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MELOS
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Japan's aerospace agency (<a href="/facts/JAXA/ofUpflgf">JAXA</a>) started to develop the mission concept on 2008, when MELOS stood for "Mars Explorations with Landers and Orbiters" or "Mars Exploration with Lander-Orbiter Synergy" which included several landers to be deployed simultaneously, that were to study meteorology and atmospheric gas escape.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> The first MELOS concept would have consisted of an orbiter and up to 4 small landers; all elements would be launched together on the same rocket. The orbiter would study the atmosphere, its and interactions with the <a href="/facts/Solar_wind/BvuB3dT8">solar wind</a>, and image the current weather. Each of the four stationary landers would have been deployed on pre-determined landing sites and perform different measurements:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Orbiter — Meteorology</li> <li>Lander A — Surface</li> <li>Lander B — <a href="/facts/Astrobiology/GS1tFhrf">Astrobiology</a> —This lander would analyze soil near a <a href="/facts/Atmosphere_of_Mars/DKT5TMlY">methane vent</a>. The proposed method is to use <a href="/facts/Fluorochrome/wDWBmYhn">fluorochrome</a> dye and a microscope to stain and scan for <a href="/facts/Protein/Jxmagu3E">proteins</a> and cellular membranes. The target sensitivity would be 10 cells / 1 g of soil (compared to 104 cells / 1 g in Earth desert). It would also detect other organic <a href="/facts/Biosignature/vaG06nRB">biosignatures</a> or <a href="/facts/Biomolecule/DGvFzN7R">biomolecules</a>.</li> <li>Lander C — Interior</li> <li>Lander D — Sample return</li></ul> <p>By 2015, MELOS was down-scaled to a rover mission for an engineering demonstration,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> and possibly an <a href="/facts/Mars_aircraft/ogNpPHnh">aircraft</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Under the latest concept, MELOS stands for "Mars Exploration of Life and Organism Search". </p> <h2 id="rover">Rover</h2> <p>As of July 2015, the concept proposal includes a robotic rover whose primary objective is an engineering demonstration for long-range roving.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> Its secondary objective is science, specifically: meteorology, geology and <a href="/facts/Astrobiology/GS1tFhrf">astrobiology</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> The demonstration rover would use NASA's <a href="/facts/Mars_Science_Laboratory/yEARUMpM">sky crane system</a> for landing, and once on the surface, would deploy the MELOS rover. </p> <h3>Scientific objectives and payload</h3> <p>The scientific objectives of the mission include: <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> Meteorology <ul><li>Basic meteorological observations, dust devil observation and dust entrainment. Payload: thermometer, anemometer, barometer. Optional instruments include: a spectroscope for methane detection, a dust particle sensor, electromagnetic & sonic wave measurement of dust, and short range <a href="/facts/LIDAR/b9SPUmLM">LIDAR</a>.</li></ul> Geology <ul><li>Geological description of the landing site including interior layered deposits and subsurface structure of regolith. Payload: <a href="/facts/Ground_penetrating_radar/5pUWHTfP">ground penetrating radar</a> (10-50m depth), multi-band stereo cameras (400-980 nm), VIS-NIR <a href="/facts/Spectrometer/IqRE8xaQ">spectrometer</a> (10ｰ20 nm). Optional: Geochronology Instrument (<a href="/facts/Isochron_dating/SL0As6rJ">isochron dating method</a>).</li></ul> Astrobiology <ul><li>Identification of <a href="/facts/Biosignature/vaG06nRB">biosignatures</a> (current life from Mars or Earth). Payload: sample arm, <a href="/facts/Fluorescence_microscope/eMwIdrRR">fluorescence microscope</a> (using pigments to visualize living <a href="/facts/Cell_(biology)/bLM9UQvy">cells</a>), and an optional "daughter rover" to access samples in difficult places.</li></ul> <h2 id="aircraft">Aircraft</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Mars_aircraft/ogNpPHnh">Mars aircraft</a></p> <p>The mission concept also contemplates the optional deployment of a robotic airplane as a flight technology demonstrator.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> It would have a wing span of 1.2 m, mass of 2.1 kg and would be released at an altitude of 16,400 feet (5 km) during the entry and landing event. Its flight duration is estimated at 4 minutes, covering a distance of 25 km (16 mi). Its only scientific payload would be a camera. </p> <h2 id="proposed-landing-sites">Proposed landing sites</h2> <p>The proposed landing sites will target 'wet' environments and include <a href="/facts/Valles_Marineris/Yn3xDfDl">Valles Marineris</a> (Melas Chasm and Juvantae Chasm), located near the confirmed <a href="/facts/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes/n38qcelY">recurring slope lineae</a>, and <a href="/facts/Marte_Vallis/SqBfybeN">Marte Vallis</a> near <a href="/facts/Dark_slope_streak/GlwMCuuP">dark slope streaks</a>. <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Since the mission aims for access to a "special region", strict <a href="/facts/Planetary_protection/bmm2ye6s">planetary protection</a> sterilization protocols must be followed to prevent forward contamination of Earth microbes to Mars.