Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Math rock
open-in-new
<h2 id="history-and-precursors">History and precursors</h2> <p>The albums <i><a href="/facts/Red_(King_Crimson_album)/7S2l1SW9">Red</a></i> and <i><a href="/facts/Discipline_(King_Crimson_album)/qNRAJoEq">Discipline</a></i> by <a href="/facts/King_Crimson/3HnVf2eP">King Crimson</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> as well as <i><a href="/facts/Spiderland/fPIkbRuq">Spiderland</a></i> by <a href="/facts/Slint/BekKDb0D">Slint</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> are generally considered seminal influences on the development of math rock. The Canadian <a href="/facts/Punk_rock/voBjpcpS">punk rock</a> group <a href="/facts/Nomeansno/5BWEfRFf">Nomeansno</a> (founded in 1979 and inactive as of 2016) have been cited by music critics as a "secret influence" on math rock,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> predating much of the genre's development by more than a decade. An even more avant-garde group of the same era, <a href="/facts/Massacre_(experimental_band)/nnqRdEv8">Massacre</a>, featured the guitarist <a href="/facts/Fred_Frith/aqRexN8a">Fred Frith</a> and the bassist <a href="/facts/Bill_Laswell/GXJp4j9I">Bill Laswell</a>. With some influence from the rapid-fire energy of punk, Massacre's influential music used complex rhythmic characteristics. <a href="/facts/Black_Flag_(band)/7kW3GV3k">Black Flag</a>'s 1984 album, <i><a href="/facts/My_War/PX95eQXn">My War</a></i>, also included unusual <a href="/facts/Polyrhythm/l9mf37ah">polyrhythms</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p><p>Two songs on <a href="/facts/Yes_(band)/JvrFWLEl">Yes</a>' album <i><a href="/facts/Fragile_(Yes_album)/eqr2fSAl">Fragile</a></i> (1971) have drawn attention – <a href="/facts/Paul_Lester/AnbYGVvB">Paul Lester</a> of <i><a href="/facts/Classic_Rock_(magazine)/2KR5xcqf">Classic Rock</a></i> writes that "<a href="/facts/Five_Per_Cent_for_Nothing/xobbrC0g">Five Per Cent for Nothing</a>" finds drummer <a href="/facts/Bill_Bruford/m47SdNGH">Bill Bruford</a> "inventing math rock",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> while "<a href="/facts/Heart_of_the_Sunrise/Ryxl8DC7">Heart of the Sunrise</a>" was described by <i><a href="/facts/Pitchfork_(website)/a5SkWa6I">Pitchfork</a></i>'s Chris Dahlen, <a href="/facts/Dominique_Leone/m4XjFCKt">Dominique Leone</a> and Joe Tangari as "a deftly constructed proto math-rock epic".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p><p>Examples of modern math rock bands include <a href="/facts/Delta_Sleep/1z0qJqjn">Delta Sleep</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Yvette_Young/DqBT3DT7">Covet</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Tricot_(band)/h2WQGCuj">Tricot</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/TTNG/ElCkSXMu">TTNG</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="characteristics">Characteristics</h2> <p>Math rock is typified by its rhythmic complexity, seen as <i><a href="/facts/Mathematical/pxTouaz4">mathematical</a></i> in character by listeners and critics. While most rock music uses a 44 <a href="/facts/Meter_(music)/0suDDdHj">meter</a> (however <a href="/facts/Accent_(music)/TIQlvt0c">accented</a> or <a href="/facts/Syncopation/qA2dqkTI">syncopated</a>), math rock makes use of more non-standard, frequently changing <a href="/facts/Time_signature/kwQcWg1P">time signatures</a> such as 54, 78, 118, or 138.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>As in traditional rock, the sound is most often dominated by guitars and drums. However, drums play a greater role in math rock in providing driving, complex rhythms. Math rock guitarists make use of <a href="/facts/Tapping/NzfN7kaQ">tapping</a> techniques and <a href="/facts/Live_looping/e5pSaMEy">loop pedals</a> to build on these rhythms, as illustrated by songs like those of math rock supergroup <a href="/facts/Battles_(band)/2CWzurCW">Battles</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/Lyrics/YMSfpx9n">Lyrics</a> are generally not the focus of math rock; the voice is treated as just another instrument in the mix. Often, vocals are not <a href="/facts/Overdub/9BmXfGuK">overdubbed</a>, and are positioned less prominently, as in the recording style of <a href="/facts/Steve_Albini/wWbjMLM1">Steve Albini</a>. Many of math rock's best-known groups are entirely <a href="/facts/Instrumental_rock/bscXIMoM">instrumental</a> such as <a href="/facts/Don_Caballero/A9ukTIH3">Don Caballero</a> or <a href="/facts/Hella_(band)/YwztGgDR">Hella</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>A significant intersection exists between math rock and <a href="/facts/Emo/SdGNr7kG">emo</a>, exemplified by bands such as <a href="/facts/Tiny_Moving_Parts/vszFRpyS">Tiny Moving Parts</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> or <a href="/facts/American_Football_(band)/RcUBBLSU">American Football</a>, whose sound has been described as "twinkly, mathy rock, a sound that became one of the defining traits of the emo scene throughout the 2000s".