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<h2 id="species">Species</h2> <p>At various times in the past, taxonomists included many species in the genus <i><a href="/facts/Gadus/EozKoKra">Gadus</a></i>. Most of these are now either classified in other genera, or have been recognized as forms of one of three species. All these species have a number of <a href="/facts/Common_name/3KNNezEU">common names</a>, most of them ending with the word "cod", whereas other species, as closely related, have other common names (such as <a href="/facts/Pollock/hp7bAuQD">pollock</a> and <a href="/facts/Haddock/2JdlfJbT">haddock</a>). However, many other, unrelated species also have common names ending with cod. The usage often changes with different localities and at different times. </p> <h3>Cod in the genus <i>Gadus</i>/True cod</h3> <p>Three species in the genus <i>Gadus</i> are currently called cod: </p> Cod in the genus <i>Gadus</i><table><tbody><tr><th>Common name</th><th>Scientific name</th><th>Maximumlength</th><th>Commonlength</th><th>Maximumweight</th><th>Maximumage</th><th><a href="/facts/Trophic_level/tHMpgkUC">Trophiclevel</a></th><th><a href="/facts/FishBase/SMpzPGmF">FishBase</a></th><th><a href="/facts/FAO/13WV8JJK">FAO</a></th><th><a href="/facts/ITIS/nVg7fQUG">ITIS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/IUCN/QwV8JXup">IUCN status</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Atlantic_cod/fVS3SFjI">Atlantic cod</a></td><td><i>Gadus morhua</i> <a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/facts/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae/8H6KJrLJ">1758</a></td><td>200 cm</td><td>100 cm</td><td>96.0 kg</td><td>25 years</td><td>4.4</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td> Vulnerable<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pacific_cod/d5GQAYxR">Pacific cod</a></td><td><i>Gadus macrocephalus</i> <a href="/facts/Wilhelm_Gottlieb_Tilesius_von_Tilenau/813S7QTV">Tilesius</a>, 1810</td><td>119 cm</td><td>cm</td><td>22.7 kg</td><td>18 years</td><td>4.0</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></td><td>Not assessed</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Greenland_cod/kFQ79Sge">Greenland cod</a></td><td><i>Gadus ogac</i> Richardson, 1836</td><td>77.0 cm</td><td>cm</td><td>kg</td><td>12 years</td><td>3.6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td>Not assessed</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The fourth species of genus Gadus, <i><a href="/facts/Gadus_chalcogrammus/MU6ydjWm">Gadus chalcogrammus</a></i>, is commonly called <i>Alaska pollock</i> or <i>walleye pollock</i>. But there are also less widespread alternative trade names highlighting the fish's belonging to the cod genus, like <i>snow cod</i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> or <i>bigeye cod</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p> <h3>Related species</h3> <p><i>Cod</i> forms part of the <a href="/facts/Common_name/3KNNezEU">common name</a> of many other fish no longer classified in the genus <i>Gadus</i>. Many are members of the family <a href="/facts/Gadidae/qINqaj6h">Gadidae</a>; others are members of three related families within the order <a href="/facts/Gadiformes/9o5qy2hp">Gadiformes</a> whose names include the word "cod": the <a href="/facts/Morid_cod/XCz3hlXH">morid cods</a>, <a href="/facts/Moridae/XCz3hlXH">Moridae</a> (100 or so species); the eel cods, <a href="/facts/Muraenolepididae/R2B2Srhk">Muraenolepididae</a> (four species); and the <a href="/facts/Eucla_cod/jKYXB8Qx">Eucla cod</a>, <a href="/facts/Euclichthyidae/jKYXB8Qx">Euclichthyidae</a> (one species). The tadpole cod family (<a href="/facts/Ranicipitidae/qINqaj6h">Ranicipitidae</a>) has now been placed in Gadidae. </p> "Cod" in the order Gadiformes, but not part of <i>Gadus</i><table><tbody><tr><th>Common name</th><th>Scientific name</th><th>Maximumlength</th><th>Commonlength</th><th>Maximumweight</th><th>Maximumage</th><th><a href="/facts/Trophic_level/tHMpgkUC">Trophiclevel</a></th><th><a href="/facts/FishBase/SMpzPGmF">FishBase</a></th><th><a href="/facts/FAO/13WV8JJK">FAO</a></th><th><a href="/facts/ITIS/nVg7fQUG">ITIS</a></th><th><a href="/facts/IUCN/QwV8JXup">IUCN status</a></th></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Arctic_cod/BbyHLXuH">Arctic cod</a></td><td><i>Arctogadus glacialis</i> (Peters, 1872)</td><td>32.5 cm</td><td>cm</td><td>kg</td><td>years</td><td>3.8</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td><td>Not assessed</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/East_Siberian_cod/IMgpPExK">East Siberian cod</a></td><td><i>Arctogadus borisovi</i> Dryagin, 1932</td><td>55.6 cm</td><td>cm</td><td>1.5 kg</td><td>years</td><td>3.9</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td>Not assessed</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Eucla_cod/jKYXB8Qx">Eucla cod</a></td><td><i>Euclichthys polynemus</i> McCulloch, 