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B-cell activating factor
open-in-new
<h2 id="structure-and-function">Structure and function</h2> <p>BAFF is a <a href="/facts/Cytokine/SdWpWABH">cytokine</a> that belongs to the <a href="/facts/Tumor_necrosis_factor/7NWNIaCb">tumor necrosis factor</a> (TNF) ligand family. This cytokine is a ligand for receptors <a href="/facts/TNFRSF13B/ogcsJ8Yn">TNFRSF13B</a>/TACI, <a href="/facts/TNFRSF17/xRT7Dc2Q">TNFRSF17</a>/BCMA, and <a href="/facts/TNFRSF13C/ABTVgTxR">TNFRSF13C</a>/BAFF-R. This cytokine is expressed in <a href="/facts/B_cell/6Y1tgwwp">B cell</a> lineage cells, and acts as a potent B cell activator. It has been also shown to play an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of B cells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p><p>BAFF is a 285-amino acid long peptide <a href="/facts/Glycoprotein/bKPzzW7m">glycoprotein</a> which undergoes <a href="/facts/Glycosylation/VYEeQCRz">glycosylation</a> at residue 124. It is expressed as a membrane-bound type II <a href="/facts/Transmembrane_protein/0vQH5HrM">transmembrane protein</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> on various cell types including <a href="/facts/Monocyte/FW4NNMKM">monocytes</a>, <a href="/facts/Dendritic_cell/19KBuKFK">dendritic cells</a> and bone marrow stromal cells. The transmembrane form can be cleaved from the membrane, generating a soluble protein fragment. BAFF steady-state concentrations depend on B cells and also on the expression of BAFF-binding receptors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> BAFF is the natural ligand of three nonconventional <a href="/facts/Tumor_necrosis_factor_receptor/oXUH1YxS">tumor necrosis factor receptors</a> named <a href="/facts/TNFRSF13C/ABTVgTxR">BAFF-R</a> (BR3), <a href="/facts/TNFRSF13B/ogcsJ8Yn">TACI</a> (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor), and <a href="/facts/TNFRSF17/xRT7Dc2Q">BCMA</a> (B-cell maturation antigen), all of which have differing binding affinities for it. These receptors are expressed mainly on mature <a href="/facts/B_lymphocyte/6Y1tgwwp">B lymphocytes</a> and their expression varies in dependence of B cell maturation (TACI is also found on a subset of <a href="/facts/T-cell/5z6PQ9UN">T-cells</a> and BCMA on <a href="/facts/Plasma_cell/1fY4bFHR">plasma cells</a>). BAFF-R is involved in the positive regulation during B cell development.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> TACI binds worst since its affinity is higher for a protein similar to BAFF, called <a href="/facts/A_proliferation-inducing_ligand/uegHKyCY">a proliferation-inducing ligand</a> (APRIL). BCMA displays an intermediate binding phenotype and will work with either BAFF or APRIL to varying degrees. Signaling through BAFF-R and BCMA stimulates B lymphocytes to undergo proliferation and to counter <a href="/facts/Apoptosis/8dVzSm4y">apoptosis</a>. All these ligands act as homotrimers (i.e. three of the same molecule) interacting with homotrimeric receptors,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> although BAFF has been known to be active as either a hetero- or homotrimer (can aggregate into 60-mer depending on the primary structure of the protein).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="interactions">Interactions</h2> <p>B-cell activating factor has been shown to <a href="/facts/Protein-protein_interaction/etvm9Wmg">interact</a> with <a href="/facts/TNFRSF13B/ogcsJ8Yn">TNFRSF13B</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> <a href="/facts/TNFSF13/uegHKyCY">TNFSF13</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> <a href="/facts/TNFRSF13C/ABTVgTxR">TNFRSF13C</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/TNFRSF17/xRT7Dc2Q">TNFRSF17</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>Interaction between BAFF and BAFF-R activates classical and noncanonical <a href="/facts/NF-%25CE%25BAB/qcpt5vuQ">NF-κB</a> signaling pathways. This interaction triggers signals essential for the formation and maintenance of B cell, thus it is important for a B-cell survival.