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Agricultural robot
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<h2 id="general">General</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Fruit_picking/pq6vr4sU">Fruit picking</a> robots, <a href="/facts/Driverless_tractor/yWCpGBdG">driverless tractor</a> / sprayers, and <a href="/facts/Sheep_shearing/4Xelhyfz">sheep shearing</a> robots are designed to replace <a href="/facts/Labor_(economics)/RRlxNx0u">human labor</a>. In most cases, a lot of factors have to be considered (e.g., the size and color of the fruit to be picked) before the commencement of a task. Robots can be used for other <a href="/facts/Horticultural/m8qBLuT3">horticultural</a> tasks such as <a href="/facts/Pruning/7Tbb04v8">pruning</a>, <a href="/facts/Weeding/CYsIbbD3">weeding</a>, <a href="/facts/Pesticide_application/xuTAo6qu">spraying</a> and monitoring. Robots can also be used in <a href="/facts/Livestock/Quhv6GvP">livestock</a> applications (livestock robotics) such as <a href="/facts/Automatic_milking/bhDXsTYV">automatic milking</a>, washing and castrating. Robots like these have many benefits for the agricultural industry, including a higher quality of fresh produce, lower production costs, and a decreased need for manual labor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> They can also be used to automate manual tasks, such as weed or bracken spraying, where the use of <a href="/facts/Tractor/gNc7kb4a">tractors</a> and other human-operated vehicles is too dangerous for the operators. </p> <h2 id="designs">Designs</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Mechanical_engineering/cbId4fye">mechanical design</a> consists of an end effector, manipulator, and gripper. Several factors must be considered in the design of the <a href="/facts/Manipulator_(device)/gv3hVXGa">manipulator</a>, including the task, <a href="/facts/Economic_efficiency/I1M5B5GQ">economic efficiency</a>, and required motions. The <a href="/facts/End_effector/XsSbw5wa">end effector</a> influences the market value of the fruit and the <a href="/facts/Robot_end_effector/XsSbw5wa">gripper's</a> design is based on the <a href="/facts/Crop_(agriculture)/JoQKR5R8">crop</a> that is being harvested. </p> <h3>End effector</h3> <p>An <a href="/facts/End_effector/XsSbw5wa">end effector</a> in an agricultural robot is the device found at the end of the <a href="/facts/Robotic_arm/hGezrM9c">robotic arm</a>, used for various agricultural operations. Several different kinds of end effectors have been developed. In an agricultural operation involving <a href="/facts/Grape/HaCaS4bT">grapes</a> in <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a>, end effectors are used for harvesting, berry-thinning, spraying, and bagging. Each was designed according to the nature of the task and the shape and size of the target fruit. For instance, the end effectors used for harvesting were designed to grasp, cut, and push the bunches of grapes. </p><p><a href="/facts/Thinning/jzYG2FU6">Berry thinning</a> is another operation performed on the grapes, and is used to enhance the <a href="/facts/Market_value/fmXJAkhw">market value</a> of the grapes, increase the grapes' size, and facilitate the bunching process. For berry thinning, an end effector consists of an upper, middle, and lower part. The upper part has two plates and a rubber that can open and close. The two plates compress the grapes to cut off the <a href="/facts/Rachis/pqGhCDd5">rachis</a> branches and extract the <a href="/facts/Bunch_of_grapes/hNpla4IF">bunch of grapes</a>. The middle part contains a plate of needles, a compression spring, and another plate which has holes spread across its surface. When the two plates compress, the needles punch holes through the grapes. Next, the lower part has a cutting device which can cut the bunch to standardize its length. </p><p>For spraying, the end effector consists of a spray nozzle that is attached to a manipulator. In practice, producers want to ensure that the chemical liquid is evenly distributed across the bunch. Thus, the design allows for an even distribution of the chemical by making the nozzle move at a constant speed while keeping distance from the target. </p><p>The final step in grape production is the bagging process. The bagging end effector is designed with a bag feeder and two mechanical fingers. In the bagging process, the bag feeder is composed of slits which continuously supply bags to the fingers in an up and down motion. While the bag is being fed to the fingers, two leaf springs that are located on the upper end of the bag hold the bag open. The bags are produced to contain the grapes in bunches. Once the bagging process is complete, the fingers open and release the bag. This shuts the leaf springs, which seal the bag and prevent it from opening again.