1926</td><td>35.0 cm</td><td>22.5 cm</td><td>kg</td><td>years</td><td>3.6</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td>Not assessed</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Common_ling/tcvJVb3D">Common ling</a></td><td><i>Molva molva</i> (<a href="/facts/Carl_Linnaeus/gy5HWkHS">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/facts/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae/8H6KJrLJ">1758</a>)</td><td>200 cm</td><td>106 cm</td><td>45.0 kg</td><td>25 years</td><td>4.3</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td>Not assessed</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Pelagic_cod/fDvac0Lt">Pelagic cod</a></td><td><i>Melanonus gracilis</i> Günther, 1878</td><td>18.7 cm</td><td>cm</td><td>kg</td><td>years</td><td>3.5</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td>Not assessed</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Polar_cod/hYVQsQtn">Polar cod</a></td><td><i>Boreogadus saida</i> (Lepechin, 1774)</td><td>40.0 cm</td><td>25.0 cm</td><td>kg</td><td>7 years</td><td>3.1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td>Not assessed</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Poor_cod/2qyNgUvo">Poor cod</a></td><td><i>Trisopterus minutus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)</td><td>40.0 cm</td><td>20.0 cm</td><td>kg</td><td>5 years</td><td>3.8</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td>Not assessed</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Rock_cod/9PY0o0cv">Rock cod</a></td><td><i>Lotella rhacina</i> (Forster, 1801)</td><td>50.0 cm</td><td>cm</td><td>kg</td><td>years</td><td>3.5</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td>Not assessed</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Saffron_cod/02FnELC3">Saffron cod</a></td><td><i>Eleginus gracilis</i> (<a href="/facts/Wilhelm_Gottlieb_Tilesius_von_Tilenau/813S7QTV">Tilesius</a>, 1810)</td><td>55.0 cm</td><td>cm</td><td>1.3 kg</td><td>15 years</td><td>4.1</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td>Not assessed</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Small-headed_cod/5lnFMWm9">Small-headed cod</a></td><td><i>Lepidion microcephalus</i> Cowper, 1956</td><td>48.0 cm</td><td>cm</td><td>kg</td><td>years</td><td>3.5</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td>Not assessed</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tadpole_cod/szAN7IpG">Tadpole cod</a></td><td><i>Guttigadus globosus</i> (Paulin, 1986)</td><td>18.1 cm</td><td>cm</td><td>kg</td><td>3.5 years</td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td>Not assessed</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some fish have common names derived from "cod", such as <a href="/facts/Morids/XCz3hlXH">codling</a>, <a href="/facts/Codlet/b9yY8G2L">codlet</a>, or <a href="/facts/Tomcod/oUgE2tE8">tomcod</a>. ("Codling" is also used as a name for a young cod.) </p> <h3>Other species</h3> <p>Some fish commonly known as cod are unrelated to <i>Gadus</i>. Part of this name confusion is market-driven. Severely shrunken Atlantic cod stocks have led to the marketing of cod replacements using <a href="/facts/Culinary_name/3HcaTF6E">culinary names</a> of the form "<i>x</i> cod", according to culinary rather than phyletic similarity. The common names for the following species have become well established; note that all inhabit the <a href="/facts/Southern_Hemisphere/QfJ4z9L5">Southern Hemisphere</a>. </p> <h4>Perciformes</h4> <p>Fish of the <a href="/facts/Order_(biology)/GKLJvIpt">order</a> <a href="/facts/Perciformes/DJeXbX7W">Perciformes</a> that are commonly called "cod" include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Blue_cod/RUp4Cehb">Blue cod</a> <i>Parapercis colias</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Eastern_freshwater_cod/YaIq3d5X">Eastern freshwater cod</a> <i>Maccullochella ikei</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Mary_River_cod/jbL1h6zU">Mary River cod</a> <i>Maccullochella mariensis</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Murray_cod/YQSNb6Rz">Murray cod</a> <i>Maccullochella peelii</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Potato_cod/9h8as97d">Potato cod</a> <i>Epinephelus tukula</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sleepy_cod/Fyv8QQn3">Sleepy cod</a> <i>Oxyeleotris lineolatus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Trout_cod/fllcESHa">Trout cod</a> <i>Maccullochella macquariensis</i></li> <li>The notothen family, <a href="/facts/Nototheniidae/xNjNWN7W">Nototheniidae</a>, including: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Antarctic_cod/SS3CYw19">Antarctic cod</a> <i>Dissostichus mawsoni</i> <ul><li><i>Dissostichus eliginoides</i>, the <a href="/facts/Patagonian_toothfish/9URbTa9g">Patagonian toothfish</a>, is also marketed as "cod"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Notothenia_microlepidota/jlLT17qA">Black cod</a> <i>Notothenia