Benjamin K. Sovacool

<h2 id="education">Education</h2>
Sovacool has a bachelor's degree in Philosophy and Communication Studies (2001) from <a href="/facts/John_Carroll_University/02qv5vFc">John Carroll University</a>, master's degrees in Rhetoric (2003) from <a href="/facts/Wayne_State_University/DI8huwcr">Wayne State University</a> and in Science Policy (2005) <a href="/facts/Virginia_Tech/5nNYd0ur">Virginia Tech</a>, and a PhD (2006) in <a href="/facts/Science_and_Technology_Studies/gaxMPc6b">Science and Technology Studies</a> from Virginia Tech.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a>

<h2 id="career">Career</h2>
While at Virginia Tech, Sovacool worked as a graduate student on a grant from the National Science Foundation's Electric Power Networks Efficiency and Security Program analyzing the barriers to small-scale renewable electricity sources and distributed generation in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> He worked in research and advisory capacities for the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Semiconductor Materials and Equipment International, the Global Environment Facility, the World Bank Group, and the Union of Concerned Scientists.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a>
From 2007 until 2011 Sovacool was at the <a href="/facts/National_University_of_Singapore/vP3kw0ye">National University of Singapore</a>, where he led research projects supported by the MacArthur Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation investigating how to improve energy security for impoverished rural communities throughout Asia.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a>
Sovacool was an associate professor at <a href="/facts/Vermont_Law_School/rqRwclcm">Vermont Law School</a> and founded their Energy Security & Justice Program in 2011.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> In 2012, Sovacool was an Erasmus Mundus Visiting Scholar at <a href="/facts/Central_European_University/jcSSK1oU">Central European University</a> in Hungary. He consulted for the <a href="/facts/Asian_Development_Bank/BqGTRkyB">Asian Development Bank</a>, <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Development_Program/y3gpXUHD">United Nations Development Program</a>, and <a href="/facts/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Pacific/MEVtKbdd">United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a> He was awarded the Dedication to Diversity and Justice Award from the <a href="/facts/American_Bar_Association/LAP40u3p">American Bar Association</a> in 2015.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a>
In 2013, Sovacool was Director of the Center for Energy Technology and professor of business and social sciences at <a href="/facts/Aarhus_University/HV9RTWYH">Aarhus University</a> in <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> He is also Professor of Energy Policy at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Sussex/A1DtRNal">University of Sussex</a> in the United Kingdom.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a> Sovacool lectures on energy security, alternative and renewable energy, <a href="/facts/Environmental_economics/DdufVax9">environmental economics</a>, and energy policy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a>
In 2014, Sovacool became the founding <a href="/facts/Editor-in-chief/d76Qb3Tr">editor-in-chief</a> of <a href="/facts/Energy_Research_%2526_Social_Science/Excq5cTS">Energy Research & Social Science</a>, which explores the interactions between energy systems and society.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a>

<h2 id="publications">Publications</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Environmental_impact_of_wind_power/En9eT8fH">Environmental impact of wind power § Birds</a>
Sovacool has authored numerous academic articles and book chapters and has written opinion editorials for <a href="/facts/The_Wall_Street_Journal/9Pkf2cYK">The Wall Street Journal</a> and the <a href="/facts/San_Francisco_Chronicle/HV7h1xrr">San Francisco Chronicle</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> According to <a href="/facts/Google_Scholar/FhEwS2QM">Google Scholar</a> his scientific publication has (as of September 2022) an <a href="/facts/H-index/K9q5E93W">h-index</a> of 113.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a>
In 2007, Sovacool co-edited <a href="/facts/Energy_and_American_Society%3a_Thirteen_Myths/he6Qd3cK">Energy and American Society: Thirteen Myths</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> In 2008, he wrote <a href="/facts/The_Dirty_Energy_Dilemma/zyYCjMEH">The Dirty Energy Dilemma</a>: What’s Blocking Clean Power in the United States which was published by Praeger and won a 2009 Nautilus Book Award.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