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p> <h3>Gripper</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Robot_end_effector/XsSbw5wa">gripper</a> is a grasping device that is used for harvesting the target crop. Design of the gripper is based on simplicity, low cost, and effectiveness. Thus, the design usually consists of two mechanical fingers that are able to move in <a href="/facts/Synchronization/L39sYwbr">synchrony</a> when performing their task. Specifics of the design depend on the task that is being performed. For example, in a procedure that required plants to be cut for harvesting, the gripper was equipped with a sharp blade. </p> <h3>Manipulator</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Manipulator_(device)/gv3hVXGa">manipulator</a> allows the <a href="/facts/Robot_end_effector/XsSbw5wa">gripper</a> and end effector to navigate through their environment. The manipulator consists of four-bar parallel links that maintain the gripper's position and height. The manipulator also can utilize one, two, or three <a href="/facts/Pneumatic_actuator/FQEH81rs">pneumatic actuators</a>. <a href="/facts/Pneumatic/QzkvCCpk">Pneumatic</a> <a href="/facts/Actuator/mF9qVJJR">actuators</a> are <a href="/facts/Pneumatic_motor/GmH8tW1U">motors</a> which produce <a href="/facts/Linear/fChtg3KC">linear</a> and <a href="/facts/Rotary_motion/PGcg3IY5">rotary</a> motion by converting <a href="/facts/Compressed_air/KEjxE7DG">compressed air</a> into <a href="/facts/Energy/wd8PrQM7">energy</a>. The pneumatic actuator is the most effective actuator for agricultural robots because of its high power-weight ratio. The most cost efficient design for the manipulator is the single actuator configuration, yet this is the least flexible option.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="development">Development</h2> <p>The first development of robotics in agriculture can be dated as early as the 1920s, with research to incorporate automatic vehicle guidance into agriculture beginning to take shape.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> This research led to the advancements between the 1950s and 60s of autonomous agricultural vehicles.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> The concept was not perfect however, with the vehicles still needing a cable system to guide their path.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> Robots in agriculture continued to develop as technologies in other sectors began to develop as well. It was not until the 1980s, following the development of the computer, that <a href="/facts/Machine_vision/8kvmXVcA">machine vision</a> guidance became possible.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>Other developments over the years included the harvesting of oranges using a robot both in France and the US.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>While robots have been incorporated in indoor industrial settings for decades, outdoor robots for the use of agriculture are considered more complex and difficult to develop. This is due to concerns over safety, but also over the complexity of picking crops subject to different environmental factors and unpredictability.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h3>Demand in the market</h3> <p>There are concerns over the amount of labor the agricultural sector needs. With an aging population, Japan is unable to meet the demands of the agricultural labor market.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Similarly, the United States currently depends on a large number of immigrant workers, but between the decrease in seasonal farmworkers and increased efforts to stop immigration by the government, they too are unable to meet the demand.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> Businesses are often forced to let crops rot due to an inability to pick them all by the end of the season.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Additionally, there are concerns over the growing population that will need to be fed over the next years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> Because of this, there is a large desire to improve agricultural machinery to make it more cost efficient and viable for continued use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h3>Current applications and trends</h3> <p>Much of the current research continues to work towards autonomous agricultural vehicles. This research is based on the advancements made in driver-assist systems and <a href="/facts/Autonomous_car/KXeFywXS">self-driving cars</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> </p><p>While robots have already been incorporated in many areas of agricultural farm work, they are still largely missing in the harvest of various crops. This has started to change as companies begin to develop robots that complete more specific tasks on the farm. The biggest concern over robots harvesting crops comes from harvesting soft crops such as strawberries which can easily be damaged or missed entirely.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> Despite these concerns, progress in this area is being made. According to Gary Wishnatzki, the co-founder of Harvest Croo Robotics, one of their strawberry pickers currently being tested in Florida can "pick a 25-acre field in just three days and replace a crew of about 30 farm workers".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Similar progress is being made in harvesting apples, grapes, and other crops.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> In the case of apple harvesting robots, current developments have been too slow to be commercially viable. Modern robots are able to harvest apples at a rate of one every five to ten seconds while the average human harvests at a rate of one per second.