microlepidota</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Maori_cod/M1cttuLa">Maori cod</a> <i>Paranotothenia magellanica</i></li></ul></li></ul> <h4>Rock cod, reef cod, and coral cod</h4> <p>Almost all <a href="/facts/Coral_cod/ArjncWpn">coral cod</a>, reef cod or <a href="/facts/Rock_cod/9PY0o0cv">rock cod</a> are also in order <a href="/facts/Perciformes/DJeXbX7W">Perciformes</a>. Most are better known as <a href="/facts/Grouper/9A29GwXE">groupers</a>, and belong to the family <a href="/facts/Serranidae/mNQPKCFE">Serranidae</a>. Others belong to the <a href="/facts/Nototheniidae/xNjNWN7W">Nototheniidae</a>. Two exceptions are the <a href="/facts/Australasia/KCCr5pqh">Australasian</a> <a href="/facts/Red_rock_cod/chIJhEfW">red rock cod</a>, which belongs to a different order (see below), and the fish known simply as the rock cod and as soft cod in New Zealand, <i><a href="/facts/Lotella_rhacina/9PY0o0cv">Lotella rhacina</a></i>, which as noted above actually is related to the true cod (it is a morid cod). </p> <h4>Scorpaeniformes</h4> <p>From the order <a href="/facts/Scorpaeniformes/HcPKcYLL">Scorpaeniformes</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Ling_cod/kkYsDj43">Ling cod</a> <i>Ophiodon elongatus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Red_rock_cod/chIJhEfW">Red rock cod</a> <i>Scorpaena papillosa</i></li> <li>Rock cod <i><a href="/facts/Sebastes/a2V45lmN">Sebastes</a></i></li></ul> <h4>Ophidiiformes</h4> <p>The tadpole cod family, <a href="/facts/Ranicipitidae/qINqaj6h">Ranicipitidae</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Eucla_cod/jKYXB8Qx">Eucla cod</a> family, <a href="/facts/Euclichthyidae/jKYXB8Qx">Euclichthyidae</a>, were formerly classified in the order <a href="/facts/Ophidiiformes/nspA8b11">Ophidiiformes</a>, but are now grouped with the <a href="/facts/Gadiformes/9o5qy2hp">Gadiformes</a>. </p> <h3>Marketed as cod</h3> <p>Some fish that do not have "cod" in their names are sometimes sold as cod. Haddock and whiting belong to the same family, the Gadidae, as cod. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Haddock/2JdlfJbT">Haddock</a> <i>Melanogrammus aeglefinus</i></li> <li><a href="/facts/Merlangius_merlangus/WGqQYMKt">Whiting</a> <i>Merlangius merlangus</i></li></ul> <h2 id="characteristics">Characteristics</h2> <p>Cods of the genus <i>Gadus</i> have three rounded <a href="/facts/Dorsal_fin/zAPuxI1G">dorsal</a> and two <a href="/facts/Anal_fin/kS10PMPf">anal fins</a>. The <a href="/facts/Pelvic_fin/YgynRkfE">pelvic fins</a> are small, with the first ray extended, and are set under the <a href="/facts/Gill/FWgM3Jp8">gill</a> cover (i.e. the throat region), in front of the <a href="/facts/Pectoral_fin/kS10PMPf">pectoral fins</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> The upper jaw extends over the lower jaw, which has a well-developed <a href="/facts/Barbel_(anatomy)/VnymC6aF">chin barbel</a>. The eyes are medium-sized, approximately the same as the length of the chin barbel. Cod have a distinct white <a href="/facts/Lateral_line/u88dwyxh">lateral line</a> running from the gill slit above the pectoral fin, to the base of the <a href="/facts/Caudal_fin/kS10PMPf">caudal</a> or tail fin. The back tends to be a greenish to sandy brown, and shows extensive mottling, especially towards the lighter sides and white belly. Dark brown colouration of the back and sides is not uncommon, especially for individuals that have resided in rocky inshore regions. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Atlantic_cod/fVS3SFjI">Atlantic cod</a> can change colour at certain water depths. It has two distinct colour phases: gray-green and reddish brown. Its average weight is 5–12 kilograms (11–26 pounds), but specimens weighing up to 100 kg (220 lb) have been recorded. Pacific cod are smaller than Atlantic cod<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> and are darker in colour. </p> <h2 id="distribution">Distribution</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Atlantic_cod/fVS3SFjI">Atlantic cod</a> (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) live in the colder waters and deeper sea regions throughout the North Atlantic. <a href="/facts/Pacific_cod/d5GQAYxR">Pacific cod</a> (<i>Gadus macrocephalus</i>) is found in both eastern and western regions of the <a href="/facts/Pacific_Ocean/bdxgXRVM">Pacific</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> </p><p>Atlantic cod could be further divided into several <a href="/facts/Fish_stocks/2IyBG2r0">stocks</a>, including the <a href="/facts/Norway/wlDRKRTR">Arcto-Norwegian</a>, <a href="/facts/North_Sea/htGJNmsb">North Sea</a>, <a href="/facts/Baltic_Sea/jbQJGLQX">Baltic Sea</a>, <a href="/facts/Faroe_Islands/HMJ3bfmN">Faroe</a>, <a href="/facts/Iceland/E4KGYs2j">Iceland</a>, <a href="/facts/East_Greenland/kBTdEKBN">East Greenland</a>, <a href="/facts/West_Greenland/AfcKWpxd">West Greenland</a>, <a href="/facts/Newfoundland_(island)/PdfPl9ca">Newfoundland</a>, and <a href="/facts/Labrador/Yo4K7DJ2">Labrador</a> stocks. There seems to be little interchange between the stocks, although migrations to their individual breeding grounds may involve distances of 300 kilometres (190 statute miles; 160 nautical miles) or more.