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Astrobiology/GS1tFhrf">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)/PTq9l4CG">Akatsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Life_on_Mars/A14ye2It">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nozomi_(spacecraft)/3h8TJegL">Nozomi</a> - Mars flyby</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Miyamoto, Hirdy (ed.). Current plan of the MELOS, a proposed Japanese Mars mission (PDF). MEPAG meeting 2015. <a href="https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Satoh, Takehiko (February 2012), "MELOS: Japan's Mars Exploration Plan ~ Updates on MELOS" (PDF), MEPAG 2012, Washington D.C.: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-19, retrieved 2012-10-18 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219155150/http://mepag.nasa.gov/meeting/feb-12/day_1/09_MELOS_at_MEPAG_feb2012.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130219155150/http://mepag.nasa.gov/meeting/feb-12/day_1/09_MELOS_at_MEPAG_feb2012.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Sasaki, Sho (March 2009), "Japan's Mars Exploration Plan: MELOS", The 2009 MEPAG Meeting (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-20, retrieved 2012-10-17 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130220083629/http://mepag.nasa.gov/meeting/mar-09/MELOS_at_MEPAG_March2009.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130220083629/http://mepag.nasa.gov/meeting/mar-09/MELOS_at_MEPAG_March2009.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Satoh, Takehiko (February 2012), "MELOS: Japan's Mars Exploration Plan ~ Updates on MELOS" (PDF), MEPAG 2012, Washington D.C.: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-19, retrieved 2012-10-18 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219155150/http://mepag.nasa.gov/meeting/feb-12/day_1/09_MELOS_at_MEPAG_feb2012.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130219155150/http://mepag.nasa.gov/meeting/feb-12/day_1/09_MELOS_at_MEPAG_feb2012.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>MELOS: Japan's Mars Exploration Plan for 2020s. MEPAG in Lisbon, Portugal (16–17 June 2011) <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Miyamoto, Hirdy (ed.). Current plan of the MELOS, a proposed Japanese Mars mission (PDF). MEPAG meeting 2015. <a href="https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Miyamoto, Hirdy (ed.). Current plan of the MELOS, a proposed Japanese Mars mission (PDF). MEPAG meeting 2015. <a href="https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Hatakenaka, Ryuta; Fujita, Kazuhisa; Nonomura, Taku; Takai, Takai (12 July 2015). Preliminary Thermal Design of the Japanese Mars Rover (PDF). 45th International Conference on Environmental Systems. <a href="https://repositories.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/64503/ICES_2015_submission_247.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y" target="_blank">https://repositories.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/64503/ICES_2015_submission_247.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Miyamoto, Hirdy (ed.). Current plan of the MELOS, a proposed Japanese Mars mission (PDF). MEPAG meeting 2015. <a href="https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Miyamoto, Hirdy (ed.). Current plan of the MELOS, a proposed Japanese Mars mission (PDF). MEPAG meeting 2015. <a href="https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Miyamoto, Hirdy (ed.). Current plan of the MELOS, a proposed Japanese Mars mission (PDF). MEPAG meeting 2015. <a href="https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>FUJITA, Koji; NAGAI, Hiroki; OYAMA, Akira (2016). "A Parametric Study of Mars Airplane Concept for Science Mission on Mars". Trans. JSASS Aerospace Tech. Japan. 14 (ists30): Pk_83–Pk_88. Bibcode:2016JSAST..14.Pk83F. doi:10.2322/tastj.14.Pk_83. <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tastj/14/ists30/14_Pk_83/_pdf/-char/ja" target="_blank">https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tastj/14/ists30/14_Pk_83/_pdf/-char/ja</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Miyamoto, Hirdy (ed.). Current plan of the MELOS, a proposed Japanese Mars mission (PDF). MEPAG meeting 2015. <a href="https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Miyamoto, Hirdy (ed.). Current plan of the MELOS, a proposed Japanese Mars mission (PDF). MEPAG meeting 2015. <a href="https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf" target="_blank">https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/2015-02/08_MEPAG_Miyamoto_Final.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>