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>Another goal being set by agricultural companies <a href="/facts/Digital_agriculture/aY9FtyzI">involves the collection of data</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> There are rising concerns over the growing population and the decreasing labor available to feed them.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> Data collection is being developed as a way to increase productivity on farms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> AgriData is currently developing new technology to do just this and help farmers better determine the best time to harvest their crops by scanning fruit trees.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="applications">Applications</h2> <p>Robots have many fields of application in agriculture. Some examples and prototypes of robots include the Merlin Robot Milker, Rosphere, <a href="/facts/Harvest_Automation/3VDnDbys">Harvest Automation</a>, Orange Harvester, lettuce bot,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> and weeder. </p><p>According to David Gardner, chief executive of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, a robot can complete a complicated task if its repetitive and the robot is allowed to sit in a single place. Furthermore, robots that work on repetitive tasks (e.g. milking) fulfill their role to a consistent and particular standard.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>] </p> <ul><li>One case of a large scale use of robots in farming is the milk bot. It is widespread among British dairy farms because of its efficiency and nonrequirement to move. </li> <li>Another field of application is <a href="/facts/Horticulture/m8qBLuT3">horticulture</a>. One horticultural application is the development of RV100 by <a href="/facts/Harvest_Automation/3VDnDbys">Harvest Automation Inc.</a> RV 100 is designed to transport potted plants in a <a href="/facts/Greenhouse/VBHMUgfM">greenhouse</a> or outdoor setting. The functions of RV100 in handling and organizing potted plants include spacing capabilities, collection, and consolidation. The benefits of using RV100 for this task include high placement accuracy, <a href="/facts/Autonomous/5ne4C7N8">autonomous</a> outdoor and indoor function, and reduced <a href="/facts/Cost-of-production_theory_of_value/X9KEwfVy">production costs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li></ul> <p>Benefits of many applications may include ecosystem/environmental benefits, and reduced costs for labor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> (which may translate to reduced food costs),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> which may be of special importance for food production <a href="/facts/Local_food/QcEyCEpn">in regions</a> where there are labor shortages<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> (see above) or where labor is relatively expensive. Benefits also include the general advantages of <a href="/facts/Automation/3YlF2K5q">automation</a> such as in terms of productivity/availability<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> and increasing availability of human resources for other tasks or e.g. making work more engaging. </p> <h3>Examples and further applications</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Weed_control/CYsIbbD3">Weed control using lasers</a> (e.g. LaserWeeder by Carbon Robotics)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Precision_agriculture/gFFSu5tB">Precision agriculture</a> robots applying low amounts of herbicides and fertilizers with precision while <a href="/facts/Digital_agriculture/aY9FtyzI">mapping plant locations</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li>Picking robots are under development<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></li> <li>Vinobot and Vinoculer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li>LSU's AgBot<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></li> <li>Burro, a carrying and path following robot with the potential to expand into <a href="/facts/Fruit_picking/pq6vr4sU">picking</a> and <a href="/facts/Phytopathology/h6DTufWF">phytopathology</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Harvest_Automation/3VDnDbys">Harvest Automation</a> is a company founded by former <a href="/facts/IRobot/7jCFqc1j">iRobot</a> employees to develop robots for greenhouses<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li>Root AI has made a tomato-picking robot for use in greenhouses<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></li> <li>Strawberry picking robot from Robotic Harvesting<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> and Agrobot<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></li> <li>Small Robot Company developed a range of small agricultural robots, each one being focused on a particular task (weeding, spraying, drilling holes, ...) and controlled by an AI system<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li> <li>Agreenculture <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></li> <li>ecoRobotix has made a solar-powered weeding and spraying