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> For instance, eastern Baltic cod shows specific reproductive adaptations to low salinity compared to Western Baltic and Atlantic cod.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p><p>Atlantic cod occupy varied habitats, favouring rough ground, especially inshore, and are <a href="/facts/Demersal/2pl4hAB5">demersal</a> in depths between 6 and 60 metres (20 and 200 feet; 3 and 30 fathoms), 80 m (260 ft; 44 fathoms) on average, although not uncommonly to depths of 600 m (2,000 ft; 330 fathoms). Off the Norwegian and New England coasts and on the <a href="/facts/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland/XBsrzyUu">Grand Banks of Newfoundland</a>, cod congregate at certain seasons in water of 30–70 m (100–200 ft; 20–40 fathoms) depth. Cod are gregarious and form schools, although <a href="/facts/Shoaling_and_schooling/vFAw9F75">shoaling</a> tends to be a feature of the spawning season. </p> <h2 id="life-cycle">Life cycle</h2> <p>Spawning of northeastern Atlantic cod occurs between January and April (March and April are the peak months), at a depth of 200 metres (660 ft) in specific spawning grounds at water temperatures between 4 and 6 °C (39 and 43 °F). Around the UK, the major spawning grounds are in the middle to southern North Sea, the start of the <a href="/facts/Bristol_Channel/8k3z4KIu">Bristol Channel</a> (north of <a href="/facts/Newquay/f3J54UVx">Newquay</a>), the <a href="/facts/North_Channel_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)/GbXR54ks">Irish Channel</a> (both east and west of the <a href="/facts/Isle_of_Man/HG7bYyA8">Isle of Man</a>), around <a href="/facts/Stornoway/A6F7IC1y">Stornoway</a>, and east of <a href="/facts/Helmsdale/gBkjjP8E">Helmsdale</a>. </p><p>Prespawning courtship involves fin displays and male grunting, which leads to pairing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> The male inverts himself beneath the female, and the pair swim in circles while spawning. The eggs are planktonic and hatch between eight and 23 days, with larva reaching 4 millimetres (5⁄32 inch) in length. This planktonic phase lasts some ten weeks, enabling the young cod to increase its body weight by 40-fold, and growing to about 2 cm (3⁄4 in). The young cod then move to the seabed and change their diet to small <a href="/facts/Benthic/N3lM6P7I">benthic</a> <a href="/facts/Crustaceans/PBobIVJP">crustaceans</a>, such as <a href="/facts/Isopods/D8SUzdo1">isopods</a> and small crabs. They increase in size to 8 cm (3 in) in the first six months, 14–18 cm (5+1⁄2–7 in) by the end of their first year, and to 25–35 cm (10–14 in) by the end of the second. Growth tends to be less at higher latitudes. Cod reach maturity at about 50 cm (20 in) at about 3 to 4 years of age. Changes in growth rate over decades of particular stocks have been reported, current eastern Baltic cod shows the lowest growth observed since 1955.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="ecology">Ecology</h2> <p class="note">See also: <a href="/facts/Diseases_and_parasites_in_cod/89DMRrVQ">Diseases and parasites in cod</a></p> <p>Adult cod are active hunters, feeding on <a href="/facts/Sand_eel/0JooVBp0">sand eels</a>, <a href="/facts/Merlangius_merlangus/WGqQYMKt">whiting</a>, <a href="/facts/Haddock/2JdlfJbT">haddock</a>, small cod, <a href="/facts/Squid/wFXpcNUf">squid</a>, <a href="/facts/Crab/GvkhXnSK">crabs</a>, <a href="/facts/Lobster/c5eYu72w">lobsters</a>, <a href="/facts/Mussel/SNdrkjfl">mussels</a>, <a href="/facts/Worm/FMrnWM8s">worms</a>, <a href="/facts/Mackerel/cRk3eqrD">mackerel</a>, and <a href="/facts/Mollusc/1elgknsQ">molluscs</a>. </p><p>In the Baltic Sea the most important prey species are <a href="/facts/Atlantic_herring/bzVDCNoS">herring</a> and <a href="/facts/Sprattus_sprattus/AgFuNjnG">sprat</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Many studies that analyze the stomach contents of these fish indicate that cod is the top predator, preying on the herring and sprat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> Sprat form particularly high concentrations in the <a href="/facts/Bornholm/mYKGqdPg">Bornholm</a> Basin in the southern Baltic Sea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> Although cod feed primarily on adult sprat, sprat tend to prey on the cod eggs and larvae.