GNU Project

<h2 id="origins">Origins</h2>
Richard Stallman announced his intent to start coding the GNU Project in a <a href="/facts/Usenet/lYJWFBR6">Usenet</a> message in September 1983.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> Despite never having used Unix prior, Stallman felt that it was the most appropriate system design to use as a basis for the GNU Project, as it was portable and "fairly clean".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a>
When the GNU Project first started they had an <a href="/facts/Emacs/BvGxuAxQ">Emacs</a> <a href="/facts/Text_editor/jPCgtbvN">text editor</a> with <a href="/facts/Lisp_(programming_language)/xJHA3CrX">Lisp</a> for writing editor commands, a source level <a href="/facts/Debugger/mCe6UsWj">debugger</a>, a <a href="/facts/Yacc/sXp5I7Tw">yacc</a>-compatible <a href="/facts/Parsing/nRKB01S3">parser</a> generator, and a <a href="/facts/Linker_(computing)/pn1hztYe">linker</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a> The GNU system required its own <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a> <a href="/facts/Compiler/WNfCDFJe">compiler</a> and tools to be free software, so these also had to be developed. By June 1987, the project had accumulated and developed free software for an <a href="/facts/Assembly_language/7XuV0cla">assembler</a>, an almost finished portable optimizing C compiler (<a href="/facts/GNU_Compiler_Collection/t07jh01k">GCC</a>), an editor (<a href="/facts/GNU_Emacs/MPxf7qRC">GNU Emacs</a>), and various Unix utilities (such as <a href="/facts/Ls/5GsH3v2a">ls</a>, <a href="/facts/Grep/PdGQeFfD">grep</a>, <a href="/facts/Awk/lAQ0leyj">awk</a>, <a href="/facts/Make_(software)/5q1DQ4ot">make</a> and <a href="/facts/GNU_linker/pn1hztYe">ld</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a> They had an initial kernel that needed more updates.
Once the <a href="/facts/Kernel_(operating_system)/uEj4U3Rz">kernel</a> and the compiler were finished, GNU was able to be used for <a href="/facts/Software_development_process/cIDtuNPN">program development</a>. The main goal was to create many other applications to be like the Unix system. GNU was able to run Unix programs but was not identical to it. GNU incorporated longer file names, file version numbers, and a crash-proof file system. The GNU Manifesto was written to gain support and participation from others for the project. Programmers were encouraged to take part in any aspect of the project that interested them. People could donate funds, computer parts, or even their own time to write code and programs for the project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a>
The origins and development of most aspects of the GNU Project (and free software in general) are shared in a detailed narrative in the Emacs help system. (C-h g runs the Emacs editor command describe-gnu-project.) It is the same detailed history as at their web site.

<h2 id="gnu-manifesto">GNU Manifesto</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/GNU_Manifesto/S5DdSmsj">GNU Manifesto</a>
The GNU Manifesto was written by Richard Stallman to gain support and participation in the GNU Project. In the GNU Manifesto, Stallman listed four freedoms essential to software users: freedom to run a program for any purpose, freedom to study the mechanics of the program and modify it, freedom to redistribute copies, and freedom to improve and change modified versions for public use.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> To implement these freedoms, users needed full access to the <a href="/facts/Source_code/o9J6Jv23">source code</a>. To ensure code remained free and provide it to the public, Stallman created the <a href="/facts/GNU_General_Public_License/S75KhLSX">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL), which allowed software and the future generations of code derived from it to remain free for public use.

<h2 id="philosophy-and-activism">Philosophy and activism</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Free_software_movement/aLlvF4D4">Free software movement</a>
Although most of the GNU Project's output is technical in nature, it was launched as a social, ethical, and political initiative. As well as producing software and licenses, the GNU Project has published a number of writings, the majority of which were authored by Richard Stallman.

<h2 id="free-software">Free software</h2>
The GNU Project uses software that is free for users to copy, edit, and distribute. It is free in the sense that users can change the software to fit individual needs. The way programmers obtain the free software depends on where they get it. The software could be provided to the programmer from friends or over the Internet, or the company a programmer works for may purchase the software.