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="recombinant-production">Recombinant production</h2> <p>Human BLyS has been expressed and purified in E. Coli. The BLyS protein in the engineered bacteria can be as much as 50% to the bacteria's total protein content and still retains activity after a purification procedure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="clinical-significance">Clinical significance</h2> <p>As an immunostimulant, BAFF (BLyS, TALL-1) is necessary for maintaining normal immunity. Inadequate level of BAFF will fail to activate B cells to produce enough immunoglobulin and will lead to immunodeficiency. </p><p>Excessive level of BAFF causes abnormally high antibody production, results in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and many other autoimmune diseases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> Overexpression of BAFF also correlates with enhanced humoral immunity against malaria infection.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Belimumab/mUg9oAMF">Belimumab</a> (Benlysta) is a <a href="/facts/Monoclonal_antibody/4rUBWB87">monoclonal antibody</a> developed by <a href="/facts/Human_Genome_Sciences/26jq29wV">Human Genome Sciences</a> and <a href="/facts/GlaxoSmithKline/NrnnxFNW">GlaxoSmithKline</a>, with significant discovery input by <a href="/facts/Cambridge_Antibody_Technology/nmJbchSU">Cambridge Antibody Technology</a>, which specifically recognizes and inhibits the biological activity of B-Lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) and is in clinical trials for treatment of <a href="/facts/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus/kfHYawre">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a> and other autoimmune diseases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>BAFF has been found in renal transplant biopsies with acute <a href="/facts/Transplant_rejection/d9jSqs2x">rejection</a> and correlate with appearance <a href="/facts/Complement_component_4/nqX5xhav">C4d</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Increased levels of BAFF may initiate alloreactive B cell and <a href="/facts/T_cell/5z6PQ9UN">T cell</a> immunity, therefore may promote allograft rejection. Lower level of BAFF transcripts (or a higher level of soluble BAFF) show a higher risk of producing donor-specific antibodies in the investigated patients. Donor-specific antibodies bind with high affinity to the vascular <a href="/facts/Endothelium/L4ENFVnw">endothelium</a> of graft and activate <a href="/facts/Complementarity_(molecular_biology)/WQfqGlBJ">complement</a>. This process result in <a href="/facts/Neutrophil_granulocyte/KL6oTt8b">neutrophils</a> infiltration, <a href="/facts/Bleeding/CGyFMU0F">hemorrhage</a>, fibrin deposition and <a href="/facts/Platelet/I0xrDVGa">platelet</a> aggregation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> Targeting BAFF-R interactions may provide new therapeutic possibilities in <a href="/facts/Organ_transplantation/1jNvVJn6">transplantation</a>. </p><p><a href="/facts/Blisibimod/vgfzMHj1">Blisibimod</a>, a <a href="/facts/Fusion_protein/LCzaDz15">fusion protein</a> inhibitor of BAFF, is in development by <a href="/facts/Anthera_Pharmaceuticals/x9MVf51P">Anthera Pharmaceuticals</a>, also primarily for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p><p>BAFF may also be a new mediator of food-related inflammation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Higher levels of BAFF are present in non-atopic compared with atopic patients, and there is not any correlation between BAFF and IgE, suggesting that BAFF might be particularly involved in non-IgE-mediated reactions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> In patients with celiac disease, serum BAFF levels are reduced after a gluten-free diet.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> The same reduction could be present in the recently defined “Non Celiac Gluten sensitivity” (a reaction to gluten which provokes almost the same symptoms of celiac disease and could involve up to 20% of apparently healthy individuals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a>) BAFF is also a specific inducer of insulin resistance and can be a strong link between inflammation and diabetes or obesity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> BAFF gives the organism a sort of danger signal and usually, according to the evolutionary theories, every human being responds to danger activating thrifty genes in order to store fat and to avoid starvation. BAFF shares many activities with PAF (Platelet Activating Factor) and they are both markers of non-IgE-mediated reactions in food-reactivity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Nardelli B, Moore PA, Li Y, Hilbert DM (July 2002). "B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS): a therapeutic trichotomy for the treatment of B lymphocyte diseases". <i>Leukemia & Lymphoma</i>. 43 (7): 1367–73. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10428190290033297">10.1080/10428190290033297</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12389615">12389615</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2521553">2521553</a>.</li> <li>Zhou T, Zhang J, Carter R, Kimberly R (2003). "BLyS and B cell autoimmunity". <i>B Cell Biology in Autoimmunity</i>. Vol. 6. pp. 21–37. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000066854">10.1159/000066854</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-8055-7454-9. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12408045">12408045</a>. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)</li> <li>Stohl W (2005). "A therapeutic role for BLyS antagonists". <i>Lupus</i>. 13 (5): 317–22. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0961203304lu1019oa">10.1191/0961203304lu1019oa</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15230285">15230285</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40631500">40631500</a>.</li> <li>Quartuccio L, Fabris M, Ferraccioli G (2004). <a href="https://doi.org/10.4081%2Freumatismo.2004.143">"[B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) and monocytes: possible role in autoimmune diseases with a particular reference to rheumatoid arthritis]"</a>. <i>Reumatismo</i>. 56 (3): 143–6. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4081%2Freumatismo.2004.143">10.4081/reumatismo.2004.143</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15470519">15470519</a>.</li> <li>Sutherland AP, Mackay F, Mackay CR (December 2006). "Targeting BAFF: immunomodulation for autoimmune diseases and lymphomas". <i>Pharmacology & Therapeutics</i>. 112 (3): 774–86. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2006.06.002">10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.06.002</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16863659">16863659</a>.</li> <li>Bossen C, Schneider P (October 2006). <a href="https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_89872BC6E950.P001/REF.pdf">"BAFF, APRIL and their receptors: structure, function and signaling"</a> (PDF). <i>Seminars in Immunology</i>. 18 (5): 263–75. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.smim.2006.04.006">10.1016/j.smim.2006.04.006</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16914324">16914324</a>.</li> <li>Brink R (October 2006). "Regulation of B cell self-tolerance by BAFF". <i>Seminars in Immunology</i>. 18 (5): 276–83. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.smim.2006.04.003">10.1016/j.smim.2006.04.003</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16916609">16916609</a>.</li> <li>Tangye SG, Bryant VL, Cuss AK, Good KL (October 2006). "BAFF, APRIL and human B cell disorders". <i>Seminars in Immunology</i>. 18 (5): 305–17. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.smim.2006.04.004">10.1016/j.smim.2006.04.004</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16916610">16916610</a>.</li> <li>Treml LS, Crowley JE, Cancro MP (October 2006). "BLyS receptor signatures resolve homeostatically independent compartments among naïve and antigen-experienced B cells". <i>Seminars in Immunology</i>. 18 (5): 297–304. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.smim.2006.07.001">10.1016/j.smim.2006.07.001</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16919470">16919470</a>.</li> <li>Woodland RT, Schmidt MR, Thompson CB (October 2006). "BLyS and B cell homeostasis". <i>Seminars in Immunology</i>. 18 (5): 318–26. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.smim.2006.06.001">10.1016/j.smim.2006.06.001</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16931037">16931037</a>.</li> <li>Kalled SL (October 2006). "Impact of the BAFF/BR3 axis on B cell survival, germinal center maintenance and antibody production". <i>Seminars in Immunology</i>. 18 (5): 290–6. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.smim.2006.06.002">10.1016/j.smim.2006.06.002</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16931038">16931038</a>.</li> <li>Mackay F, Leung H (October 2006). "The role of the BAFF/APRIL system on T cell function". <i>Seminars in Immunology</i>. 18 (5): 284–9. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.smim.2006.04.005">10.1016/j.smim.2006.04.005</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16931039">16931039</a>.</li> <li>Bosello S, Pers JO, Rochas C, Devauchelle V, De Santis M, Daridon C, Saraux A, Ferraccioli GF, Youinou P (2007). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F039463200702000101">"BAFF and rheumatic autoimmune disorders: implications for disease management and therapy"</a>. <i>International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology</i>. 20 (1): 1–8. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F039463200702000101">10.1177/039463200702000101</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17346422">17346422</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46295467">46295467</a>.</li> <li>Mukhopadhyay A, Ni J, Zhai Y, Yu GL, Aggarwal BB (June 1999). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.23.15978">"Identification and characterization of a novel cytokine, THANK, a TNF homologue that activates apoptosis, nuclear factor-kappaB, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 274 (23): 15978–81. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.23.15978">10.1074/jbc.274.23.15978</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10347144">10347144</a>.</li> <li>Moore PA, Belvedere O, Orr A, Pieri K, LaFleur DW, Feng P, Soppet D, Charters M, Gentz R, Parmelee D, Li Y, Galperina O, Giri J, Roschke V, Nardelli B, Carrell J, Sosnovtseva S, Greenfield W, Ruben SM, Olsen HS, Fikes J, Hilbert DM (July 1999). "BLyS: member of the tumor necrosis factor family and B lymphocyte stimulator". <i>Science</i>. 285 (5425): 260–3. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.285.5425.260">10.1126/science.285.5425.260</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10398604">10398604</a>.</li> <li>Tribouley C, Wallroth M, Chan V, Paliard X, Fang E, Lamson G, Pot D, Escobedo J, Williams LT (December 1999). "Characterization of a new member of the TNF family expressed on antigen presenting cells". <i>Biological Chemistry</i>. 380 (12): 1443–7. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FBC.1999.186">10.1515/BC.1999.186</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10661873">10661873</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26187605">26187605</a>.</li> <li>Gross JA, Johnston J, Mudri S, Enselman R, Dillon SR, Madden K, Xu W, Parrish-Novak J, Foster D, Lofton-Day C, Moore M, Littau A, Grossman A, Haugen H, Foley K, Blumberg H, Harrison K, Kindsvogel W, Clegg CH (April 2000). "TACI and BCMA are receptors for a TNF homologue implicated in B-cell autoimmune disease". <i>Nature</i>. 404 (6781): 995–9. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.404..995G">2000Natur.404..995G</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35010115">10.1038/35010115</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10801128">10801128</a>. <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4323357">4323357</a>.</li> <li>Shu HB, Johnson H (August 2000). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16838">"B cell maturation protein is a receptor for the tumor necrosis factor family member TALL-1"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 97 (16): 9156–61. <a href="/facts/Bibcode_(identifier)/9HtdQSGB">Bibcode</a>:<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...97.9156S">2000PNAS...97.9156S</a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.160213497">10.1073/pnas.160213497</a>. <a href="/facts/PMC_(identifier)/dX1zMt71">PMC</a> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16838">16838</a>. <a href="/facts/PMID_(identifier)/JlHAvMHt">PMID</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10908663">10908663</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=B-Cell+Activating+Factor">B-Cell+Activating+Factor</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/facts/Medical_Subject_Headings/C57g2JuF">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li>Human <a href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&singleSearch=knownCanonical&position=DTL"><i>DTL</i></a> genome location and <a href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGene?db=hg38&hgg_type=knownGene&hgg_gene=DTL"><i>DTL</i></a> gene details page in the <a href="/facts/UCSC_Genome_Browser/kwumPyLb">UCSC Genome Browser</a>.</li> <li>Human <a href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&singleSearch=knownCanonical&position=TNFSF13B"><i>TNFSF13B</i></a> genome location and <a href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGene?db=hg38&hgg_type=knownGene&hgg_gene=TNFSF13B"><i>TNFSF13B</i></a> gene details page in the <a href="/facts/UCSC_Genome_Browser/kwumPyLb">UCSC Genome Browser</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Shu HB, Hu WH, Johnson H (May 1999). 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