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p><p>Cod and related species are plagued by parasites. For example, the <a href="/facts/Cod_worm/0Vsw6MaJ">cod worm</a>, <i>Lernaeocera branchialis</i>, starts life as a <a href="/facts/Copepod/TkVLaj0c">copepod</a>-like larva, a small free-swimming crustacean. The first host used by the larva is a <a href="/facts/Flatfish/DMVK2f8g">flatfish</a> or <a href="/facts/Lumpsucker/IlkjgzM6">lumpsucker</a>, which it captures with grasping hooks at the front of its body. It penetrates the fish with a thin filament, which it uses to suck the fish's blood. The nourished larvae then mate on the fish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> The female larva, with her now fertilized eggs, then finds a cod, or a cod-like fish such as a <a href="/facts/Haddock/2JdlfJbT">haddock</a> or <a href="/facts/Whiting_(fish)/1LCwHyUu">whiting</a>. There the larva clings to the <a href="/facts/Gill/FWgM3Jp8">gills</a> while it metamorphoses into a plump sinusoidal wormlike body with a coiled mass of egg strings at the rear. The front part of the worm's body penetrates the body of the cod until it enters the rear bulb of the host's <a href="/facts/Heart/fF4KSGdk">heart</a>. There, firmly rooted in the cod's circulatory system, the front part of the parasite develops like the branches of a tree, reaching into the main <a href="/facts/Artery/Y1Yj0jat">artery</a>. In this way, the worm extracts nutrients from the cod's blood, remaining safely tucked beneath the cod's gill cover until it releases a new generation of offspring into the water.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="fisheries">Fisheries</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Cod_fisheries/4qhYLylN">Cod fisheries</a></p> <p>The 2006 northwest Atlantic cod <a href="/facts/Individual_fishing_quota/5QAepLvx">quota</a> is 23,000 tons, representing half the available stocks, while the northeast Atlantic quota is 473,000 tons. Pacific cod is currently enjoying strong global demand. The 2006 <a href="/facts/Total_allowable_catch/0YBgIRb8">total allowable catch</a> (TAC) for the <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_Alaska/2z2bXRWy">Gulf of Alaska</a> and <a href="/facts/Aleutian_Islands/HDnCEHMu">Aleutian Islands</a> was 260,000 tons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="aquaculture">Aquaculture</h2> <p>Farming of Atlantic cod has received a significant amount of interest due to the overall trend of increasing cod prices alongside reduced wild catches.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> However, progress in creating large scale farming of cod has been slow, mainly due to bottlenecks in the larval production stage, where survival and growth are often unpredictable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> It has been suggested that this bottleneck may be overcome by ensuring cod larvae are fed diets with similar nutritional content as the copepods they feed on in the wild <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Recent examples have shown that increasing dietary levels of minerals such as selenium, iodine and zinc may improve survival and/or biomarkers for health in aquaculture reared cod larvae.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="as-food">As food</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Cod_as_food/PaHdPuIC">Cod as food</a></p> <p>Cod is popular as a <a href="/facts/Food/RgNq6NAK">food</a> with a mild flavour and a dense, flaky <a href="/facts/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)/jyQ4mKg5">white flesh</a>. Cod livers are processed to make <a href="/facts/Cod_liver_oil/vBltHkwy">cod liver oil</a>, an important source of <a href="/facts/Vitamin_A/5ewDf9LF">vitamin A</a>, <a href="/facts/Vitamin_D/No0zQB2W">vitamin D</a>, <a href="/facts/Vitamin_E/UcL1ghae">vitamin E</a> and <a href="/facts/Omega-3_fatty_acid/X72Ynqov">omega-3 fatty acids</a> (<a href="/facts/Eicosapentaenoic_acid/KR6qsu44">EPA</a> and <a href="/facts/Docosahexaenoic_acid/kwkBIrSd">DHA</a>). </p><p>Young Atlantic cod or <a href="/facts/Haddock/2JdlfJbT">haddock</a> prepared in strips for cooking is called <a href="/facts/Scrod/WuW77bBl">scrod</a>. In the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/facts/Atlantic_cod/fVS3SFjI">Atlantic cod</a> is one of the most common ingredients in <a href="/facts/Fish_and_chips/ohS8FxrE">fish and chips</a>, along with <a href="/facts/Haddock/2JdlfJbT">haddock</a> and <a href="/facts/Plaice/UV5CSXx2">plaice</a>. Cod's soft liver can be tinned (canned) and eaten. </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Cod has been an important economic commodity in <a href="/facts/International_market/E8BzzjmP">international markets</a> since the <a href="/facts/Viking/d0WFeQ6f">Viking</a> period (around 800 AD). <a href="/facts/Norway/wlDRKRTR">Norwegians</a> travelled with <a href="/facts/Dried_and_salted_cod/o55RqSx5">dried cod</a> and soon a dried cod market developed in southern <a href="/facts/Europe/DTAtrKfh">Europe</a>. This market has lasted for more than 1,000 years, enduring the <a href="/facts/Black_Death/fztxlxgl">Black Death</a>, wars and other crises, and is still an important Norwegian fish trade.