In <a href="/facts/Contesting_the_Future_of_Nuclear_Power/wCUq87DP">Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power</a> (2011) Sovacool says, following a detailed analysis, that there is a "consensus among a broad base of independent, nonpartisan experts that nuclear power plants are a poor choice for producing electricity", and that "energy efficiency programs and renewable power technologies are better than nuclear power plants".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a> In 2016, Sovacool, Andrew Lawrence and Andrew Stirling published an article in Climate Policy claiming that pro-nuclear energy countries had acted more slowly to <a href="/facts/Climate_change_mitigation/GgkoeWMk">address climate change</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> Critics pointed out errors in the data the article was based on,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> and the authors <a href="/facts/Retractions_in_academic_publishing/CzuQwYg4">retracted</a> it, as the two errors "had the combined effect of invalidating key findings of this paper".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a>
In October 2020, Sovacool and Stirling published another article in <a href="/facts/Nature_Energy/pMzN2s8r">Nature Energy</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> analysing data from 123 countries over 25 years that again argues that pro-nuclear countries do not show significantly lower carbon emissions, and that in poorer countries nuclear programmes are associated with relatively higher carbon emissions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> The results have been disputed in two publications. Harrison Fell et al. analyzed the same data as Sovacool did, finding that "nuclear power and renewable energy are both associated with lower per capita CO2 emissions with effects of similar magnitude", and pointing out bias and basic statistical fallacies in the Sovacool publication - for example, arbitrarily choosing 1990-2004 and 2000-2014 periods for their analysis, incorrectly accepting their <a href="/facts/Null_hypothesis/C8NwSE9J">null hypothesis</a> when their analysis did not achieve <a href="/facts/Statistical_significance/PMxjdlAu">statistical significance</a> and other such issues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> <a href="/facts/Friedrich_Wagner/rHYgt0oK">Friedrich Wagner</a> investigated the CO2 emissions caused by nuclear and renewable power. His "results are in complete contradiction" with the Sovacool study.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> Sovacool and colleagues have challenged such publications, with a rebuttal in Nature Energy noting that "rather than finding any critical flaws in our analysis," such studies instead "have only effectively confirmed our own basis for raising critical questions about the assumptions of parity in the carbon reducing effects of nuclear and renewable strategies."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a>

<h3>Books</h3>
<ul><li>Sovacool, BK and <a href="/facts/Marilyn_A._Brown/aF8WJrp8">MA Brown</a> (Eds.) <a href="/facts/Energy_and_American_Society/he6Qd3cK">Energy and American Society</a>: Thirteen Myths (New York: Springer, 2007)</li>
<li>Sovacool, BK. <a href="/facts/The_Dirty_Energy_Dilemma/zyYCjMEH">The Dirty Energy Dilemma</a>: What’s Blocking Clean Power in the United States (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008)</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Miguel_Mendonca/DfSK9tTk">Mendonça, M</a>, D Jacobs, and BK Sovacool. Powering the Green Economy: The Feed-In Tariff Handbook, (London: Earthscan, 2009)</li>
<li>Sovacool, BK (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Energy Security (London: Routledge, 2010)</li>
<li>Sovacool, BK. <a href="/facts/Contesting_the_Future_of_Nuclear_Power/wCUq87DP">Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power</a>: A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy (London: World Scientific, 2011)</li>
<li>Brown, MA and BK Sovacool. <a href="/facts/Climate_Change_and_Global_Energy_Security/mGBkX14I">Climate Change and Global Energy Security</a>: Technology and Policy Options (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011)</li>
<li>Sovacool, BK and SV Valentine. The National Politics of Nuclear Power: Economics, Security, and Governance (London: Routledge, 2012)</li>
<li>Sovacool, BK and IM Drupady. Energy Access, Poverty, and Development: The Governance of Small-Scale Renewable Energy in Developing Asia (New York: Ashgate, 2012)</li>
<li>Sovacool, BK and CJ Cooper. The Governance of Energy Megaprojects: Politics, Hubris, and Energy Security (London: Edward Elgar, 2013)</li>
<li>Sovacool, BK. Energy & Ethics: Justice and the Global Energy Challenge (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2013)</li>
<li>Sovacool, BK, R Sidortsov, and B Jones. Energy Security, Equality and Justice (London: Routledge, 2013)</li>
<li>Halff, Antoine, J Rozhon and BK Sovacool (Eds.). Energy Poverty: Global Challenges and Local Solutions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014)</li>
<li>Sovacool, BK and MH Dworkin. Global Energy Justice: Principles, Problems, and Practices (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014)</li>
<li>Sovacool, BK (Ed.). Energy Security (London: Sage, Six Volumes, 2014)</li>
<li>Sovacool, BK (Ed.). Energy, Poverty, and Development (London: Routledge Critical Concepts in Development Studies Series, Four Volumes, 2014)</li>
<li>Sovacool, BK and <a href="/facts/Bj%25C3%25B6rn-Ola_Linn%25C3%25A9r/gagK31l7">BO Linnér</a>. The Political Economy of Climate Change Adaptation (Basingstoke UK/New York United States: Palgrave Macmillan and the Nature Publishing Group, 2015)</li>