<h2 id="funding">Funding</h2>
Proceeds from <a href="/facts/Free_Software_Foundation/k0sBmw7y">Free Software Foundation</a> associate members, purchases, and donations support the GNU Project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a>

<h2 id="copyleft">Copyleft</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Copyleft/DHjTyl7C">Copyleft</a>
<a href="/facts/Copyleft/DHjTyl7C">Copyleft</a> is what helps maintain free use of this software among other programmers. Copyleft gives the legal right to everyone to use, edit, and redistribute programs or programs' code as long as the distribution terms do not change. As a result, any user who obtains the software legally has the same freedoms as the rest of its users do.
The GNU Project and the <a href="/facts/Free_Software_Foundation/k0sBmw7y">Free Software Foundation</a> sometimes differentiate between "strong" and "weak" copyleft. "Weak" copyleft programs typically allow distributors to link them together with non-free programs, while "strong" copyleft strictly forbids this practice. Most of the GNU Project's output is released under a strong copyleft, although some is released under a weak copyleft or a lax, push-over free software license.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a>

<h2 id="operating-system-development">Operating system development</h2>

Main article: <a href="/facts/GNU/HlAKKBdt">GNU</a>
The first goal of the GNU Project was to create a whole free-software operating system. Because UNIX was already widespread and ran on more powerful machines, compared to contemporary <a href="/facts/CP%2fM/n5rTgXdC">CP/M</a> or <a href="/facts/MS-DOS/fVrrz1uN">MS-DOS</a> machines of time,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> it was decided it would be a Unix-like operating system. Richard Stallman later commented that he considered MS-DOS "a toy".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a>
By 1992, the GNU Project had completed all of the major operating system utilities, but had not completed their proposed <a href="/facts/Kernel_(operating_system)/uEj4U3Rz">operating system kernel</a>, <a href="/facts/GNU_Hurd/LU1mHe5M">GNU Hurd</a>. With the release of the <a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a>, started independently by <a href="/facts/Linus_Torvalds/EdDKP534">Linus Torvalds</a> in 1991, and released under the GPLv2 with version 0.12 in 1992, for the first time it was possible to run an operating system composed completely of free software. Though the Linux kernel is not part of the GNU Project, it was developed using <a href="/facts/GNU_Compiler_Collection/t07jh01k">GCC</a> and other GNU programming tools and was released as free software under the <a href="/facts/GNU_General_Public_License/S75KhLSX">GNU General Public License</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a> Most compilation of the Linux kernel is still done with GNU toolchains, but it is currently possible to use the <a href="/facts/Clang/MH7cjC67">Clang</a> compiler and the <a href="/facts/LLVM/nPmcspQN">LLVM</a> toolchain for compilation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a>
As of present, the GNU Project has not released a version of <a href="/facts/GNU%2fHurd/LU1mHe5M">GNU/Hurd</a> that is suitable for production environments since the commencement of the GNU/Hurd project over 34 years ago.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a>

<h2 id="gnulinux">GNU/Linux</h2>
A stable version (or variant) of GNU can be run by combining the GNU packages with the <a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a>, making a functional <a href="/facts/Unix-like/YAKrAxzd">Unix-like</a> system. The GNU Project calls this GNU/Linux, and the defining features are the combination of:

<ul><li>GNU packages<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> (except for GNU Hurd) The GNU packages consist of numerous operating system tools and utilities (<a href="/facts/Bash_(Unix_shell)/RrYLtEJT">shell</a>, <a href="/facts/GNU_Core_Utilities/Q9cop5U5">coreutils</a>, compilers, libraries, etc.)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a> including a library implementation of all of the functions specified in <a href="/facts/POSIX/mQkSt234">POSIX</a> System Application Program Interface (POSIX.1).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> The GCC compiler can generate machine-code for a large variety of computer-architectures.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a> – this implements program scheduling, multitasking, device drivers, memory management, etc. and allows the system to run on a large <a href="/facts/List_of_Linux-supported_computer_architectures/8u481K8f">variety of computer-architectures</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> <a href="/facts/Linus_Torvalds/EdDKP534">Linus Torvalds</a> released the <a href="/facts/Linux_kernel/dlkduHuA">Linux kernel</a> under the <a href="/facts/GNU_General_Public_License/S75KhLSX">GNU General Public License</a> in 1992;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> it is however not part of the GNU Project.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a></li>
<li>non-GNU programs – various free software packages which are not a part of the GNU Project but are released under the <a href="/facts/GNU_General_Public_License/S75KhLSX">GNU General Public License</a> or another <a href="/facts/Free_software_license/BACv1rju">FSF-approved Free Software License</a>.</li></ul>
Within the GNU website, a list of projects is laid out and each project has specifics for what type of developer is able to perform the task needed for a certain piece of the GNU Project. The skill level ranges from project to project but anyone with background knowledge in programming is encouraged to support the project.
The packaging of GNU tools, together with the Linux kernel and other programs, is usually called a <a href="/facts/Linux_distribution/0vVl4N4f">Linux distribution</a> (distro). The GNU Project calls the combination of GNU and the Linux kernel "GNU/Linux", and asks others to do the same,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a> resulting in the <a href="/facts/GNU%2fLinux_naming_controversy/6GdGYNwt">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a>.
Most Linux distros combine GNU packages with a Linux kernel which contains proprietary <a href="/facts/Binary_blobs/MQPltF0B">binary blobs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a>

<h3>GNU Free System Distribution Guidelines</h3>

The GNU Free System Distribution Guidelines (GNU FSDG) is a system distribution commitment that explains how an installable system distribution (such as a Linux distribution) qualifies as free (libre), and helps distribution developers make their distributions qualify.
The list mostly describes distributions that are a combination of GNU packages with a <a href="/facts/Linux-libre/nTX8015X">Linux-libre</a> kernel (a modified Linux kernel that removes binary blobs, obfuscated code, and portions of code under proprietary licenses) and consist only of free software (eschewing proprietary software entirely).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> Distributions that have adopted the GNU FSDG include <a href="/facts/Dragora_GNU%2fLinux-Libre/r7NSrpnp">Dragora GNU/Linux-Libre</a>, <a href="/facts/GNU_Guix_System/VABly4Ag">GNU Guix System</a>, <a href="/facts/Hyperbola_GNU%2fLinux-libre/MIdU8M3f">Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre</a>, <a href="/facts/Parabola_GNU%2fLinux-libre/Uyo47RL7">Parabola GNU/Linux-libre</a>, <a href="/facts/Trisquel_GNU%2fLinux/azgaRbbz">Trisquel GNU/Linux</a>, <a href="/facts/PureOS/rXGubgcc">PureOS</a>, and a few others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a>
The Fedora Project's distribution license guidelines were used as a basis for the FSDG.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> The Fedora Project's own guidelines, however, currently do not follow the FSDG, and thus the GNU Project does not consider <a href="/facts/Fedora_Linux/LJ2ocge5">Fedora</a> to be a fully free (libre) GNU/Linux distribution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>

<h2 id="strategic-projects">Strategic projects</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Free_Software_Foundation/k0sBmw7y">Free Software Foundation § High priority projects</a>, and <a href="/facts/GNU_toolchain/8BfT9wfD">GNU toolchain</a>
From the mid-1990s onward, with many companies investing in free software development, the <a href="/facts/Free_Software_Foundation/k0sBmw7y">Free Software Foundation</a> redirected its funds toward the legal and political support of free software development. Software development from that point on focused on maintaining existing projects, and starting new projects only when there was an acute threat to the <a href="/facts/Free_software_community/aLlvF4D4">free software community</a>. One of the most notable projects of the GNU Project is the <a href="/facts/GNU_Compiler_Collection/t07jh01k">GNU Compiler Collection</a>, whose components have been adopted as the standard compiler system on many <a href="/facts/Unix-like/YAKrAxzd">Unix-like</a> systems.
The copyright of most works by the GNU Project is owned by the Free Software Foundation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a>