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Portuguese_people/1nLGh91a">Portuguese</a> began fishing cod in the 15th century. <a href="/facts/Clipfish/o55RqSx5">Clipfish</a> is widely enjoyed in Portugal. The <a href="/facts/Basques/leFXJxBH">Basques</a> played an important role in the cod trade, and allegedly found the <a href="/facts/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland/XBsrzyUu">Canadian fishing banks</a> before <a href="/facts/Christopher_Columbus/8hLAb46S">Columbus</a>' discovery of America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> The North American east coast developed in part due to the vast cod stocks. Many cities in the New England area are located near cod fishing grounds. The fish was so important to the history and development of <a href="/facts/Massachusetts/9uumCbFI">Massachusetts</a>, the state's House of Representatives hung a wood carving of a codfish, known as the <a href="/facts/Sacred_Cod_of_Massachusetts/UtFQUYyT">Sacred Cod of Massachusetts</a>, in its chambers. </p><p>Apart from the long history, cod differ from most fish because the fishing grounds are far from population centres. The large cod fisheries along the coast of <a href="/facts/North_Norway/gjr3JKAq">North Norway</a> (and in particular close to the <a href="/facts/Lofoten/F6JRtGXt">Lofoten</a> islands) have been developed almost uniquely for <a href="/facts/Export/t8wVcoNL">export</a>, depending on sea transport of <a href="/facts/Stockfish/cgjnW1Ea">stockfish</a> over large distances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> Since the introduction of salt, <a href="/facts/Dried_and_salted_cod/o55RqSx5">dried and salted cod</a> (clipfish or 'klippfisk' in Norwegian) has also been exported. By the end of the 14th century, the <a href="/facts/Hanseatic_League/oA756xvs">Hanseatic League</a> dominated trade operations and sea transport, with <a href="/facts/Bergen%2c_Norway/jqbcAwxm">Bergen</a> as the most important port.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p><p><a href="/facts/William_Pitt_the_Elder/r4S892gL">William Pitt the Elder</a>, criticizing the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)/EgooEyjI">Treaty of Paris</a> in <a href="/facts/Parliament_of_Great_Britain/CnrgvNVg">Parliament</a>, claimed cod was "British gold"; and that it was folly to restore <a href="/facts/Newfoundland_(island)/PdfPl9ca">Newfoundland</a> fishing rights to the <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">French</a>. </p><p>In the 17th and 18th centuries in the New World, especially in <a href="/facts/Massachusetts/9uumCbFI">Massachusetts</a> and Newfoundland, cod became a major commodity, creating trade networks and cross-cultural exchanges. In 1733, Britain tried to gain control over trade between New England and the British <a href="/facts/Caribbean/zRI9aMCh">Caribbean</a> by imposing the <a href="/facts/Molasses_Act/wT7LMe4g">Molasses Act</a>, which they believed would eliminate the trade by making it unprofitable. The cod trade grew instead, because the "French were eager to work with the New Englanders in a lucrative contraband arrangement".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> In addition to increasing trade, the New England settlers organized into a "codfish aristocracy". The colonists rose up against Britain's "tariff on an import". </p><p>In the 20th century, <a href="/facts/Iceland/E4KGYs2j">Iceland</a> re-emerged as a fishing power and entered the <a href="/facts/Cod_Wars/oqrzBv1a">Cod Wars</a>. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, fishing off the European and American coasts severely depleted stocks and become a major political issue. The necessity of restricting catches to allow stocks to recover upset the fishing industry and politicians who are reluctant to hurt employment. </p> <h3>Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery/dkw40cxT">Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery</a></p> <p>On July 2, 1992, the Honourable <a href="/facts/John_Crosbie/jQ5IQNQp">John Crosbie</a>, Canadian <a href="/facts/Minister_of_Fisheries_and_Oceans_(Canada)/eLN0j2Af">Federal Minister of Fisheries and Oceans</a>, declared a two-year <a href="/facts/Moratorium_(law)/h3CfXdng">moratorium</a> on the Northern Cod fishery,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> a designated fishing region off the coast of <a href="/facts/Newfoundland_(island)/PdfPl9ca">Newfoundland</a>, after data showed that the total cod biomass had suffered a collapse to less than 1% of its normal value.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> The minister championed the measure as a temporary solution, allowing the cod population time to recover.