<li>Sovacool, BK, MA Brown, and SV Valentine. Fact and Fiction in Global Energy Policy: Fifteen Contentious Questions (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016)</li>
<li>Van de Graaf, T, BK Sovacool, F Kern, A Ghosh, and MT Klare (Eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of the International Political Economy of Energy (Basingstoke UK/New York United States: Palgrave Macmillan Handbooks in International Political Economy Series, 2016)</li>
<li>Valentine, SV, MA Brown, and BK Sovacool. Empowering the Great Energy Transition: Policy for a Low-Carbon Future (New York: Columbia University Press, 2019)</li>
<li>Sovacool, BK. Visions of Energy Futures: Imagining and Innovating Low-Carbon Transitions (New York and London: Routledge, 2019).</li>
<li>Noel, L, J Kester, G Zarazua de Rubens, and BK Sovacool. Vehicle-to-Grid: A Sociotechnical Transition Beyond Electric Mobility (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2019).</li>
<li>Van de Graaf, T and BK Sovacool. Global Energy Politics (Oxford: Polity Press, 2020).</li></ul>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/100%2525_renewable_energy/48bvSvPd">100% renewable energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Renewable_energy_commercialization/NQyj7a7N">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Renewable_energy_in_developing_countries/1sE72SXF">Renewable energy in developing countries</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Comparisons_of_life-cycle_greenhouse_gas_emissions/v5nRjI70">Comparisons of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wKHreQ0AAAAJ">Benjamin Sovacool - Google Scholar Citations</a> - List of publications and citations</li>
<li><a href="https://www.bu.edu/igs/">Institute for Global Sustainability</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"BU Institute to Focus on Equity and Justice in the Climate Change Fight". Boston University. 2022-03-15. Retrieved 2022-11-09. <a href="https://www.bu.edu/articles/2022/ise-focuses-on-equity-and-justice-in-climate-change-fight/" target="_blank">https://www.bu.edu/articles/2022/ise-focuses-on-equity-and-justice-in-climate-change-fight/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"Benjamin Sovacool's academic curriculum". Aarhus University. 15 October 2020. <a href="https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/persons/benjamin-sovacool(fca10105-c4eb-4f0f-99a7-a354a8a8a47a)/cv.html?id=55652968" target="_blank">https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/persons/benjamin-sovacool(fca10105-c4eb-4f0f-99a7-a354a8a8a47a)/cv.html?id=55652968</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Grimes, Cathy (9 May 2019). "Benjamin Sovacool to receive the 2019 Graduate Alumni Achievement Award". Virginia Tech Daily. Retrieved 9 October 2020. <a href="https://vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2019/05/2019-grad-alumni-achievement-award.html" target="_blank">https://vtnews.vt.edu/articles/2019/05/2019-grad-alumni-achievement-award.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Vermont Law School (2013). "Benjamin K. Sovacool Biography". Archived from the original on 2013-05-28. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528180549/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/our_faculty/faculty_directory/benjamin_k_sovacool.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130528180549/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/our_faculty/faculty_directory/benjamin_k_sovacool.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Vermont Law School (2013). "Benjamin K. Sovacool Biography". Archived from the original on 2013-05-28. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528180549/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/our_faculty/faculty_directory/benjamin_k_sovacool.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130528180549/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/our_faculty/faculty_directory/benjamin_k_sovacool.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">"VT Law School Launches Energy Security & Justice Project". Vermont Law School. January 24, 2012. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313144152/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/News_and_Events/News_Releases/VT_Law_School_Launches_Energy_Security_and_Justice_Project.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120313144152/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/News_and_Events/News_Releases/VT_Law_School_Launches_Energy_Security_and_Justice_Project.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">"VT Law School Launches Energy Security & Justice Project". Vermont Law School. January 24, 2012. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313144152/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/News_and_Events/News_Releases/VT_Law_School_Launches_Energy_Security_and_Justice_Project.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120313144152/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/News_and_Events/News_Releases/VT_Law_School_Launches_Energy_Security_and_Justice_Project.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Vermont Law School (2013). "Benjamin K. Sovacool Biography". Archived from the original on 2013-05-28. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528180549/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/our_faculty/faculty_directory/benjamin_k_sovacool.