<h3>GNOME</h3>
The <a href="/facts/GNOME/EFMNBmpR">GNOME</a> desktop effort was launched by the GNU Project because another desktop system, <a href="/facts/KDE/PCh32IWA">KDE</a>, was becoming popular but required users to install <a href="/facts/Qt_(toolkit)/gVhwlQnJ">Qt</a>, which was then <a href="/facts/Proprietary_software/9zcskxYL">proprietary software</a>. To prevent people from being tempted to install KDE and Qt, the GNU Project simultaneously launched two projects. One was the <a href="/facts/Harmony_toolkit/hyrE36cI">Harmony toolkit</a>. This was an attempt to make a free software replacement for Qt. Had this project been successful, the perceived problem with the KDE would have been solved. The second project was GNOME, which tackled the same issue from a different angle. It aimed to make a replacement for KDE that had no dependencies on proprietary software. The Harmony project did not make much progress, but GNOME developed very well. Eventually, the proprietary component that KDE depended on (<a href="/facts/Qt_(toolkit)/gVhwlQnJ">Qt</a>) was released as free software.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> GNOME has since dissociated itself from the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation, and is now independently managed by the <a href="/facts/GNOME_Project/DATrJNtU">GNOME Project</a>.

<h3>GNU Enterprise</h3>
GNU Enterprise (GNUe) was a meta-project started in 1996,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> and can be regarded as a sub-project of the GNU Project. GNUe's goal is to create <a href="/facts/Free_software/IaoVtJXn">free</a> "enterprise-class data-aware applications" (<a href="/facts/Enterprise_resource_planner/IHhjWH4z">enterprise resource planners</a>, etc.). GNUe is designed to collect Enterprise software for the GNU system in a single location (much like the GNOME project collects Desktop software),it was later Decommissioned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a>

<h2 id="recognition">Recognition</h2>
In 2001, the GNU Project received the <a href="/facts/USENIX_Lifetime_Achievement_Award/2wz6aQwq">USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award</a> for "the ubiquity, breadth, and quality of its freely available redistributable and modifiable software, which has enabled a generation of research and commercial development".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>