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> The fisheries had long shaped the lives and communities on Canada's Atlantic eastern coast for the preceding five centuries. Societies which are dependent on fishing have a strong mutual relationship with them: the act of fishing changes the ecosystems' balance, which forces the fishery and, in turn, the fishing societies to adapt to new ecological conditions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> </p><p>The near-complete destruction of the Atlantic northwest cod biomass off the shores devastated coastal communities, which had been overexploiting the same cod population for decades.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> The fishermen along the Atlantic northwest had employed modern fishing technologies, including the ecologically-devastating practice of <a href="/facts/Trawling/rpMEY9r7">trawling</a>, especially in the years leading up to the 1990s, in the misguided belief that fishing stocks are perpetually plentiful and unable to be depleted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> After this assumption was empirically and abruptly shown to be incorrect, to the dismay of government officials and rural workers, some 19,000 fishermen and cod processing plant workers in Newfoundland lost their employment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> The powerful economic engine of rural Newfoundland coughed, wheezed, and died. Nearly 40,000 workers and harvesters in the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador applied for the federal relief program TAGS (the Atlantic Groundfish Strategy). Abandoned and rusting fishing boats still litter the coasts of Newfoundland and the Canadian northwest to this day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> </p><p>The fishery minister, John Crosbie, after delivering a speech on the day before the declaration of the moratorium, or July 1, 1992, was publicly heckled and verbally harassed by disgruntled locals at a fishing village.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> The moratorium, initially lasting for only two years,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> was indefinitely extended after it became evident that cod populations had not recovered at all but, instead, had continued to spiral downward in both size and numbers, due to the damage caused by decades of horrible fishing practices, and the fact that the moratorium had permitted exceptions for food fisheries for "personal consumption" purposes to this very day.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> Some 12,000 tons of Northwest cod are still being caught every year along the Newfoundland coast by local fishermen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> </p><p>The collapse of the four-million ton biomass, which had persevered through several previous marine extinctions over tens of millions of years, in a timespan of no more than 20 years, is oft-cited by researchers as one of the most visible examples of the phenomenon of the "Tragedy of the Commons."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> Factors which had been implicated as contributing to the collapse include: overfishing; government mismanagement; the disregard of scientific uncertainty;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a> warming habitat waters; declining reproduction; and plain human ignorance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> The Northern Cod biomass has been recovering slowly since the imposition of the moratorium. However, as of 2021, the growth of the cod population has been stagnant since 2017, and some scientists argue that the population will not rebound unless the Fisheries Department of Canada lower its yearly quota to 5,000 tons.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th> Historical images </th></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>Fish portal</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/The_Cod_Fisheries%3a_The_History_of_an_International_Economy/XL94SYQE">The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy</a></i>, for the Canadian industry</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Bavington, Dean L. Y. <i>Managed Annihilation: An Unnatural History of the Newfoundland Cod Collapse</i> (University of British Columbia Press; 2010) 224 pages. Links the collapse of Newfoundland and Labrador cod fishing to state management of the resource.</li> <li>Cobb, John N. (1916). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGEZAAAAYAAJ"><i>Pacific Cod Fisheries</i></a>. Bureau of Fisheries Document. Vol. 830. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14263968">14263968</a>.</li> <li>Greenberg, Paul (2010). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVvK7yp1FzkC"><i>Four Fish: The Future of the Last Wild Food</i></a>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781594202568. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/813929026">813929026</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Mark_Kurlansky/cCeQtd59">Mark Kurlansky</a> (1997). <i>Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World</i>.