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="etymology">Etymology</h2> <p>The term began as a joke, but has since developed into the accepted name for the musical style. One advocate of this is <a href="/facts/Matt_Sweeney/bpwlI8HH">Matt Sweeney</a>, singer with <a href="/facts/Chavez_(band)/36zj1uW5">Chavez</a>, a group often linked to the math rock scene.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> Despite this, not all critics see math rock as a serious sub-genre of rock, and some of the genre's most notable acts have disavowed the term.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="artists">Artists</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/List_of_math_rock_groups/j9dWm63d">List of math rock groups</a></p> <h3>Asian</h3> <p>Math rock has a significant presence in Japan; the most prominent Japanese groups include <a href="/facts/Toe_(band)/w7K7p7BX">Toe</a>, <a href="/facts/Tricot_(band)/h2WQGCuj">Tricot</a>, The Cabs, and <a href="/facts/Lite_(band)/NVGE0coE">Lite</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> Other Japanese groups which incorporate math rock in their music include <a href="/facts/Ling_Tosite_Sigure/5XdVovv5">Ling Tosite Sigure</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Zazen_Boys/weBs93c9">Zazen Boys</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Mouse_on_the_Keys/vnDeEdSY">Mouse on the Keys</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> while the <a href="/facts/Japanoise/9vG77wqd">Japanoise</a> scene features bands such as <a href="/facts/Ruins_(Japanese_band)/FLRGJQzs">Ruins</a>, <a href="/facts/Zeni_Geva/yXS5Ev3a">Zeni Geva</a>, and <a href="/facts/Boredoms/s4V5hHH4">Boredoms</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> </p><p>Taiwan has a very small indie music scene, of which math rock is an emergent genre that is quickly gaining in popularity, with well-known math rock bands including <a href="/facts/Elephant_Gym/cLtYlE7M">Elephant Gym</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p> <h3>North American</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Polvo/9a2WW7gl">Polvo</a> of <a href="/facts/Chapel_Hill%2c_North_Carolina/EmMmaTFt">Chapel Hill, North Carolina</a> is often considered one of the household names in math rock, although the band members themselves have disavowed the categorization.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p><p>In California, <a href="/facts/Power_pop/Qm1GdDl1">power pop</a> groups <a href="/facts/Game_Theory_(band)/XIxdEt6z">Game Theory</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Loud_Family/zQ3IJ8xu">the Loud Family</a> were both led by <a href="/facts/Scott_Miller_(pop_musician)/URVsLCYE">Scott Miller</a>, who was said to "tinker with <a href="/facts/Pop_music/kgshFE5B">pop</a> the way a born mathematician tinkers with numbers".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The origin of Game Theory's name is mathematical, suggesting a "nearly mathy" sound cited as "IQ rock."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> </p><p>Although the Seattle <a href="/facts/Grunge/X7CbpRLF">grunge</a> scene was not widely associated with math rock, some consider <a href="/facts/Soundgarden/5WkKQKe7">Soundgarden</a> to be one of few exceptions, due to the odd time signatures found in many of their songs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a>[<i>relevant?</i>] </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/List_of_musical_works_in_unusual_time_signatures/xBRFMajv">List of musical works in unusual time signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mathcore/dRQLt6fp">Mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Music_and_mathematics/MncsslXb">Music and mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Noise_rock/5Htmpgkk">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Post-hardcore/uMMN8pro">Post-hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Progressive_metal/8y6HIRpw">Progressive metal</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes-and-references">Notes and references</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Dale, P. (2016). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PZgGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT237"><i>Anyone Can Do It: Empowerment, Tradition and the Punk Underground</i></a>. Ashgate Popular and Folk Music Series. Taylor & Francis. p. pt237–. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-317-18024-1.</li> <li>Eberhart, Max (September 29, 2016). <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001143249/http://thesantaclara.org/calculating-the-influence-of-math-rock/">"Calculating the Influence of Math Rock"</a>. <i><a href="/facts/The_Santa_Clara/qzAVLuGj">The Santa Clara</a></i>. Archived from <a href="http://thesantaclara.org/calculating-the-influence-of-math-rock/">the original</a> on October 1, 2016. Retrieved October 3, 2016.