87. ISBN 978-0-87474-680-8. <a href="978-0-87474-680-8" target="_blank">978-0-87474-680-8</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>