</li> <li>Shields, Edward (2001). <i>Salt of the Sea: The Pacific Coast Cod Fishery and the Last Days of Sail</i>. Lopez Island, Wash.: Heritage House. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-894384-35-3.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Look up <i>cod</i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cod dishes. <a href="/facts/Wikispecies/b2GhA7Le">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i>Gadus</i>. <ul><li><a href="http://www.ucd.ie/codtrace/codfish.htm">Codtrace</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201152058/http://www.ucd.ie/codtrace/codfish.htm">Archived</a> 1 February 2016 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="http://www.fishbase.org/NomenClature/ScientificNameSearchList.cfm?Genus=Gadus">fishbase.org – Scientific Names for Gadus</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501074530/http://www.fisheriesheritage.ca/">Fisheries Heritage website, Newfoundland and Labrador</a> (archived)</li> <li><a href="http://www.nfh.uit.no/phaeocystis/uvac/TIM.htm">Long term trends in Norwegian cod fisheries – the pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311082838/http://www.seafish.org/upload/file/fisheries_management/Cod%20Factsheet2%20APRIL%202007%20v.1.1.pdf">Species factsheet on cod from the UK Sea Fish Industry Authority</a> (PDF, 2MB)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Cod">"Cod" </a>. <i><a href="/facts/New_International_Encyclopedia/k0NUmBoF">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cod" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 632. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" target="_blank">/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Gadus morhua". FishBase. April 2012 version. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" target="_blank">/wiki/Rainer_Froese</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Gadus morhua Archived 7 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012. <a href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2218/en" target="_blank">http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2218/en</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"Gadus morhua". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. <a href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164712" target="_blank">https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164712</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Sobel, J. (1996). Gadus morhua. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8784A12931575.en <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Gadus macrocephalus". FishBase. April 2012 version. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" target="_blank">/wiki/Rainer_Froese</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Gadus macrocephalus (Tilesius, 1810) Archived 7 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012. <a href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2219/en" target="_blank">http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2219/en</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Gadus macrocephalus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. <a href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164711" target="_blank">https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164711</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Gadus ogac". FishBase. April 2012 version. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" target="_blank">/wiki/Rainer_Froese</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Gadus ogac (Richardson, 1836) Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012. <a href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3011/en" target="_blank">http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3011/en</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Gadus ogac". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. <a href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164717" target="_blank">https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164717</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute: Whitefish Buyers Guide. 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"Arctogadus glacialis". FishBase. April 2012 version. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" target="_blank">/wiki/Rainer_Froese</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"Arctogadus glacialis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. <a href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164704" target="_blank">https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164704</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Arctogadus borisovi". FishBase. April 2012 version. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" target="_blank">/wiki/Rainer_Froese</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"Arctogadus borisovi". 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