<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li>Free and open-source software portal</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Free_Software_Foundation/k0sBmw7y">Free Software Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/GNU_Free_Documentation_License/IhVHF3zP">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/List_of_GNU_packages/5JajRxQo">List of GNU packages</a></li>
<li><a href="/facts/9965_GNU/pAJdhsVB">9965 GNU</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>
<ul><li><a href="https://www.gnu.org/">Official website</a> </li>
<li><a href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU">The GNU Free Software Directory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/gnue/">GNU Enterprise</a></li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">"What is GNU?". The GNU Operating System. Free Software Foundation. September 4, 2009. Archived from the original on 2004-04-02. Retrieved 2009-10-09. The name "GNU" is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix!"; it is pronounced g-noo, as one syllable with no vowel sound between the g and the n. <a href="https://gnu.org/" target="_blank">https://gnu.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">"The GNU Manifesto". Free Software Foundation. July 21, 2007. Archived from the original on 2018-07-14. Retrieved 2015-10-08. <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Torvalds, Linus Benedict (August 1991). "comp.os.minix". Archived from the original on 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2009-09-06. <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b" target="_blank">https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">"z-archive of Linux version 0.99". The Linux Kernel Archives. December 1992. Archived from the original on 2017-01-30. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130050958/ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/v0.99/linux-0.99.tar.Z" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170130050958/ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/v0.99/linux-0.99.tar.Z</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">Balsa, Andrew D. "The linux-kernel mailing list FAQ". The Linux Kernel Archives. Kernel.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2013-06-13. ...we have tried to use the word "Linux" or the expression "Linux kernel" to designate the kernel, and GNU/Linux to designate the entire body of GNU/GPL'ed OS software,... ...many people forget that the linux kernel mailing list is a forum for discussion of kernel-related matters, not GNU/Linux in general... <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001231709/http://vger.kernel.org/lkml/#s1-1" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20121001231709/http://vger.kernel.org/lkml/#s1-1</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Mark Shuttleworth (14 February 2014). "Losing graciously". Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014. today our focus is on the cloud and on mobile, and we are quite clearly leading GNU/Linux on both fronts <a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" target="_blank">/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Richard Stallman. "new Unix implementation". Archived from the original on 2011-01-22. Retrieved 2013-09-27. <a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/net.unix-wizards/8twfRPM79u0/1xlglzrWrU0J" target="_blank">https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/net.unix-wizards/8twfRPM79u0/1xlglzrWrU0J</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Stallman, Richard (2022). "How I do my computing". Archived from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved January 31, 2023. <a href="https://stallman.org/cgi-bin/showpage.cgi?path=/stallman-computing.html&term=unix&type=norm&case=0" target="_blank">https://stallman.org/cgi-bin/showpage.cgi?path=/stallman-computing.html&term=unix&type=norm&case=0</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Wardrip-Fruin, Noah; and Nick Montfort. "The GNU Manifesto". The NewMediaReader. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT, 2003. pp.545–550. <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">"GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 3". gnu.org. June 1987. Archived from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2014-04-18. <a href="https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull3.html#SEC11" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull3.html#SEC11</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">"The GNU Manifesto". Free Software Foundation. July 21, 2007. Archived from the original on 2018-07-14. Retrieved 2015-10-08. <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Stallman, Richard (March 1985). "The GNU Manifesto – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation (FSF)". gnu.org. GNU Project. Archived from the original on 2018-07-14. Retrieved 2011-10-18. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" target="_blank">/wiki/Richard_Stallman</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Weber, S. (2004). The Success of Open Source. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">Helping the GNU Project and the Free Software Movement – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation Archived 2015-12-25 at the Wayback Machine. gnu.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-17. <a href="https://www.gnu.org/help/help.html#funds" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/help/help.html#funds</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">"Ncurses". wiki.freedesktop.org. Archived from the original on 2021-03-22. Retrieved 2019-03-18. It is one of the few GNU files not distributed under the GNU General Public License or GNU Lesser General Public License; it is distributed under a license like the X11 License <a href="https://wiki.freedesktop.org/www/Ncurses/" target="_blank">https://wiki.freedesktop.org/www/Ncurses/</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">"Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library". GNU. Archived from the original on 2007-11-26. Retrieved 2019-03-18. There are reasons that can make it better to use the Lesser GPL in certain cases. <a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">"GNU's Bulletin Volume 1 No.1". February 1986. Archived from the original on 2015-06-23. Retrieved 2020-08-16. <a href="https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull1.txt" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull1.txt</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">"Richard Stallman: Freedom". Radio New Zealand. August 9, 2008. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2020. <a href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/saturday/audio/1699424/richard-stallman-freedom" target="_blank">https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/saturday/audio/1699424/richard-stallman-freedom</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Linus Benedict Torvalds (August 26, 1991). "What would you like to see most in minix?". comp.os.minix. Archived from the original on April 30, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2016. <a href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/browse_thread/thread/76536d1fb451ac60/b813d52cbc5a044b" target="_blank">https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/browse_thread/thread/76536d1fb451ac60/b813d52cbc5a044b</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">The Kernel Development Community. "Building Linux with Clang/LLVM". The Linux Kernel Docs. Archived from the original on 2022-09-27. Retrieved 2022-10-08. <a href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.8/kbuild/llvm.html" target="_blank">https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.8/kbuild/llvm.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:22">"All GNU packages". gnu.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2014-04-18. <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/software.html#allgnupkgs" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/software/software.html#allgnupkgs</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:24">"All GNU packages". gnu.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2014-04-18. <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/software.html#allgnupkgs" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/software/software.html#allgnupkgs</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">GNU @ Free Software Directory Archived 2015-12-05 at the Wayback Machine (fsf.org) <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU" target="_blank">http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:27">GNU C Library#A temporary fork <a href="/wiki/GNU_C_Library#A_temporary_fork" target="_blank">/wiki/GNU_C_Library#A_temporary_fork</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">GCC Architectures <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection#Architectures" target="_blank">/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection#Architectures</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:31">Should the GNU/name convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed? Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#allgpled" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#allgpled</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Why do you write “GNU/Linux” instead of “GNU Linux”? Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#whyslash" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#whyslash</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds' work as GNU? Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#claimlinux" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#claimlinux</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Does Linus Torvalds agree that Linux is just the kernel? Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman <a href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#linusagreed" target="_blank">https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html#linusagreed</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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</ol>

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GNU Project