robot<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li>Blue River Technology has developed a farm implement for a tractor which only sprays plants that require spraying, reducing herbicide use by 90%<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></li> <li>Casmobot next generation slope mower<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></li> <li>Fieldrobot Event is a competition in mobile agricultural robotics<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></li> <li>HortiBot - A Plant Nursing Robot<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></li> <li>Lettuce Bot - Organic Weed Elimination and Thinning of Lettuce<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></li> <li>Rice planting robot developed by the Japanese National Agricultural Research Centre<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></li> <li>ROS Agriculture - Open source software for agricultural robots using the Robot Operating System<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></li> <li>The IBEX autonomous weed spraying robot for extreme terrain, under development<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/FarmBot/XuPxsU9D">FarmBot</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> Open Source <a href="/facts/CNC/B2c7UbaX">CNC</a> Farming<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></li> <li>VAE, under development by an Argentinean ag-tech startup, aims to become a universal platform for multiple agricultural applications, from precision spraying to livestock handling.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Australian_Centre_for_Field_Robotics/GRwdTtl7">ACFR</a> RIPPA: for spot spraying<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Australian_Centre_for_Field_Robotics/GRwdTtl7">ACFR</a> SwagBot; for livestock monitoring</li> <li><a href="/facts/Australian_Centre_for_Field_Robotics/GRwdTtl7">ACFR</a> Digital Farmhand: for spraying, weeding and seeding<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></li> <li>Thorvald - an autonomous modular multi-purpose agricultural robot developed by Saga Robotics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Agriculture portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/E-agriculture/oWABrnWR">E-agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Machine_vision/8kvmXVcA">Machine vision</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Agricultural_drones/HSeYXoPt">Agricultural drones</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <p> Media related to Agricultural robots at Wikimedia Commons </p> Look up <i>agrimation</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Cousins, David (24 February 2016). "Self-driving Ibex robot sprayer helps farmers safely tackle hills". Farmers Weekly. Retrieved 2016-03-22. <a href="http://www.fwi.co.uk/machinery/self-driving-ibex-robot-sprayer-helps-farmer-safely-tackle-hills.htm" target="_blank">http://www.fwi.co.uk/machinery/self-driving-ibex-robot-sprayer-helps-farmer-safely-tackle-hills.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Ackerman, Evan (12 November 2015). "Bosch's Giant Robot Can Punch Weeds to Death". IEEE. <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/bosch-deepfield-robotics-weed-control" target="_blank">https://spectrum.ieee.org/bosch-deepfield-robotics-weed-control</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Our Robots". ACFR Confluence. Archived from the original on 2020-05-09. Retrieved 2016-08-09. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509111306/https://confluence.acfr.usyd.edu.au/display/AGPub/Our+Robots" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200509111306/https://confluence.acfr.usyd.edu.au/display/AGPub/Our+Robots</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Craft, Andrew (1 March 2017). "Making it rain: Drones could be the future for cloud seeding". Fox News. Retrieved 24 May 2017. <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/tech/making-it-rain-drones-could-be-the-future-for-cloud-seeding/" target="_blank">https://www.foxnews.com/tech/making-it-rain-drones-could-be-the-future-for-cloud-seeding/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Anderson, Chris. "How Drones Came to Your Local Farm". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307163300/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/526491/agricultural-drones/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170307163300/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/526491/agricultural-drones/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Mazur, Michal (July 20, 2016). "Six Ways Drones Are Revolutionizing Agriculture". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 24 May 2017. <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601935/six-ways-drones-are-revolutionizing-agriculture/" target="_blank">https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601935/six-ways-drones-are-revolutionizing-agriculture/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Global Agriculture Robots Market Size By Type (Driverless Tractors, Automated Harvesting Machine, Others), By Application (Field Farming, Dairy Management, Indoor Farming, Others) By Geography Scope and Forecast (Report). 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