</li> <li>Gomez, Jeff (2024). <i>Math Rock</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 979-8765103371.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.allmusic.com//style/ma0000012250">Math Rock</a> at <a href="/facts/AllMusic_(identifier)/Hb8cU8Fb">AllMusic</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Math Rock Music Genre Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved October 23, 2016. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/math-rock-ma0000012250" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/style/math-rock-ma0000012250</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Body, Alex E. (June 20, 2019). Rush : song by song. [Stroud, Gloucestershire, England]. ISBN 978-1-78155-729-7. OCLC 1088907970.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-1-78155-729-7" target="_blank">978-1-78155-729-7</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Progressive rock reconsidered. Holm-Hudson, Kevin. New York: Routledge. 2002. ISBN 0-8153-3714-0. OCLC 45890399.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="0-8153-3714-0" target="_blank">0-8153-3714-0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Math Rock Music Genre Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved October 23, 2016. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/math-rock-ma0000012250" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/style/math-rock-ma0000012250</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"Read An Exclusive Excerpt From The New Book 'Math Rock' By Jeff Gomez". Stereogum. April 4, 2024. Retrieved December 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.stereogum.com/2257843/math-rock-jeff-gomez-excerpt/columns/sounding-board/book-club/" target="_blank">https://www.stereogum.com/2257843/math-rock-jeff-gomez-excerpt/columns/sounding-board/book-club/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Goldner, Sam. "Hella: Hold Your Horse Is (Deluxe Reissue)". Pitchfork. Retrieved December 5, 2024. <a href="https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/hella-hold-your-horse-is-deluxe-reissue/" target="_blank">https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/hella-hold-your-horse-is-deluxe-reissue/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Sodomsky, Sam. "King Crimson Red". Condé Nast. Pitchfork. Retrieved February 14, 2020. <a href="https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/king-crimson-red/" target="_blank">https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/king-crimson-red/</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Leone, Dominique (November 21, 2002). "The Top 100 Albums of the 1980s". Pitchfork. Retrieved March 16, 2021. <a href="https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-top-100-albums-of-the-1980s/?page=5" target="_blank">https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-top-100-albums-of-the-1980s/?page=5</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Stablein, Lee. "Under The Influence #24: Lapsarian on "Spiderland" by Slint!". Metal Noise. Retrieved February 15, 2020. <a href="https://metalnoise.net/2019/12/under-the-influence-24-lapsarian-on-spiderland-by-slint" target="_blank">https://metalnoise.net/2019/12/under-the-influence-24-lapsarian-on-spiderland-by-slint</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>"Live and Cuddly". Allmusic. Retrieved August 1, 2007. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r14208/review" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/album/r14208/review</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Blush, Steven (2010). "Black Flag & SST: Thirsty and miserable". American Hardcore: A Tribal History. Los Angeles: Feral House. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-932595-98-7. ... its seven-minute Metal dirges and Fusion-style time signatures confused many fans. <a href="978-1-932595-98-7" target="_blank">978-1-932595-98-7</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Lester, Paul (November 27, 2015). "Yes: Fragile". Classic Rock. Retrieved August 6, 2024. <a href="https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/yes-fragile-1" target="_blank">https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/yes-fragile-1</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Dahlen, Chris; Leone, Dominique; Tangari, Joe (February 8, 2004). "Pitchfork: Album Reviews: Yes: The Yes Album / Fragile / Close to the Edge / Tales from Topographic Oceans / Relayer / Going for the One / Tormato / Drama / 90125". Pitchfork. Retrieved January 19, 2008. <a