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130528180549/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/our_faculty/faculty_directory/benjamin_k_sovacool.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">ABA. "Environment, Energy, and Resources Dedication to Diversity and Justice Award - Past Award Recipients". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-11. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040238/http://www.americanbar.org/groups/environment_energy_resources/awards/diversity_justice_award/past_recipients.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040238/http://www.americanbar.org/groups/environment_energy_resources/awards/diversity_justice_award/past_recipients.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Aarhus University q. "Professor Benjamin Sovacool". <a href="http://pure.au.dk/portal/en/persons/benjamin-sovacool(fca10105-c4eb-4f0f-99a7-a354a8a8a47a)/persons/benjamin-sovacool(fca10105-c4eb-4f0f-99a7-a354a8a8a47a).html" target="_blank">http://pure.au.dk/portal/en/persons/benjamin-sovacool(fca10105-c4eb-4f0f-99a7-a354a8a8a47a)/persons/benjamin-sovacool(fca10105-c4eb-4f0f-99a7-a354a8a8a47a).html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Aarhus University (2013). "Keynote speakers". PMA 2014 Conference. Archived from the original on 2013-09-12. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130912102600/http://icoa.au.dk/conferences-workshops/pma-2014-conference/keynote-speakers/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130912102600/http://icoa.au.dk/conferences-workshops/pma-2014-conference/keynote-speakers/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">University of Sussex. "Benjamin Sovacool joins Sussex Energy Group". <a href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sussexenergygroup/newsandevents/autumn2015news/bensovacool" target="_blank">http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sussexenergygroup/newsandevents/autumn2015news/bensovacool</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Vermont Law School (2013). "Benjamin K. Sovacool Biography". Archived from the original on 2013-05-28. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528180549/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/our_faculty/faculty_directory/benjamin_k_sovacool.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130528180549/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/our_faculty/faculty_directory/benjamin_k_sovacool.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">"Source details: Energy Research & Social Science". Scopus preview. Elsevier. Retrieved 2017-02-02. <a href="https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100325067" target="_blank">https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100325067</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">https://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy-research-and-social-science/news/energy-research-social-science-tops-recent-journal-rankings%7Ctitle= Energy Research & Social Science tops recent journal rankings <a href="https://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy-research-and-social-science/news/energy-research-social-science-tops-recent-journal-rankings%7Ctitle=" target="_blank">https://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy-research-and-social-science/news/energy-research-social-science-tops-recent-journal-rankings%7Ctitle=</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Vermont Law School (2013). "Benjamin K. Sovacool Biography". Archived from the original on 2013-05-28. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528180549/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/our_faculty/faculty_directory/benjamin_k_sovacool.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130528180549/http://www.vermontlaw.edu/our_faculty/faculty_directory/benjamin_k_sovacool.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"Benjamin Sovacool - User profile". Google Scholar. 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-20. <a href="https://scholar.google.se/citations?user=wKHreQ0AAAAJ&hl=sv&oi=ao" target="_blank">https://scholar.google.se/citations?user=wKHreQ0AAAAJ&hl=sv&oi=ao</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">Sioshansi, Fereidoon P. (December 2007). "Energy and American Society—Thirteen Myths, B. Sovacool, M. Brown (Eds.). Springer, Berlin (2007, ISBN: 978-1-4020-5563-8, 371pp., $79.95". Energy Policy. 35 (12): 6554–6555. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.08.008. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Pasqualetti, Martin J. (2008). "Review of Energy and American Society--Thirteen Myths, B. Sovacool, M. Brown (eds.)". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 8 (2): 504–505. doi:10.1080/00045600801944210. S2CID 128859012. <a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Pasqualetti" target="_blank">/wiki/Martin_J._Pasqualetti</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Curriculum Vitae: Dr. Benjamin K. Sovacool[permanent dead link] <a href="http://www.vermontlaw.edu/Documents/facultyCV/Sovacool-CV-2-page.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.vermontlaw.edu/Documents/facultyCV/Sovacool-CV-2-page.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Benjamin K. Sovacool (2011). Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power (PDF). World Scientific. pp. 248–250. doi:10.1142/7895. ISBN 978-981-4322-75-1. <a href="978-981-4322-75-1" target="_blank">978-981-4322-75-1</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Lawrence, Andrew; Sovacool, Benjamin; Stirling, Andrew (3 July 2016). "RETRACTED ARTICLE: Nuclear energy and path dependence in Europe's 'Energy union': coherence or continued divergence?". Climate Policy. 16 (5): 622–641. Bibcode:2016CliPo..16..622L. doi:10.1080/14693062.2016.1179616. (Retracted, see doi:10.1080/14693062.2016.1260249,  Retraction Watch) <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14693062.2016.1179616" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14693062.2016.1179616</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">"Pro-nuclear countries making slower progress on climate targets". Science News. 22 August 2016. Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823165928/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160822111807.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20160823165928/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160822111807.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">"Refutation of recent Climate Policy paper written by Lawrence, Sovacool & Stirling". 2 September 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2020. <a href="http://nukespp.blogspot.com/2016/09/refutation-of-recent-climate-policy.html" target="_blank">http://nukespp.blogspot.com/2016/09/refutation-of-recent-climate-policy.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Thompson, Nicholas (12 October 2016). "A Response to Lawrence, Sovacool, and Stirling". Retrieved 9 October 2020. <a href="https://thompson.energy/2016/10/12/a-response-to-lawrence-sovacool-and-stirling/" target="_blank">https://thompson.energy/2016/10/12/a-response-to-lawrence-sovacool-and-stirling/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Lawrence, Andrew; Sovacool, Benjamin; Stirling, Andrew (2016). "Authorial statement of article withdrawal" (PDF). Climate Policy. 16 (5): ri–rii. Bibcode:2016CliPo..16.....L. doi:10.1080/14693062.2016.1260249. S2CID 157939679. <a href="https://thompsondotenergy.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/lawrence-et-al-authorial-statement-of-article-withdrawal.pdf" target="_blank">https://thompsondotenergy.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/lawrence-et-al-authorial-statement-of-article-withdrawal.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Sovacool, Benjamin K.; Schmid, Patrick; Stirling, Andy; Walter, Goetz; MacKerron, Gordon (November 2020). "Differences in carbon emissions reduction between countries pursuing renewable electricity versus nuclear power" (PDF). Nature Energy. 5 (11): 928–935. Bibcode:2020NatEn...5..928S. doi:10.1038/s41560-020-00696-3. S2CID 225107514. <a href="http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/94288/12/Manuscript-August-13.pdf" target="_blank">http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/94288/12/Manuscript-August-13.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Vowles, Neil (5 October 2020). "Two's a crowd: Nuclear and renewables don't mix. Only the latter can deliver truly low carbon energy says new study". News. University of Sussex. Retrieved 9 October 2020. <a href="https://www.sussex.ac.uk/business-school/newsandevents/news?id=53376" target="_blank">https://www.sussex.ac.uk/business-school/newsandevents/news?id=53376</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Satherley, Dan (9 October 2020). "Nuclear power won't solve climate change - study". Newshub. Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084821/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/world/2020/10/nuclear-power-won-t-solve-climate-change-study.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084821/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/world/2020/10/nuclear-power-won-t-solve-climate-change-study.html</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Fell, Harrison; Gilbert, Alexander; Jenkins, Jesse; Mildenberger, Matto (8 January 2021). "Reply to 'Differences in Carbon Emissions Reduction between Countries Pursuing Renewable Electricity Versus Nuclear Power,' by Sovacool Et Al. (2020)". doi:10.2139/ssrn.3762762. S2CID 234183759. SSRN 3762762. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Wagner, Friedrich (2021-05-20). "CO2 emissions of nuclear power and renewable energies: a statistical analysis of European and global data". The European Physical Journal Plus. 136 (5): 562. Bibcode:2021EPJP..136..562W. doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01508-7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-021-01508-7" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjp%2Fs13360-021-01508-7</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Sovacool, Benjamin K.; Schmid, Patrick; Stirling, Andy; Walter, Goetz; MacKerron, Gordon (January 2022). "Reply to: Nuclear power and renewable energy are both associated with national decarbonization". Nature Energy. 7 (1): 30–31. Bibcode:2022NatEn...7...30S. doi:10.1038/s41560-021-00965-9. S2CID 246363862. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
</ol>

Benjamin K. Sovacool open-in-new

Benjamin K. Sovacool