href="http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/11869-the-yes-album-fragile-close-to-the-edge-tales-from-topographic-oceans-relayer-going-for-the-one-tormato-drama-90125/#review-album-13614/" target="_blank">http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/11869-the-yes-album-fragile-close-to-the-edge-tales-from-topographic-oceans-relayer-going-for-the-one-tormato-drama-90125/#review-album-13614/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Delta Sleep Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More..." AllMusic. Retrieved December 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/delta-sleep-mn0003086342" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/artist/delta-sleep-mn0003086342</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Michael Astley-Brown (April 5, 2023). "Yvette Young names the 10(+) guitarists who shaped her sound". guitarworld. Retrieved December 6, 2024. <a href="https://www.guitarworld.com/features/yvette-young-names-the-guitarists-who-shaped-her-sound" target="_blank">https://www.guitarworld.com/features/yvette-young-names-the-guitarists-who-shaped-her-sound</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>"Tricot Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More | Al..." AllMusic. Retrieved December 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/tricot-mn0002921789" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/artist/tricot-mn0002921789</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"This Town Needs Guns Songs, Albums, Reviews, B..." AllMusic. Retrieved December 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/this-town-needs-guns-mn0001059202#biography" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/artist/this-town-needs-guns-mn0001059202#biography</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Progressive rock reconsidered. Holm-Hudson, Kevin. New York: Routledge. 2002. ISBN 0-8153-3714-0. OCLC 45890399.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) <a href="0-8153-3714-0" target="_blank">0-8153-3714-0</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Battles: Math rock made with room for improvisation". Washington Post. Retrieved December 5, 2024. Battles is rooted in the irregular time signatures and guitar tapping of math rock, but the experimental trio is constantly pushing sonic boundaries. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/music/battles-math-rock-made-with-room-for-improvisation/2015/10/15/bafefbd6-6d29-11e5-aa5b-f78a98956699_story.html" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/music/battles-math-rock-made-with-room-for-improvisation/2015/10/15/bafefbd6-6d29-11e5-aa5b-f78a98956699_story.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Leonard, Colin (June 7, 2011). "A math-rock supergroup loses its voice, and gets some soul". POLITICO. Retrieved December 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/albany/story/2011/06/a-math-rock-supergroup-loses-its-voice-and-gets-some-soul-068341" target="_blank">https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/albany/story/2011/06/a-math-rock-supergroup-loses-its-voice-and-gets-some-soul-068341</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Hella Biography by Bradley Torreano". AllMusic. Retrieved December 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/hella-mn0000672835#biography" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/artist/hella-mn0000672835#biography</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>"Don Caballero Biography by Steve Huey". AllMusic. Retrieved December 5, 2024. <a href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/don-caballero-mn0000796811#biography" target="_blank">https://www.allmusic.com/artist/don-caballero-mn0000796811#biography</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"A Tiny Interview with Tiny Moving Parts". September 9, 2014. <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/a-tiny-interview-with-tiny-moving-parts/" target="_blank">https://www.vice.com/en/article/a-tiny-interview-with-tiny-moving-parts/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"Never Meant: The Complete Oral History of American Football". NOISEY. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016. <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/never-meant-the-complete-oral-history-of-american-football/" target="_blank">https://www.vice.com/en/article/never-meant-the-complete-oral-history-of-american-football/</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>LeMay, Matt (August 12, 2006). "Interview: Chavez". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2015. [Math rock] was invented by a friend of ours as a derogatory term for a band me and James played in called Wider. But his whole joke is that he'd watch the song and not react at all, and then take out his calculator to figure out how good the song was. So he'd call it math rock, and it was a total diss, as it should be. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109091530/https://pitchfork.com/features/interviews/6502-chavez/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140109091530/https://pitchfork.com/features/interviews/6502-chavez/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Kamp, David. (2005). The rock snob*s dictionary : an essential lexicon of rockological knowledge. Daly, Steven, 1960- (1st ed.). New York: Broadway Books. pp. 69. ISBN 0-7679-1873-8. OCLC 55990376. <a href="0-7679-1873-8" target="_blank">0-7679-1873-8</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Goldner, Sam. "Hella: Hold Your Horse Is (Deluxe Reissue)". Pitchfork. Retrieved December 5, 2024. <a href="https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/hella-hold-your-horse-is-deluxe-reissue/" target="_blank">https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/hella-hold-your-horse-is-deluxe-reissue/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"A Complete Guide to Japanese Math Rock". Tokyo Weekender. February 19, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2021. <a href="https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2020/02/brief-guide-japanese-math-rock/" target="_blank">https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2020/02/brief-guide-japanese-math-rock/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>"10 indie bands from Asia you need to know". Time Out Hong Kong. November 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2021. <a href="https://www.timeout.com/hong-kong/music/10-indie-bands-from-asia-you-need-to-know" target="_blank">https://www.timeout.com/hong-kong/music/10-indie-bands-from-asia-you-need-to-know</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>"A Complete Guide to Japanese Math Rock". Tokyo Weekender. February 19, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2021. <a href="https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2020/02/brief-guide-japanese-math-rock/" target="_blank">https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2020/02/brief-guide-japanese-math-rock/</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"Mouse On The Keys live in KL | Music in Kuala Lumpur". Time Out Kuala Lumpur. August 3, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2021. <a href="https://www.timeout.com/kuala-lumpur/music/mouse-on-the-keys-live-in-kl" target="_blank">https://www.timeout.com/kuala-lumpur/music/mouse-on-the-keys-live-in-kl</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>"A Complete Guide to Japanese Math Rock". Tokyo Weekender. February 19, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2021. <a href="https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2020/02/brief-guide-japanese-math-rock/" target="_blank">https://www.tokyoweekender.com/2020/02/brief-guide-japanese-math-rock/</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Robson, Daniel (August 6, 2022). "INTERVIEW | Taiwan's Math Rock Heroes Elephant Gym: 'We Can All Resonate Together in Music' | JAPAN Forward". japan-forward.com. Retrieved October 22, 2022. <a href="https://japan-forward.com/interview-taiwans-math-rock-heroes-elephant-gym-we-can-all-resonate-together-in-music/" target="_blank">https://japan-forward.com/interview-taiwans-math-rock-heroes-elephant-gym-we-can-all-resonate-together-in-music/</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Redford, Chad. "You can call Polvo math rock, but the numbers just don't add up". Creative Loafing. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812060217/http://clatl.com/atlanta/you-can-call-polvo-math-rock-but-the-numbers-just-dont-add-up/Content?oid=1276608" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110812060217/http://clatl.com/atlanta/you-can-call-polvo-math-rock-but-the-numbers-just-dont-add-up/Content?oid=1276608</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Schoemer, Karen (April 2, 1993). "Sounds Around Town: Miller Writ Loud". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/02/arts/sounds-around-town-832093.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/02/arts/sounds-around-town-832093.html</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Amar, Erin (July 2011). "Music: What Happened? Scott Miller on 50 Years of Singles in 258 Pages". Rocker Magazine. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. <a href="http://www.rockerzine.com/index.php/2013/04/scott-miller-music-what-happene" target="_blank">http://www.rockerzine.com/index.php/2013/04/scott-miller-music-what-happene</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"WAS SOUNDGARDEN A MATH ROCK BAND?". feckingbahamas. July 9, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2023. <a href="https://feckingbahamas.com/focus-was-soundgarden-a-math-rock-band" target="_blank">https://feckingbahamas.com/focus-was-soundgarden-a-math-rock-band</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>